Kremlin na fari na dutse a Moscow

Me ya sa aka kira Moscow da dutse mai tsabta? Amsar wannan tambayar, mai ban sha'awa ga masu yawon bude ido, ya san, watakila, kowane mazauninsa, wanda yake ƙaunar birninsa kuma yana alfaharin tarihinsa mai girma. Name wannan babban birnin kasar ya ba da fari-dutse Kremlin a Moscow a 1367 shiri. A tsawon shekaru da yawa da suka kasance, an sake gina shi sau da yawa kuma ya zama alama ta gaskiya na birnin, zuciyarsa da kuma daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan jan hankali.

Yau Kremlin yana daya daga cikin kyakkyawan tsarin gine-gine a duniya, kuma yanki yana kusa da kadada 27 da rabi. Mun ƙara koyo game da tarihin wannan babban tsarin.

Ƙungiyoyin farko a kan shafin Kremlin. Foundation of Moscow

Ƙungiyoyin farko na dā a kan shafin Kremlin sun tashi da daɗewa. La'akari da matsayin archaeological tono, game da shekaru dubu biyar da suka wuce. Kuma riga a cikin karni na 6 na AD na farko Slavic kabilu ya fito a nan.

An fara ambata Moscow a cikin annals a 1147. A sa'an nan da Yuri Dolgoruky gayyace dan uwansa Prince of Novgorod-Seversky Svyatoslav zuwa wani taro a cikin wani karamin kan iyakar garin. Wannan taron kuma ya gangara cikin tarihi a matsayin ranar da aka kafa Moscow.

Tarihin halittar halittar Kremlin na farko

Tarihin Kremlin ya fara kadan daga baya - shekaru tara bayan haka, lokacin da Dolgoruky ya yanke shawarar karfafa birnin da manyan kariya. Ya kasance ginshiƙan naman, wanda babban ɗigon gandun daji ya tallafawa don tabbatar da aminci. A hanyar, ba a zabi wurin da aka gina ba. Gaskiyar ita ce, an kafa sansanin soja a kan tudu, kewaye da Kogin Moscow da Neglinnaya. Wannan ya ba da lokaci don lura da makiya kuma ya ba shi sakewa. Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa na unguwa ya buɗe daga tudu. Abin sha'awa shine, yankin Kremlin na farko yana da kimanin kadada hudu, kuma yanzu yanzu ƙasa ta ƙaru kusan sau takwas!

Amma babban mahimmanci na wannan sansanin shi ne cewa an gina shi itace, wanda ke nufin yana iya ƙonewa a lokacin haɗari ko wuta. A lokacin da aka sake gina Kremlin a farkon karni na 14, lokacin da Ivan Kalita ya mallaki Moscow. Ya zuba jari mai yawa, kokarin da lokaci don ƙarfafawa da kuma ƙawata birnin. Saboda haka, ya umarci kafa sabon sansanin katanga. Wadannan shingen sun zama masu karfi, an gina su da bishiyoyi masu karfi da dumi. Wani sabon dutse dutse mai suna Kremlin a Moscow ya gina a karkashin Dmitry Donskoi shekaru da yawa daga baya.

Moscow a lokacin Dmitry Donskoy

Masarautar Moscow ta gaba shine Prince Dmitry Donskoy. Shi dan jikan Ivan Kalita ne. An san cewa Dmitry Donskoy ya gudanar da manufofin kasashen waje, ya fadada kuma ya ƙarfafa yankin Moscow. Bugu da ƙari kuma, wannan lokacin ya nuna alamar tsananin haɗari na tatar-Mongol. Duk wannan yana buƙatar sabuwar, mafi mahimmancin gado.

Bugu da ƙari, kamar yadda aka ambata, an gina tsohuwar Kremlin na itace. Saboda haka, ko da yake yana da ƙarfin da zai iya tsayayya da hare-haren abokan gaba, har yanzu bai kare ba kafin wuta. Kuma wutar da ta faru a shekara ta 1365, ta rushe gari duk da tushe (a tarihi an kira shi All-Svyatsky, tun lokacin da ya fara a cikin Ikilisiya na Duk Masu Tsarki). Bai tsayar da ganuwar katako na Kremlin ba. Bayan haka, don kare birnin, Dmitry Donskoy ya umurci gina Kremlin mai dutse a Moscow. An gina wannan shekarar - 1367. An ambaci wannan a cikin tarihin wannan lokaci.

Ginin ginin dutse Kremlin

Saboda haka, gina Kremlin mai fararen dutse a Moscow ya fara. A lokacin hunturu duka, an kawo kayan cikin ta don ƙirƙirar mafaka. Giraren dutse don gina gine-gine a wuraren da ke kusa da gari, kilomita talatin daga birnin. An yi amfani dashi sosai a Rasha kuma yana daya daga cikin kayan da aka fi so. Dutsen dutse mai dadi yana da kyau kuma mai kyau, amma hakarta tana da wuyar gaske, kuma akwai 'yan masanan wannan al'amari. Saboda haka, ba a yi amfani dashi sosai ba.

Kremlin mai farin dutse a Moscow shine farkon wannan gini a Suzdal Rus. Ta hanyar gina ta, lokacin da duk kayan aiki suka shirya, wato a spring of 1367. A karkashin ganuwar sabon sansanin soja an kafa harsashin tushe, wanda ke tsaye har zuwa yau.

An gina kremlin dutse mai daraja a Moscow (shekara ta kammala - 1368) da sauri. Wannan hanzari ya sami wadatar. Bayan haka, ba da daɗewa ba bayan da aka gama aikin, sojojin Lithuania Olgerd sun kai hari kan Moscow. Ya tsaya na kwana uku a karkashin ganuwar Kremlin, amma bai iya ɗaukar kagara ba. Shekaru biyu bayan haka Olgerd ya sake kai farmaki a birnin, amma har da rashin nasara.

A shekara ta 1382, Tokhtamysh ya kai hari a sansanin, wanda ya kawo mummunan lalacewa, amma bayan an dawo da shi. Saboda haka, gina Kremlin dutse mai dutse, ba tare da wata shakka ba, wani abu ne na tarihi wanda ya haifar da ci gaba da ci gaban birnin da kuma kafa shi a matsayin cibiyar Orthodoxy da kuma zama na Grand Dukes.

Menene Kremlin mai fararen dutse yayi kama da?

Abin takaici, har yanzu ba a samu rahoton rahotanni game da yadda kremlin fararen dutse a Moscow ya dubi ba. Don yin hukunci wannan zai iya zama ne kawai saboda bayanan da aka samo daga annals da zane na AM Vasnetsov.

An san cewa an gina garun dutsen da hasumiya a nesa da tsohuwar tsarin. Saboda haka, yankin Kremlin ya kara fadada. A kauri daga cikin ganuwar da wasu kimomi kai biyu - uku mita. Har ila yau, aikin da ake yi na kariya ya yi ta hanyar tsattsauran hanyoyi wanda aka yi wa gadoji.

A cikin ganuwar an shigar da madaurarru, wanda aka rufe da manyan garkuwan katako. A cikin dakuna shida, an gina ƙofa. Ta hanyar kudancin Neglinnaya, an kafa dutsen farko na dutse a Moscow. Bayan karni da rabi a wurin da aka gina Triniti, wanda ke tsaye a yau.

Bayan kammala wannan gine-gine, Kremlin dutse mai daraja ya zama babbar ƙarfin karfi a Turai. By hanyar, yankinsa a wannan lokacin kusan kai zamani.

Ta yaya sabon Kremlin ya gina?

Kusan shekaru 150 ne Kremlin mai tsabta ya tsaya a Moscow. Yawancin lokuta an hõre shi kuma ya tsayayya da hare-hare mafi tsanani. Amma duk da haka sun sa shi mummunan lalacewar da lalacewa, duk da haka, da kuma wuta mai yawa. An rushe ganuwar sansanin a wurare da yawa kuma ba zai iya cika aikin da suke kare ba.

Saboda haka, a rabi na biyu na karni na 15, a karkashin Ivan na uku, babban gyare-gyare na Kremlin ya fara. A saboda wannan dalili, an gayyaci masanan Italiyanci mashahuri zuwa Moscow. An sake sake gina sansani a hankali, sabon abu, an yi tubali na bam a kan shafin tsohuwar ganuwar ganuwar. Gaba ɗaya, sake gina Kremlin ya dauki shekaru goma. Har ila yau, an gina gine-gine da katolika. Don haka an kafa tsarin tsarin zamani na Kremlin.

Bayan haka, ya sake ginawa. An fara canje-canje na farko a lokacin mulkin Boris Godunov, sa'anan kuma a karkashin Bitrus I. An yi mummunan lalacewa akan Kremlin ta Warriotic War na 1812. Bayan da ta aikata m sabuntawa aiki. A karkashin mulkin Soviet, Kremlin an sake gina shi sau da dama, an yi amfani da hasumiyoyin da taurari, kuma Tsar-Gun da Tsar Bell sun kasance a kan sassan.

Moscow-dutse

Kremlin mai farin dutse a Moscow ya tsaya kusan kusan karni da rabi. Bai ci gaba da kai hare-hare mai tsanani da maƙiya ba, ya dogara kare birnin daga abokan gaba. Da godiya ga wannan sansanin soja cewa Moscow ta sami sunan "Belokamennaya". By hanyar, tana saka shi a yanzu. Amma 'yan mutane sun san cewa Kremlin ya kasance "fararen dutse" har tsawon ƙarni hudu bayan gina sabon ginin brick.

Wannan gaskiyar abu mai ban mamaki yana da bayani mai sauki. Ganuwar kagarar sun kasance da tsabta sosai har zuwa karni na 19. A gefe ɗaya, wannan ya damu saboda kare lafiyar tubalin, a daya - wannan nau'i ne ga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dutse na farko da Kremlin ya gina a karkashin Dmitry Donskoy. Alal misali, an nuna shi a kan zane ta hanyar PP Vereshchagin, wanda aka halitta a 1879.

Kremlin a yau

A halin yanzu, Kremlin yana zama gidan zama shugaban. A shekara ta 1997, an gudanar da sabon gyare-gyare mai girma. A lokacin aikin, an sake gina ɗakunan gine-ginen Kremlin da kuma sassan. A halin yanzu, kan manyan bukukuwan Orthodox, ana gudanar da ayyuka na allahntaka a ciki, kuma ana gudanar da nune-nunen kewaye da yankin da gidajen tarihi na sansani.

Kuma mai yiwuwa ne a yau shi ne ba dukkan tuna cewa fari-dutse Kremlin a Moscow da aka gina a Dmitry Donskoy, amma 'yan asalin mazaunan babban birnin san tarihin garin da kuma suna alfahari da shi.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa

• The gine-gine da gungu na Red Square da kuma Kremlin ne a kan jerin Duniya Al'adu Heritage ta UNESCO.
• Idan 'yan shekarun da suka wuce an rufe ganuwar sansanin, a yau an shafe su da zane da zane.
• Kremlin shine mafi girma da karfi a Turai, har yanzu yana da karfi.
• A shekara ta 1941, an fentin windows akan bango. Anyi wannan ne don yada ɗakin tsaro don gina gidaje.

Kremlin mai farin dutse a Moscow saboda rayuwarsa ya sami canje-canjen da yawa, amma ya kasance alama ce ta Moscow da kuma ainihin gine-gine na gine-ginen birni.