Kazak - wanda shi ne wannan? Tarihi na Cossacks

A kan aiwatar da tarihi ci gaba da wasu mutane akwai lokutan da a wasu kabila rabu da shi haifar da raba al'adu Layer. A wasu lokuta, waɗannan al'adu abubuwa co-wanzu lumana da su al'umma da kuma duniya baki daya, a cikin wasu - ya yi yaƙi domin an daidaita wuri karkashin rana. Wani misali na irin wannan m kabila za a iya gani a matsayin wani sashen dutsen al'umma, a matsayin Cossacks. Wakilai daga cikin al'adu kungiyar sun kasance kullum musamman ji na duniya da kuma wani sosai m addini. Don kwanan wata, masana kimiyya ba zai iya gane ko wannan shi ne wani Layer na kabilanci Slavic mutane raba al'umma. Tarihi na Cossacks baya ga m XV karni, a lokacin da kasashen Turai suna mired a internecine yaƙe-yaƙe da dynastic upheavals.

A etymology na kalmar "Cossack"

Mutane da yawa zamani mutane suna da wani janar ra'ayin abin da Cossack - jarumi ko guda irin sojojin da suka rayu a wani tarihi lokacin da ya yi yaƙi domin 'yancin su. Duk da haka, irin wannan fassarar shi ne bushe isa kuma da nisa daga gaskiya, ba da har yanzu da etymology da kalmar "Cossack". Akwai da dama na asali theories na asalin kalmar, misali:

- Turkic ( "Cossack" - a free mutum);

- Maganar zo daga Kosogs.

- Turkish ( "Kaz", "Cossack" na nufin "Goose");

- Maganar zo daga Kalmar "Kozara".

- Mongolian ka'idar.

- Turkestan ka'idar - cewa shi ne sunan da nomadic kabilu.

- a cikin Tatar harshe "Cossack" - wani jarumi a sahun gaba daga cikin sojojin.

Akwai sauran theories, wanda kowannensu yana da wani mabanbanta bayyana kalmar, amma mafi m core dukkan fassarorin za a iya gano. Mafi na kowa ka'idar cewa Cossack ya kyauta mutumin, amma dauke da makamai, a shirye su kai farmaki da kuma yaƙi.

tarihi asalin

Tarihi na Cossacks fara a cikin XV karni, wato a 1489 - na farko ambaci kalmar "Cossack". A tarihi mahaifarsa na Cossacks ne Gabashin Turai, da kuma more musamman, yankin da ake kira Wild Field (yau Ukraine). Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin XV karni, da ake kira da yankin da aka tsaka tsaki da kuma ba su shafi Rasha a matsayin wani mulki, da kuma Poland. M ƙasa "Wild Field" da aka hõre m hare-hare na Crimean Tatars. A hankali ya magance a ƙasar baƙi daga Poland da kuma Mulki na Rasha da tasiri a kan ci gaban da wani sabon aji - da Cossacks. A gaskiya ma, cikin tarihin Cossacks daga lokacin da talakawa mutane, manoma, da kuma fara shirya a ƙasar da Wild filin, haka samar da nasu kai-hukumar sojoji, domin fend kashe da hare-haren da Tatars da kuma sauran kasashe. By farkon na XVI karni Cossack regiments juya a cikin wani iko soja da karfi, wanda ya halicci babban matsaloli ga jihohin makwabta.

Halittar Zaporozhye Sech

Kamar yadda tarihi data, wanda aka sani da suna zuwa ranar, na farko ƙoƙari a kai-kungiyar na Cossacks aka sanya a cikin 1552 da Prince Volyn Vyshnevetsky, fi sani da Bayda.

Shĩ ne domin su kudi don kafa wani sansanin soja, da Sich, wanda aka located a tsibirin Khortytsya. Yana zuba dukan rai Cossacks. A wuri ne yana kokarin dace kamar yadda Sich overlaps tare da nassi daga cikin Tatars na Crimea, kazalika da kasancewa a kusa da kusanci zuwa iyakar Poland. Bugu da ƙari, cikin yankin wuri na tsibirin ya halicci manya manyan matsaloli ga Sich hari. Khortytsia Sich dade ba, saboda a 1557 shi halaka ta, amma har 1775 a karfafa wadannan da aka gina a kan wannan irin - a kan kogin tsibiran.

Ƙoƙarin mallaki Cossacks

A 1569 shi ne kafa wani sabon Lithuanian-Polish jihar - Rzeczpospolita. Babu shakka, wannan dogon-jiran jam'iyya a matsayin Poland da kuma Lithuania da muhimmanci sosai, kuma free Cossacks a kan iyakar da sabon jihar yi wa amfanin na Commonwealth. Hakika, irin tsanani ga tabbatarwa ne mai kyau garkuwa da Tatar hare-hare, amma sun kasance cikakken ba sarrafa da kuma ba a dauke da ikon da kambi. Saboda haka, a cikin 1572, Sarkin Commonwealth Sigismund II Augustus al'amurran da suka shafi a wagon, wanda tsara da aikin yi a sabis na kambi 300 Cossacks. Su aka rubuta a cikin jerin yin rajista, wanda ya kai ga su suna - rajista Cossacks. Irin wannan rarrabuwa a koyaushe kasance a kan m jijjiga don sauri doke da Tatar hare-hare a kan iyakoki na Commonwealth, kazalika da wa kashe maimaita baƙauye tawayen.

Cossack tawaye ga addini da kuma na kasa 'yancin kai

Daga 1583 zuwa 1657, wasu shugabannin Cossack yunkuri, domin yantar da kansu daga rinjayar da Commonwealth da kuma sauran kasashen da suka yi kokarin iko da ƙasa ba kafa a Ukraine.

A karfi so ga 'yancin kai fara fito fili daga cikin Cossack aji bayan 1620, lokacin da hetman Sagaidachnyi tare da duk Zaporozhye sojojin shiga cikin Kyiv' yan'uwantaka. Irin wannan mataki alama da hadin kai na Cossack hadisai na Orthodox bangaskiya.

Daga wannan lokacin yakin Cossacks aka dauke ba kawai fede, amma kuma addini. The girma tashin hankali tsakanin kazatstvom da kuma Poland kai ga sanannun kasa-kwata 'yanci yaki na 1648 - 1654 ta, jagorancin Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Bugu da kari, shi wajibi ne don ware akalla gagarumin yunkuri wato Nalivaiko tawaye Kosinski, Sulima, Pavluk et al.

Decossackization a lokacin da Rasha Empire

Bayan wani gaza yaki na National Liberation a XVII karni, kazalika da fashewa daga cikin matsaloli soja ikon da aka muhimmanci eroded da Cossacks. Bugu da kari, da Cossacks ya rasa da goyon bayan da Rasha Empire bayan miƙa mulki ga gefen Sweden a wurin yaƙi a Poltava, a cikin abin da Cossack sojojin karkashin jagorancin Ivan Mazepa. A matsayin sakamako na wannan jerin abubuwan tarihin a cikin XVIII karni fara wani tsauri aiwatar Decossackization, wanda kai da ganiya a zamanin mulkin Empress Catherine II. A 1775, da Zaporizhzhya Sich aka shafe ta. Duk da haka, da Cossacks aka bai wa zabi: je da kansa hanya (rayuwa talakawa baƙauye rayuwa), ko shiga hussar, dragoon regiments fiye da yawa ya yi amfani. Duk da haka ya kasance wani gagarumin ɓangare na Cossack dakarun (game da 12,000), wanda bai yarda da shawara na Rasha Empire. Don tabbatar da tsaron lafiyar tsohon iyakoki, kazalika a kowace hanya tabbatar da kyawon da "saurã daga cikin Cossack", a kan shirin na Aleksandra Suvorova an halitta Black Sea Cossack Army a 1790.

Kuban Cossacks

Kuban Cossacks, ko da Rasha Cossacks, ya bayyana a 1860. Yana da aka kafa daga dama soja Cossack raka'a cewa wanzu a wannan lokaci. Bayan da dama lokuta Decossackization wadannan soja raka'a sun zama wani ɓangare na sana'a sojojin na Rasha Empire. Kuban Cossacks aka tushen a cikin Arewa Caucasus (da ƙasa na zamani Krasnodar Krai). Dalili na Kuban Cossacks ya Black Sea Cossack watsa shiri da kuma Caucasian Cossack sojojin, wanda aka soke a sakamakon ƙarshen Caucasian War. Wannan soja naúrar an halitta a matsayin wata iyaka karfi don sarrafa halin da ake ciki a cikin Caucasus. The yaki a yankin ya kan, amma da zaman lafiyar da aka kullum barazana. Rasha Cossacks sun zama wani kyakkyawan buffer tsakanin Caucasus da kuma Rasha Empire. Bugu da kari, wakilan sojojin da aka hannu a cikin Great Patriotic War. Don kwanan nan, rai na Kuban Cossacks, su ruwayoyi da kuma al'adu an kiyaye godiya ga kafa Kuban Cossack Army Society.

Don Cossacks

Don Cossacks ne mafi tsoho Cossack al'adu cewa ka fito da Zaporozhye Cossacks a tsakiyar XV karni. Don Cossacks aka located a kan ƙasa na Rostov, Volgograd, Lugansk da Donetsk yankuna. Name sojojin tarihi da alaka da Don River. Babban bambancin tsakanin Don Cossacks daga sauran Cossack raka'a a gaskiyar cewa shi ci gaba ba kawai a matsayin soja, kazalika da wata kabila, wanda yana da al'adu da halaye. Don Cossacks Zaporozhye rayayye hadin guiwa da yawa fadace-fadace. A lokacin juyin juya halin Oktoba da Don Cossacks kafa nasu jihar, amma karkashin shugabancin tsakiya da karkararta "White motsi" ya jagoranci da shan kashi da kuma m danniya. Yana bi da cewa Don Cossack - shi ne mutum wanda yake na musamman zamantakewa samuwar, dangane da kabilanci factor. Don Cossack al'ada ne kiyaye a zamaninmu. A abin da yake a yanzu Rasha Federation gida game da 140.000 mutanen da suka rubuta su kabila kamar yadda "Cossack".

Da muhimmancin da Cossacks a duniya al'ada

A ranar, da tarihi, da rayuwar da Cossacks, su soja hadisai da kuma al'adu suna rayayye karatu da masana kimiyya a duk faɗin duniya. Lalle ne shĩ, Cossacks ne ba kawai sojoji, da kuma raba kabila, wanda ga dama ƙarni ya gina da rarrabe al'adu. Modern masana tarihi suna aiki a kan sake halittar karami jẽfo wani ɓaɓɓake daga tarihi na Cossacks, domin dorewar žwažwalwar ajiya na wannan babban tushen musamman Eastern al'adar Turai.