Kwanyar ƙasũsuwa: mutum ilmin jikin mutum

Kwanyar, Lat. zagayayyen kwanya, - wannan shi ne kwarangwal na shugaban. Shi aikin biyu muhimmanci ayyuka. Wannan shi ne matabbata kuma kwakwalwa majiɓinci, kuma hankula kamar gani, ji, wari, dandano da sikẽli. Yana kuma goyon farko links na numfashi da kuma narkewa kamar tsarin. Matsayin mai mulkin, da kwanyar haltta a Latin bayyana daidai ji na duniya.

A tsarin da kwanyar

kwanyar taimako wajen wuya. A kashi receptacles ne ba kawai da kwakwalwa, amma kuma da dama daga asali azanci shine gabobin, ta hanyar da shi ta hanyar musamman tashoshi da takware suna daban-daban jijiyoyi da jini. Ya kunshi 23 kasũsuwa, ashe, da 8 daga cikinsu suna guda biyu da kuma 7 - ba su guda biyu. Daga cikin su akwai lebur, spongy da kuma gauraye, ƙashi na daga cikin kwanyar, haltta la'akari da su mahadi, kamar yadda suka yi aiki tare domin kirkiro jiwuwa dukan.

kwanyar Human haltta ne zuwa kashi biyu kungiyoyin: kwakwalwa da kuma gaban ofishin. Kowane na da ayyuka da kuma siffofin. Brain kwanyar (Lat. Zagayayyen kwanya tasbĩhi) ya fi girma a cikin size da aka located a kan obverse (zagayayyen kwanya viscerale). Mobile a kusa da kwanyar ne kawai ƙananan muƙamuƙi.

Ka yi la'akari da girman kwanyar ƙasũsuwa. Anatomy Highlights da occipital, frontal, sandan-dimbin yawa, tashar wutar lantarki, guda na boko da kuma parietal ƙashi na daga cikin biyu, kazalika da mahadi.

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na gyara man fuska kwanyar da aka ware:

- kashi masticatory na'ura - ƙananan kuma babba muƙamuƙi, da na sama biyu nufin da ƙasũsuwa,

- ƙasũsuwa da cewa yin up hanci da baki da kuma ido kwasfansu, wato guda-mabudin da hyoid da kuma sa su guda biyu palatal, hanci, lacrimal, zygomatic kashi da kuma na baya turbinate.

kashi dangane

Wajibi ne a yi la'akari da girman kwanyar ƙasũsuwa da su gidajen abinci. Human Anatomy da kuma nazarin su akayi daban-daban da kuma a hade. Mafi yawa daga cikin ƙasusuwansa da kwanyar suna shiga m. The kawai togiya ne ƙananan muƙamuƙi ne m, kuma a haɗe zuwa tsokoki da jijiyoyin hyoid kashi.

Seams a haɗa duk aka gyara tare, suna sosai bambancin. Domin fuska da ƙashi na girman kwanyar vault ne halin yafi toothed, scaly, kuma lebur seams. A tushe na kwanyar mahadi ne sau da yawa wucin gadi ko m guringuntsi, da ake kira synchondrosises. Sutures da sunayen samu daga kasũsuwa, ashe, abin da suke shirki (stony-occipital, frontal, sphenoid) ko da wuri da kuma siffar (lambdoid, sagittal).

girman kwanyar

Bari mu bincika, ƙashi na daga cikin zagayayyen kwanya: kwarangwal da kashi. Wannan bangare za a iya raba biyu manyan sassa: tushe (Lat akai.) Kuma vault (Latin calvaria.), Wani lokaci kira da kwanyar rufin.

A fasalin sa shi ne cewa shi zai iya bambanta ƙasũsuwa ciki da kuma m faranti da spongy diploe abu therebetween. Diploe ƙunshi mutane da yawa diploic tashoshi diploic jijiyoyinmu. The m m farantin yana da periosteum. Inner farantin ne sirara kuma m, da kuma periosteum ga rawar da ta yi aikin tukuru a harsashi na kwakwalwa. Ya kamata a lura cewa rauni na iya faruwa ba tare da karaya na ciki ruwa m lalacewa.

Periosteum kawai a cikin gidajen abinci yana da mafi m dangane da kasũsuwa, ashe, da kuma a wasu wurare looser connection, don haka akwai wani subperiosteal sarari a cikin kashi. A wadannan wurare, wani lokacin ciwon hematoma, ko ulcers.

Bugu da kari, ƙashi na daga cikin kwanyar haltta raba zuwa pneumatic da nevozduhonosnye. A cikin kwakwalwa sashen to pneumatic ƙasũsuwa hada da frontal, sandan-dimbin yawa, tashar wutar lantarki da kuma na boko. Suna haka suna for gaban cavities cika da iska da kuma liyi tare da mucous membrane.

Akwai tsarin kwanyarsu da kuma ramukan amfani ga nassi na emissarnyh jijiyoyinmu. Sun haɗa da matsanancin diploic jijiyoyinmu da venous sinuses mikawa a Dura na kwakwalwa. The most a zagayayyen kwanya ne mastoid da parietal rami.

Description of tsarin da babban ƙasusuwan zagayayyen kwanya

Kowane kashi na kwanyar kunshi dama sassa da cewa suna da nasu halaye da kuma siffar, za a iya supplemented da tsinkaya, da zangarniya, bumps, cutouts, ramukan, GROOVES, sinuses da kaya. Mai cikakken wakiltar duk da ƙasũsuwan da kai daga ilimin Halittar Jiki atalas.

kafa na ƙasũsuwa

A frontal kashi (Lat. Os frontale) a cikin tsarin kunshi hanci da orbital sassa na frontal da ɓamɓaroki. Shi ne unpaired. Shi ne gaba, na daga rufin da ke da hannu a cikin samuwar agara girman kwanyar fossa da ido kwasfa.

A occipital kashi (Lat. Os occipitale) ne unpaired lowback dake a cikin kwanyar. Yana da aka raba cikin basilar ɓangare na occipital Sikeli da biyu a kaikaice sassa. Wadannan aka gyara dauki wani babban rami, da ake kira occipital (Lat. Foramen magnum).

Steam parietal kashi (Lat. Os parientale) siffofin verhnebokovye sassan a cikin kwanyar vault. Bayan da biyu daga dan lido sagittal baki suna da alaka da juna. Sauran gefuna ake kira da frontal, occipital, kuma scaly.

ƙasũsuwa tushe

Boko kashi wanka (Lat. Os temporale) located a kan gefen bangon daga cikin kwanyar tushe. An located zuwa ga raya na occipital kashi, da kuma gaban - sandan. Raba da kashi a kan dala (stony), scaly da drum sassa. An located gabobin da sikẽli da mai ji.

Ta hanyar da na boko kashi ke ta dama tasoshin da kuma girman kwanyar jijiyoyi. Domin su, da shi na samar da wani yawan tashoshi: barci, gaban, drum, barci, drum, tympani, mastoid, musculo-bututu, da ciki auditory canal, da cochlea da tubule ruwa shirayin.

Sphenoid (Lat. Os sphenoidale) is located in tsakiyar kwanyar tushe, wajibi ne ga samuwar ta a kaikaice sassa, da kuma siffofin da jerin rami da cavities. Shi ne unpaired. Ya kunshi manyan da kananan fuka-fuki, cikin jiki da kuma reshe-dimbin yawa appendages.

Ethmoid kashi (Lat. Os ethmoidale) ke taka rawa a cikin samuwar da ido kwasfansu, da hanci kogo. An raba wani layin wutar da perpendicular zuwa kwano, da kuma kunkuntar Maze. Olfactory jijiya zaruruwa je ta wurin Grid farantin. A raga labyrinth raga cell suna cike da iska, akwai hanci sassa da sinuses located zuwa jimloli.

Facial ƙashi, yadda dukan

A fuska, ƙashi na daga cikin kwanyar ne mafi girma daga cikin kwakwalwa. 15. Ga su ne unpaired hyoid kashi, vomer, kashin dadashinsu. Sauran biyu daga dan lido: ƙananan turbinate, hanci, zygomatic, lacrimal, Palatine, da kuma na sama muƙamuƙi. Daga cikin wadannan, kawai babba muƙamuƙi ƙasũsuwa da dangantaka da wani pneumatic ciwon rami tare da mucous membrane da kuma iska.

Wadannan kasusuwa a general dokoki da gaban kashi. Nazarin ilmin jikin mutum da kwanyar tsarin, aiki ba kawai na mutum ƙasũsuwa da, su tara. A fuska kwanyar iya bambanta madawwama biyu, baki da kuma hanci, inda suke da muhimmanci gabobin da muƙamuƙi. cavities ga nassi ganuwar da jijiyoyi da jini ramukan da kuma fasa, kuma tare da su taimako sakon auku cavities tsakanin su.

Facial kwanyar: m ramuka

Guda biyu ido kwasfansu aka tsara don daidaita cavities a cikin eyeballs da tsokoki, da hawaye gland da kuma sauran abokai. Muhimmanci ne na gani, nasolacrimal, alveolar da infraorbital tashoshi, manya da ƙananan orbital Ramin, da gaba da raya grating, kuma supraorbital skuloglaznichnoe rami.

A hanci kogo aka ware pyriform budewa choanae, nasolacrimal bututu da kuma kurfi, sandan-palatal da hanci takware da takware na lamina cribrosa. A cikin baka rami da kuma positioned Palatine manyan incisive canal, ƙanana da manyan palatal rami.

Har ila yau, a cikin tsarin da fuska kwanyar wajibi ne a lura da gaban hanci sassa (ƙananan, na tsakiya da kuma na sama), kazalika da frontal da sphenoid sinuses.

Description na babban tsarin da fuska ƙasũsuwa

A babba muƙamuƙi (Lat. Maxilla) tana nufin guda biyu ƙasũsuwa. Yana ƙunshi jiki da kuma zygomatic, frontal, Palatine da alveolar tafiyar matakai.

Palatine kashi (Lat. Os palatinum), kasancewa biyu ke taka rawa a cikin samuwar Pterygopalatine-Palatine fossa, palate da ido soket. An raba kwance, kuma a tsaye faranti da uku tsari: sandan-dimbin yawa, orbital da pyramidal.

Lower turbinate (Lat. Concha nasalis baya), a gaskiya, na bakin ciki farantin lankwasa a cikin wani musamman hanya. Yana sanye take da uku da zangarniya tare saman baki: tearful, Trellis kuma maxillary. Wannan tururi kashi.

Coulter (Lat. Vomer) ne wani kashi farantin, wajibi ne ga samuwar kashi na hanci septum. Kashi unpaired.

A hanci kashi (Lat. Os nasale) da ake bukata domin samuwar kashi samuwar kuma hanci pyriform budewa. Wannan kashi nufin da biyu.

Cheekbone (Lat. Os zygomaticum) yana da muhimmanci, don ƙarfafa fuska kwanyar, shi zai iya taimaka connect da na boko, frontal da maxillary ƙasũsuwa. Ta guda biyu. Kasu kashi a kaikaice, orbital da kuma na boko surface.

Lacrimal kashi (Lat. Os lacrimale) ya juya zuwa tsakiyar orbital bango ne gaban rabo. Wannan tururi kashi. Shi yana da raya lacrimal dagi da lacrimal tsagi.

Musamman na fuska ƙasũsuwa

Sa'an nan duba zuwa ga ƙasũsuwa da kwanyar, haltta wanda shi ne dan kadan daban-daban daga dukan sauran mutane.

Ƙananan muƙamuƙi (Latin mandibula.) - unpaired kashi. Wannan shi ne kawai kashi na kwanyar, wanda shi ne m. Ya kunshi sassa uku: cikin jiki 2 da kuma rassan.

A hyoid kashi (Lat. Os hyoideum) unpaired located a gaban wuyansa, a daya gefen shi ne ƙananan muƙamuƙi, da sauran - da maƙogwaro. An raba wani mai lankwasa baka na jiki da kuma sa su guda biyu appendages - manya da kananan ƙahoni. Don wannan kwanyar kashi a haɗe tsokoki da jijiyoyin, kuma yake da alaka da cikin maƙogwaro.

kwanyar mataki na ci gaba

Ko da gwaje-gwaje a kan kwanyar haltta yana bi da ya fara tasawa ra'ayi, sani game da samuwar da kwanyar zama dole. Kafin ka yi your karshe look, da kwanyar wuce biyu mafi mataki lokaci. Na farko, shi ne membranous, cartilaginous sa'an nan, kuma kawai sa'an nan ya zo kashi mataki. Lokacin da wannan mataki ne a hankali daga ƙarƙashinsu a cikin sãshe. All uku, saukarwa ne, ƙashi na daga cikin kwanyar tushe da kuma gyara man fuska part, da sauran membranous nan da nan ya zama kashi. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ne m model iya yi ba duk kashi, amma kawai wani bangare na shi, da kuma sauran da aka kafa kai tsaye daga connective nama ba tare da guringuntsi.

Membranous farkon mataki an dauke karshen makonni 2 na da amfrayo ci gaba, da kuma daga 2 months fara guringuntsi. Ossification na kowane sashen faruwa a daban-daban sau. Da farko akwai da ossification cibiyar, sa'an nan daga wannan batu a cikin tsari da aka rarraba kan surface da kuma zurfin. Alal misali, a kan rana 39 na prenatal ci gaban bayyana a cikin cibiyar na ƙananan muƙamuƙi, da occipital kashi ossification a basilar rabo fara a 65 days.

A karshe samuwar

A lokaci guda garwaya cibiyoyin ossification bayan haihuwa, da kwanyar kashi a nan ya bayyana haltta riga da kasa daidaici, kamar yadda wannan na iya zama zalla mutum. Ga wasu da wannan zai faru a farkon yara: na boko - har zuwa shekara guda, occipital da ƙananan muƙamuƙi - daga shekara guda zuwa hudu. Wasu kasũsuwa, ashe, kamar zygomatic, kawo karshen tsari daga 6 zuwa shekaru 16, da kuma hyoid - daga 25 zuwa shekaru 30. A dangane da ci gaban da kwanyar za a iya ce cewa yawan jariri kwanyar more, kamar yadda da lokaci da dama daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ci a cikin daya karshe kashi.

Wasu guringuntsi samuwar zauna haka har abada. Wadannan sun hada da guringuntsi, kuma septum na hanci da kuma kananan guringuntsi located a gindi daga cikin kwanyar.