Kai-propelled anti-aircraft gun. All iri anti-jirgin sama shigarwa

Riga kafin yakin duniya na farko, da yaki da abokan gaba da jirgin sama ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci soja da kuma na dabara al'amurran da suka shafi. Tare da mayakan amfani da wannan manufa da kuma ƙasa wurare. Al'ada da makamai da kuma inji bindigogi talauci dace domin harbi da jiragen sama, suna da kasa kwana na tadawa na ganga. Daya iya, ba shakka, to wutã daga cikin talakawa bindigogi, amma yiwuwar fadowa sharply rage saboda da low kudi na wuta. A 1906, da Jamusanci injiniyoyi sun samarwa zuwa Dutsen kan sulke mota emplacement, ba shi da wani motsi a hade tare da firepower da ikon zuwa wuta a hari vysokoraspolozhennym. BA "Erhard" - duniya na farko kai-propelled anti-aircraft makami. Na tsawon shekaru goma, da irin wannan makamai ya girma cikin sauri.

Bukatun ga ZSU

A gargajiya makirci na tsaro tsarin a cikin fahimtar soja theorists na interwar lokaci ne guda zobe tsarin kewaye wani muhimmanci musamman na gwamnati, masana'antu, tattalin arziki, ko na gudanarwa yankuna. Kowane kashi na wani VOP (guda anti-aircraft gun) ƙarƙashin umurnin garu da alhakin wani bangare na sararin samaniyar. Wani abu kamar wannan wani tsarin na iska tsaro na Moscow, Birnin Leningrad, da sauran manyan Soviet birane a cikin na farko lokaci na yaki, lokacin da Nazi iska hare-hare da ya faru kusan kullum. Duk da haka, duk da inganci, irin wannan hanya na aikin kasance cikakken inapplicable a wani tsauri tsaro da laifi. Rufe kowane sojojin division antiaircraft baturi ne wuya, ko da yake yana rubuce zai yiwu, amma motsi babban adadin bindigogi - ba aiki mai sauki. Bugu da kari, da gyarawa anti-aircraft bindigogi da su unprotected ƙauyuka da kansu su ne manufa domin maƙiyi hari da jirgin sama, wanda, da fassara su disposition, kullum jihãdi ga hare-hare da su, kuma m aiki dakin. Domin samar da tasiri cover sojojin a gaban zone, iska defenses da samun da motsi, high firepower da wani mataki na tsaro. Kai-propelled anti-aircraft makami - da mota, wanda yana da wadannan uku halaye.

a wartime

A lokacin babban Patriotic War, da Red Army da kusan babu antiaircraft kai-propelled bindigogi. Kawai a 1945 kasance na farko da misalai na wannan aji na makamai (ZSU-37), amma a karshe fadace-fadace da wadannan bindigogi bai taka babban rawa, a zahiri Luftwaffe sojojin suka ci, da kuma Nazi Jamus da aka fuskantar mai tsanani rashin man fetur. Kafin wannan Soviet sojojin mori towed 2k, 25-mm da kuma 37-mm TO-72 (Loginova gun). Don kayar da dalilai na amfani high-Yunƙurin 85-mm gun 52-K. Wannan anti-aircraft gun (da sauransu) a cikin hali na bukatar da kuma dukan tsiya a cikin motocin: high farko gudu na dako damar punching wani kariya. Amma kirga cikin shigewa ake bukata wani sabon m.

Jamus sun samfurori da anti-aircraft kai-propelled bindigogi, kafa a kan tushen da tank shasi ( "Gabas da iska» - Ostwind, da kuma "guguwa» - Wirbelwind). A Wehrmacht shi ma Swedish anti-aircraft gun "Nimrod", saita a kan sauki-tanki shasi. Yana da aka asali yi cikinsa a matsayin wajen makamai sokin, amma a kan Soviet "tridtsatchetverok" tabbatar da m, amma nasarar amfani da Jamusanci tsaron gida.

LSD-4

Wonderful Soviet film "lõkutan asuba nan ne shiru ..." nuna da heroism na anti-aircraft sojan igwa 'yan mata, kama a wani m halin da ake ciki (wanda a lokuta da dama a lokacin yaki), domin duk ta undoubted m amfanoni da shi ya ƙunshi daya inaccuracy, duk da haka, m kuma ba da muhimmanci sosai. Anti-jirgin sama na'ura gun Dutsen ZPU-4, wani jarumi heroine buga a farkon hoton Jamus jirgin sama a 1945, kawai fara inganta a shuka lamba 2 a karkashin shugabanci na zanen I. S. Leschinskogo. Tsarin auna kadan fiye da biyu ton, don haka shi ne mai sauki da za a towed. Yana da hudu-dabaran shasi, cikakken kai-propelled ba za a iya mai suna saboda rashi na engine, amma high motsi taimaka wajen nasarar amfani da shi a Korea (1950-1953) da kuma Vietnam. Dukansu soja rikici nuna high dace da samfurin a cikin iko da jirage masu saukar ungulu, wanda massively amfani da dakarun Amurka na landings kuma ka yi hari a kasar. Matsar LSD-4 da za a iya yin amfani da sojojin Jeep, "Jeep", harnessed da dawakai, da alfadarai, da ma kawai turawa. A cewar rahotannin da ba tabbatar, wannan juna na fasahar yin amfani da adawa da sojojin a zamani rikice-rikice (Siriya, Iraki, Afghanistan).

Postwar ZSU-57-2

A farkon shekarun bayan da Nasara da aka gudanar a cikin yanayi na juna undisguised rashin jituwa tsakanin kasashen turai, suna tattare a cikin wani soja alliance, NATO, da kuma Tarayyar Soviet. Soviet tank karfin da babu daidai a duka yawa da kuma ingancin Manuniya. A taron na rikici, da shafi na sulke da motocin iya (a rubuce) kai akalla zuwa Portugal, amma shi ya kasance da barazana da makiya jirgin sama. Yi kariya a kan iska hare-hare a kan Soviet sojojin motsi anti-aircraft gun da aka soma for sabis a shekarar 1955. Biyu zamo bindigogi, shirya a wani madauwari hasumiya ZSU-57-2 ya babba - 57 mm. Electrohydraulic drive juyawa, amma domin kare lafiya shi ne duplicated manual inji tsarin. A wurin ta atomatik, a kan shigar data hari. Lokacin da kudi na 240 akai-akai da minti saitin ya tasiri kewayon rauni 12 km (8.8 km tsaye). Shasi cikakken m tare da babban manufar da na'ura, shi da aka aro daga T-54 tank, don haka ta zai iya ci gaba har da shafi.

"Shilka"

Bayan wani dogon bincike da ya dace da mafi kyau duka yanke shawara, kai biyu shekarun da suka gabata, Soviet designers, Mun halitta a real fitacciyar. A shekarar 1964, shi ya fara taro samar na zamani ZSU-23-4, ya gana da dukan bukatun na zamani fagen fama tare da abokan gaba hari da jirgin sama. By cewa lokaci ya zama na fili da cewa mafi girma hadari ne low-tashi da jiragen sama da kuma jirage masu saukar ungulu, ba fadowa cikin kewayon altitudes a wanda al'ada VOP mafi tasiri wajen ƙasa sojojin. Antiaircraft "Shilka" yana da wani m kudi na (56 bps), ya ta da kansa radar da uku shiriya halaye (manual, Semi-atomatik kuma atomatik). Lokacin da ya zamo kamar 23 mm, shi ne mai sauki buga da jirgin sama gudu (har zuwa 450 m / s) a nesa na 2-2.5 km. A lokacin fadace- fadace, da sittin da seventies (Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asia, Afirka) wannan ZSU ya nuna kanta a da mafi kyau, yafi saboda da harbe-harben da halaye, amma kuma saboda high motsi da kuma matukan jirgin kariya daga tareda žata effects na da wani ɓaɓɓake da kananan-zamo kamar ammonium. Kai-propelled anti-jirgin sama shigarwa "Shilka" wani milestone a cikin ci gaban da m mobile tsarin aiki regimental matakin.

"Shada"

Tare da dukan abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin regimental hadaddun "Shilka" wani yiwu gidan wasan kwaikwayo na cikakken sikelin tashin ba za a iya bayar da wata isasshen matakin na rufe lokacin amfani kawai mun gwada da kananan manyan bindigogi da kuma tsarin kananan-zamo kewayo. Don ƙirƙirar m "Dome" a kan division ake bukata wani mabanbanta - makami mai linzami anti-aircraft gun. "Grad", "iskar", "Hurricane" da sauran MRL da ciwon high harbe-harben yadda ya dace, hade a wani baturi suna riya manufa domin maƙiyi jirgin sama. A mobile tsarin ne motsi a kan m ƙasa, tare da ikon da sauri magance tayin, mayalwaci kare, duk-weather - wannan shi ne abin da ake bukata, sojoji. Anti-jirgin sama gun "shada", ya fara yada zango a dakarun tun 1971, ya gamu da wadannan bukatun. A radius daga cikin yammancin duniya, a cikinsa kayan aiki da kuma ma'aikata na iya jin mun gwada lafiya daga maƙiyi iska hare-hare, shi ne 10 km away.

A ci gaba da wannan samfurin da aka za'ayi na dogon lokaci, fiye da shekaru goma ( "ellipsoid" aikin). Roka farko umurci Tushino na'ura-gini shuka, amma ga dalilai daban-daban da aiki ya zuwa amince da m OKB-2 (Ch. Designer PD Grushin). Zu babban makami fara hudu 9M33 makamai masu linzami. Girkawar iya kama manufa kan Maris, shi ne sanye take da wani inganci sosai amo-shiriya tashar. Ya kunshi a Rasha sojojin a yau.

"Buk"

A farkon seventies, da kafa m iska tsaro sarrafawa matakin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet dora muhimmanci. A shekarar 1972 ta biyu tsaro masana'antu (NIIP da NCO "Fazotron") wani aiki don ƙirƙirar wani tsarin iya buga ballistic harsashi "Lens" ciwon gudun 830 m / s da kuma wani abu na iya maneuvering cunkoso. Antiaircraft "Buck", tsara bisa ga fasaha da bukatun, shi ne wani ɓangare na hadaddun, wanda ya hada da, baicin shi, da kuma manufa ganewa tashar (SOC) da kuma loading abin hawa. A division da ciwon guda management tsarin hada har zuwa biyar PU. Wannan anti-aircraft gun aiki a nesa na 30 km. Bisa ga m-man fetur da makamai masu linzami 9M38, wanda ya zama hadade, halitta a teku-tushen iska tsaro tsarin. A halin yanzu, da hadaddun ne a sabis tare da kasashe da dama na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet (ciki har da Rasha) da kuma jihohin a baya sayi su.

"Tunguska"

A ci gaba da roka fasahar ba ya rage rawar da manyan bindigogi, musamman a yankin da alhakin daga tsaro kayan aiki kamar yadda iska tsaro. Al'ada dako, a gaban mai kyau shiriya tsarin, zai iya da kyau sa lalacewar babu kasa da jet. An misali ne da tarihi cewa a lokacin da Vietnam War, da American m "McDonnell" masana aka tilasta gaggauta ci gaba a gun ganga domin jirgin sama F-4 "fatalwa", abin da suka kasance asali sanye take kawai URami, ba tare da damu game da hukumar manyan bindigogi. Soviet zanen kaya na ƙasa-tushen iska tsaro zo da tambaya a hade makamai mafi prudently. Halitta da su a 1982, anti-jirgin sama gun "Tunguska" yana da wani matasan firepower. Babban makamai ne 9M311 makamai masu linzami a cikin adadin da takwas raka'a. Wannan shi ne mafi iko a kwanan ZSU, ta hardware tsarin samar da kafaffen riko da kayar da dalilai na fadi da kewayon mitoci, kuma velocities. Musamman m high-gudun low-tashi da jirgin sama ana intercepted manyan bindigogi tsarin a cikin abin da tsarin guda biyu anti-aircraft gun (30 mm) tare da kansa shiriya tsarin. Range kashi bindigogi - har zuwa 8 km. Bayyanar fama abin hawa ba kasa da ban sha'awa fiye da ta dabara da kuma bayanan fasaha: shasi, kenan tare da "mai shada" GM-352, lashe tare da bristling tare da makamai masu linzami da kuma menacing kututturan hasumiya.

kasashen waje

Bayan yakin duniya na II ya fara ci gaban high-yi iska tsaro tsarin a Amurka. SZU "Duster", halitta a kan tushen da shasi "Bulldog" - wani tanki da carbureted engine, samar a cikin manyan yawa (na "Cadillac" da aka bayar da fiye da 3700 guda). Motar da aka ba sanye take da radar, ta hasumiyar ba da babba kariya, duk da haka shi da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a lokacin da Vietnam War kare da hare-hare DRV jirgin sama.

A mafi niyya tsarin ya samu a Faransa mobile naúrar na iska tsaro AMX-13 DCA. Yana da aka kammala jirgin radar sarrafa kawai bayan fama tayin. Kwanan wata na kammala aikin aiki - a 1969, amma sanya AMX up to 80, ga bukatun Faransa sojojin, kuma don fitarwa (yafi a kasashen Larabawa, ya bi a pro-Western siyasa fuskantarwa). Wannan anti-aircraft gun tabbatar da kullum da kyau, amma a kusan duk mutunta baya zuwa Soviet "Shilka".

Wani American misali na wannan aji na makamai - SZU "Vulcan M-163", gina a kan tushen da tartsatsi sulke M-113. A raka'a na mota ya fara zo a cikin farkon shekarun 1960s, don haka Vietnam ne na farko da na ta (amma ba na karshe) gwajin. Firepower M-163 ne sosai high, shida inji bindigogi "Gatling" tare da juyawa shafts aka bai kudi na kusan 1,200 yadawa da minti. Kariya ne ma m - ya kai gare shi 38 mm makamai. Duk da wannan bayar da samfurin fitarwa m, da ta je Tunisia, Koriya ta Kudu, Ecuador, Arewa Yemen, Isra'ila da kuma wasu sauran ƙasashe.

A SLM ne daban-daban daga cikin hadaddun iska tsaro

Bayan matasan manyan bindigogi da kuma iska tsaro tsarin, shi ne a halin yanzu ya fi na kowa makami mai linzami tsaron tsarin, exemplified da aka ambata "Buck". Kamar yadda sunan aji na makamai, wadannan tsarin yawanci ba a matsayin tsayawar-shi kadai inji don tallafa wa sojojin ƙasa, kazalika da wani ɓangare na division, ciki har da fama raka'a ga daban-daban dalilai (caji, umurnin post, mobile radars da shiriya tashar). A classic ji, wani memory (antiaircraft) ya samar da kariya daga makiya jirgin sama na musamman na sarrafawa yanki da kanta, ba tare da bukatar maida hankali ƙarin AIDS, don haka da "Bakan'ane" gidaje, "Arrow", wani jerin S-200 - S-500 a cikin wannan labarin suka ba su gani ba. Wadannan iska-tsaro tsarin, samar da tushen iska aminci a kasashen da dama, ciki har da Rasha, cancanci a raba review. Sun ayan hada da damar sakonnin hari a wani m gudu da kuma tsawo jeri, ne ya fi dacewa, amma - saboda high kudin - ba don kasashe da dama, tilasta dõgara a tsaro a cikin saba mobile sa, m ne kuma abin dogara.