Labyrinth - menene wannan? ma'ana

Tun suna yara, da yawa za su tuna da labari na m dodo Minotaur, wanda mahaifiyarsa, domin boye daga idanun mutane, ya m yaro, kwana a cikin Maze a Knossos. Wannan tsarin ya haka rikitarwa cewa babu wanda wanin da mai shi, ba zai iya neman hanyar fita daga can. Gina labyrinths ya kasance rare ba kawai a zamanin da, amma kuma a tsakiyar zamanai, kuma bayan wani lokaci. Mene ne tarihin na zargin manufar "Labyrinth" kuma idan ya na da wani darajar?

A etymology da kalmar "labyrinth"

Kafin ka koyi da ma'anar wannan kalma, yana da daraja biya da hankali ga ta asali. Kamar labari na Minotaur, kuma shi ne mai suna a cikin Rasha harshen daga zamanin d Helenawa.

Rarraba iri biyu daga cikin Asalin sunan. A daya daga cikinsu, a kan tsibirin Crete, kalmar "labyrinth" kira da inda aka adana al'ada gatari kira Labrys. A kan wasu, da labyrinth - sansanin soja. A cikin ni'imar da wannan ka'idar ne da cewa akwai cognate tare da shi da kalmar a cikin harshen Girkanci, wanda fassara a matsayin "titi" ko "Lane".

By Slavs Greek lokaci labyrinthos zo ta hanyar da shiga tsakani na Jamus harshe da kuma amfani da da kalmar labyrinth. Wannan ya faru a zamanin mulkin Bitrus I, wanda yake sosai m wannan gaye Turai fun. Ya aka yaba da gina wani dozin labyrinths a cikin daular, amma ba quite gaskiya.

A gaskiya ma, sarki aka gina kawai "Aljanna babban tanti a cikin Haikalin Ubangiji" a cikin Peterhof. Ya wakilta kansa rude shakatawa tare da wani waha a cibiyar tare da duka yanki na 2 kadada. Yana da aka gina da Jean-Baptiste Leblond da kuma wani babban wuri don tafiya a kan zafi zafi rana.

Kazalika game da duk wani} ir}, shi ya tafi zuwa iri-iri na jita-jita. Wasu sun gaskata cewa wasu matafiya bace ba tare da wata alama a wannan surkulle wuri. Wasu gaske imani da cewa Bitrus da wani Maze - asiri wurin taron da Masons. Yadda gaskiya ne wadannan zaton - shi ne ba a sani ba.

Amma daga kowa mutane, da kalmar "labyrinth" (da darajar - a kasa) samun saba na dogon lokaci, a matsayin sunan "Babila" ya dade da aka yi amfani da maimakon. Babila ko da yaushe bi da tare da taka tsantsan, la'akari da cewa suna da wasu sihiri Properties.

Alal misali, sanannen icon na XVIII karni. - "Labyrinth ruhaniya" - alamar da shi kamar yadda da wuya a samu hanyar zuwa sama. An yi imani da cewa, idan ka dubi shi ba tare da na farko furta, za ka iya je mahaukaci.

Kalmar "labyrinth": lexical ma'anar

Saboda da shahararsa ta Greek labari yau wannan kalma an har yanzu rayayye a yi amfani da magana. Kuma a Bugu da kari ga asali dabi'u da shi ya samu ko da 'yan karin. Tun XIX karni. za ka iya riga hadu da "labyrinth" (ma'ana) a cikin Bayani kamus Dahl da kuma daga baya, a Ozhegova, Ushakov da sauransu.

Vladimir Dahl a cikin littafinsa kira labyrinth na wuri daga wanda yana da wuya a sami hanyar fita daga cikin m tsarin na hanyoyi da kuma crossings. Yana alama fassara lexical ma'anar kalmar "labyrinth" da sauran Rasha, masana ilimin harsuna.

Yau, da wannan kalma kira kashi biyu ko uku-girma tsarin da mai rikitarwa tsarin na tafarkin da ga mafita. Yana iya zama kamar dutse, da kuma shuka asalin.

Sauran ma'anonin da kalmar

Bugu da kari to, ma'anar asali na wannan suna Vladimir Dahl a cikin littafinsa leads da sakandare. Saboda haka, ya kira labyrinth na ciki na mutum kunne.

Amma Ushakov ya bada jerin sunayen a cikin mafi girma Bayani asami maanar ajalin. Saboda haka, ban da na sama, da ya ambaci da kuma alama da ma'anar kalmar: wani m interweaving na wani abu (a Maze na tunani, ji Maze). Kamar yadda wani misali nakalto daga Saltykov-Shchedrin: "Idan na bai yaga kashe sake, tabbas kama a wani Maze da samovoprosheny samovozrazheny".

Yau a Maze - shi ma wani aminci na'urar da kwamfuta rumbun kwamfutarka, kazalika da sunan hukumar wasan na Rasha wallafe-wallafe gidan da kantin sayar da littattafai.

Bugu da kari, da shahararsa ta wannan lokaci shi ne cewa da 5 fina-finai, da lakabi na wanda kalmar bayyana hoton a cikin shekaru 30 da. Akwai ma littattafai da dama tare da wannan sunan, kuma music albums.

Fayum Maze

Daya daga cikin na farko ya ambaci daga cikin tsarin-Maze nasa ne da uba na tarihi - Herodotus. Ya bayyana Haikalin Masar abin bautawa tare da shugaban kada, bauta a Shedite (Herodotus kira wannan birni "Crocodilopolis"). Hakazalika, da burin gina Fayum unknown labyrinth, shi ne a zaci cewa shi aka tsara don rike wani iri-iri na ibada, kazalika don adana taskõkin. Bisa ga tãtsũniyõyin mutãnen farko, da tsarin motsa, ginshikan da maharibai damar wani mutum wanda bai san naúrar, yin ɗimuwa a cikin wannan wuri mai 'yan kwanaki, ko makonni.

Daga kango bar a wurinsa yau, yana da wuya a fahimci yadda rikitarwa wannan tsarin a zahiri, amma, kuna hukunta da bayanin mahaifinsa labarai, shi ya dubi sosai na marmari. Af, wannan Maze da aka bayyana a cikin labari da Boleslaw Prus 'Fir'auna'.

Greek, Roman, Indian Maze

Known Knossos labyrinth aka sanya a cikin image na Fayum, amma da yawa na baya zuwa gare shi a cikin size. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin addini tsarin, amma abin bautawa ba kada, kamar yadda Masarawa, da kuma sa (yiwuwa Saboda haka da labari na Minotaur). Its halitta ne dangana ga Daedalus. Ba kamar da Masar Locality wannan shi ne har yanzu ba a sani ba.

Bugu da kari ga Crete akwai wani sanannen Greek Maze. Duk da haka, inda shi ne daidai, shi ne ba a sani ba. Daban-daban masana tarihi sun kira da wuri na wurinta cikin Aegean tsibiran: Samos ko Limnos. A dangane da wannan akwai wani version cewa zai iya zama Minotaur ta labyrinth ba a Crete. Amma ya ba tukuna samu kango na akalla daya daga cikinsu, shi ke nan - kawai danda ka'idar.

A Romawa soma daga Helenawa da al'adunsu, ba shakka, ba zai iya tsayayya da bai gina nasu mazes. Mafi yawansu sun ba tsira, amma da fatalwa garin Pompeii, inda lokacin da jũna a tsaya har yanzu kiyaye su cif biyu kananan Maze gida tare da ban mamaki mosaics dake bayyana da labari na Minotaur. An yi imani da cewa Romawa Maze - shi ne ma mai rare yara nisha. Kazalika da Girkawa, su tsari ne wani lokacin amfani da addini dalilai, kamar yadda evidenced da sarauta binne tudun a Kluziume kunshi wani garwaya tsarin na funerary dakuna.

Af, a Indiya da sadaukarwa na wannan tsarin da aka rarraba ma. 'Yan Hindu yi imani da cewa mugunta da aljanu za su iya matsawa kawai dama, sabili da haka, a cikin entrances zuwa haikalin da kuma gidajen sanya kananan mazes su kare kansu.

Labyrinths a tsakiyar zamanai

Tare da canji na Kiristanci da rinjaye addini a Turai soyayya na m gine-gine samu wani sabon upswing. Da farko labyrinths ado da benaye majami'u da kuma Cathedrals, NUNA cewa mutum zunubi. A kadan daga baya, da addini labyrinths da aka amfani da dama productions, musamman ga dramatizations tafiye-tafiye zuwa Urushalima.

Labyrinths a Birtaniya da kuma Faransa

An fara daga XIII karni. wadannan gine-gine da aka yi amfani a matsayin kayan ado a wani m duniya. Tun da ginawa da kuma kula da dutse Tsarin irin wannan sun kasance impractical, hankali ya zo a cikin fashion labyrinths gidãjen Aljanna. Mai girma shahararsa da suka ji daɗi a Faransa, Birtaniya da kuma Italiya. Halittar wannan nisha ya zama real art, da kuma rare da wannan rana.