Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: biography, photos, da rubuce-rubucen, quotes

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe wani Jamus mawãƙi, classic na duniya wallafe-wallafe. An haife shi a Frankfurt am Main, da haihuwa Jamus birni, Agusta 28, 1749. Ya mutu yana da shekaru 83, Maris 22, 1832, a birnin Weimar.

Goethe ta uba, Johann Caspar Goethe, wani m Jamus burgher, aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara ga sarki. Mother, 'yar babban jami'in' yan sanda - Catharina Elizabet Gete, nee Textor. A 1750, Johann Goethe ta 'yar'uwarsa Cornelia aka haife. Daga bisani, da iyaye da dama yara, amma, da rashin alheri, su duka mutu tun suna jarirai.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von: a takaice biography

The jin dadi yanayi, da kyakkyawan uwa hali saukar da wani kirkirarren labari duniya domin karamin yaro. Saboda iyali ci gaba sarauta a gidan shi ne ko da yaushe a fun yanayi, halartar da yawa daga wasanni, songs, labarai, da barin yaro ya ci gaba a kowane hankali. A karkashin tsauraran dubawa na mahaifinsa a farkon shekara takwas Goethe ya rubuta Jamus da kuma Latin moralizing lãbãri a kan topic. Wahayi zuwa gare ta kyau na halitta, ko da na yi kokari domin in kira wani abin bautãwa na dama mulki a kan abubuwa.

Lokacin da ta ƙare Faransa zama, wanda dade fiye da shekaru biyu, Frankfurt idan tada daga dogon barci. Jama'a sun nuna sha'awa a cikin mataki, shi ya shafa da kananan Johann: ya yi kokarin rubuta wani bala'i a Faransa style.

A gidan von Goethe ya na da kyau library tare da kuri'a da littattafai a harsuna daban-daban, wanda ya sa nan gaba marubuci armashi saba da adabi a farkon yara. Ya karanta Virgil a cikin na asali, sai ya sadu da "Metamorphoses" da "Iliad." Goethe karatu harsuna da dama. Bugu da kari zuwa ƙasarsa ta Jamus, ya ne m, a Faransa, Italiya, Girka, da kuma Latin. Ya kuma ɗauki dance azuzuwan, tsunduma a wasan zorro, kuma a kan dabbobi. A hazaka saurayi, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, wanda biography ne sosai m, samu nasara ba kawai a cikin adabi amma kuma a cikin doka sana'a.

Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Leipzig, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Strasbourg, a PhD a dokar. Amma doka aiki ba jawo hankalin shi, ya kasance yafi ban sha'awa to magani, daga baya ya tsunduma a osteology da kuma ilmin jikin mutum.

Da farko soyayya da farko m

A 1772, Goethe ya aiko gudanar da aiki a dokar a Wetzlar, inda ya kasance a nazarin shari'a ayyuka na Roman Empire. Akwai da ya sadu da Charlotte Buff Bride, J. Kestner, Hanover Jakadancin Sakatare. Wolf fadi cikin soyayya tare da yarinya, amma don gane senselessness na baƙin ciki, kuma ya bar birnin, da barin ƙaunataccen wasika. Ba da da ewa wata wasika daga Kestner Goethe koya cewa harbi F. Ieruzalem, wanda shi ma a cikin soyayya da Charlotte Buff.

Goethe da aka gigice ya faru, ya, ma, yi tunani na mutum ya kashe kansa. Daga wani Jihar ciki kawo sabon sha'awa, ya fadi cikin soyayya da 'yar abokinsa, Maximilian Brentano, wanda aka yi aure. Goethe yi ta kokarin shawo kan wannan ƙullenku. Kamar wancan ne aka haife "baƙin na Sun Werther."

Duk da yake karatu a Jami'ar Leipzig, sai ya sadu Kethen Shoynkopf da kuma fadi passionately cikin soyayya. Domin ya lashe hankalin 'yan mata, ya fara rubuta funny waqe game da shi. Wannan aiki fascinated shi, sai ya fara koyi da wakoki na sauran kasida. Alal misali, samfurin da ya comedy Mutu Mitschuldigen, tsakanin waqe Höllenfahrt Christi, yana ba da Ruhu na Cramer. Iogann Volfgang Gete ya ci gaba da inganta da aiki, ya rubuta a wani Rococo style, amma style ne har yanzu da wuya a bayyane.

zama

A sauyi a aikin na Goethe za a iya daukan ya sani da kuma abota da Garderen. Yana Garder rinjayi hali na Goethe da al'adu da kuma shayari. A Strasbourg Wolfgang Goethe ya gana da wani haifar da marubuci, kuma Wagner Lenz. Sha'awar in jama'a shayari. Ni yarda karanta Ossian, Shakespeare, Homer. Tsunduma a cikin yi na dokar, Goethe ya ci gaba da ƙara da aiki da kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen filin.

Weimar

A 1775, Goethe ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga Duke na Weimar, da Crown Prince of Saxony Karl watan Agusta. A cikin kaka na wannan shekara ya koma Weimar, inda ya baya kashe mafi ransa. A farkon shekaru na rayuwarsa a Weimar, ya ne rayayye da hannu a cikin ci gaban da duchy. Ya yi niyya ya jagoranci soja jirgin, hanya-gini ayyukansu. A daidai wannan lokaci da ya rubuta da wasan kwaikwayo "Iphigenia a Tauris" da kuma play "Egmont", ya fara aiki a kan "Faust." Daga cikin ayyukan da lokaci, za ka iya yi alama shi a matsayin Ballad da kuma "Poems zuwa Lida."

A lokacin da Faransa juyin juya halin da Franco-Prussian War, da dama Goethe nisanta kansa daga adabi, ya nuna sha'awarsa dauki kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Ya ma yi wani bincike a ilmin jikin mutum a 1784, bude wani mutum intermaxillary kashi.

rinjayar Schiller

Daga 1786 zuwa 1788 Goethe tattaki zuwa Italiya, wanda aka nuna a cikin aikinsa a matsayin wani epoch na classicism. Back a Weimar, ya nisanta kansa daga kotun lokuta. Amma wani zaunar rayuwa Goethe bai zo nan da nan, shi ne ba tukuna lokaci zuwa tafiya. Ziyarci Venice, da Duke na Weimar da ke cikin Breslau, ya na da hannu a cikin wani soja yaƙi da Napoleon. A 1794 da ya zama matsahi na saba da Fridrihom Shillerom, ya taimake shi a cikin littafin na mujallar "Ora". Su sadarwar da hadin gwiwa tattaunawa da tsare-tsaren ba Goethe sabon m kara kuzari, don haka akwai hadin gwiwa aikin Xenien, da aka buga a 1796.

A mãtan aurensu, ko wani labari

A lokaci guda Goethe da aka zaune tare da wata budurwa wanda ya yi aiki a wani flower shop, Christiane Vilpius. A gaba dayan al'umma da aka gigice Weimar dangantakar fitar da aure a lokacin da aka abu daga cikin talakawa. Kawai a watan Oktoba 1806, ya shiga aure tare da lover Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Matarsa Christiane Vulpius a lokacin da aka haifa masa yara da dama, amma duk amma Augustus, Goethe ta farko dan ya mutu. Augustus da matarsa, Otilia da 'ya'ya uku, amma babu wani daga cikinsu suna aure, don haka da cewa irin Goethe tsaya a 1831, a lokacin da a Roma mutuwar dansa watan Agusta.

A farko muhimmanci ayyukan Goethe za a iya gano 1773. Ya drama Gottfried von Berlichingen mit der eisernen Hannun sanya wani kafu daram ra'ayi a kan Sahaban. A wannan aikin Goethe ya gabatar a wani m kwana image na wani jirgin saman soja na zamantakewa daidaici da adalci, a fairly hankula image a cikin adabi na lokaci. Hero ayyukansu, Goetz von Berlichingen - Knight, m Jihar harkokin cikin kasar. Saboda haka, ya yanke shawarar fara wani yunkuri na manoma, amma a lokacin da abubuwa dauki wani tsanani bi da bi, ya rabu da shi. Bin doka da oda kafa, sun m neman sauyi ƙungiyoyi da aka bayyana a cikin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin arbitrariness da hargitsi. Karshe dokar: gwarzo sami 'yanci a mutuwa, ya karshe kalmomi: "Good-bankwana, masoyi. Tushen na podrubleny, ƙasƙantar da ni zuwa bar. Oh, abin da mai sama iska! Freedom, 'yanci! "

Dalilin da rubuce-rubuce na wani sabon aikin, "zaɓe na Affinities" shi ne sabon craze Goethe - Minna Hertslib. Fuskantar wani m ƙi, ya kuwa tafi Carlsbad, inda ya fara rubuta labari. Sunan da ya ara daga sunadarai, ajalin nufin wani bazuwar sabon abu daga nauyi. Goethe ya nuna cewa mataki na halitta dokokin ne m ba kawai a cikin sunadarai amma kuma a cikin mutum dangantakar, ko kuma wajen, cikin soyayya. A rayuwar yau da kullum, duk abin da yana da wani musamman m darajar kazalika a cikin labari mai zurfi falsafa tunani a hade tare da sauki daga rayuwar yau da kullum.

Goethe kerawa

A "Iphigenia" wasan kwaikwayo ji karfi da tasiri Homer. Orestes, Iphigenia ta ɗan'uwansa, da kuma abokinsa Pylades zo a Tauris. A Oreste iya duba kama su Goethe kansa. Rungumi damuwa, kore ta sinister furies, wanda ya ga a Olympians maƙiya halittu, Orest fatan samun zaman lafiya a hannun mutuwa. Iphigenia, ya cece ɗan'uwansa, kuma abokinsa, wanda aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa, ya ba da rabo a hannun Sarkin Tauris Toan. Da hadaya atones ga shi la'anar Tantalus da zuriyarsa for willfulness. Har ila yau, ya mataki shi ya warkar da kuma ɗan'uwansa, kamar updates, soothes ransa. A sakamakon haka, Orestes ke kamar Iphigenia, renouncing kansa makoma.

m halittar

A 1774, Iogann Volfgang Gete rubuta wani labari a cikin haruffa, "baƙin na Sun Werther." Mutane da yawa imani da shi shi ne mafi m halitta, marubucin ya gabatar da duk duniya daraja da ɗaukaka. A wannan aikin, ya bayyana adawa na duniya da mutum, ba zato ba tsammani girma a cikin wani labarin soyayya. Werther - wani yaro wanda bai yarda da burgher rayuwa da kuma dokokin mulki a Jamus. Kamar Getsu bango Berlihingenu, Werther kalubale tsarin. Ya ba ya so ya zama sycophantic, pompous da kuma girman kai mutum, shi ne mafi alhẽri mutu. A sakamakon haka, romantic, m-so mutumin da aka fatattakakkun, duk da yunkurin kare image na hasashen, manufa duniya karo.

A "Roman Elegies" Goethe cike da farin ciki kafirci, da nuna su tarayya da al'adu na tsufa. A protagonist ne abun ciki duk abin da za ka iya yi a rayuwa, akwai wani craving ga unattainable, babu renunciation na nufin. Marubucin ya nuna duk da farin ciki da kuma sensuality na soyayya, wanda fassara ba kamar yadda wani rinjãya karfi, ya kawo wani mutum kusa da mutuwa, amma a matsayin wani abu da taimaka wa karfafa dangantaka da ƙasar.

Torquato Tasso

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe a 1790 ya rubuta wani wasan kwaikwayo game da karo na biyu daban-daban mutane - Torquato Tasso. A mataki wasan kwaikwayo da aka kafa a cikin kotu da Duke na Ferrara. Heroes - mawãƙi Tasso, wanda ba ya so gyaran dokoki da kwastan na kotu, ba su yarda da su kwastan da kuma Antonio kotu, wanda, a akasin haka, aikin ya bi wadannan dokoki. Duk da yunkurin da Tasso sãɓã wa nufin kotu, ya nuna 'yancin kai ƙare a gazawar, karfi ta girgiza shi. A sakamakon haka, Tasso gane hikima da kwarewa na rayuwa, Antonio: "Saboda haka dutsen grabs a wasan ninkaya, wanda barazanar karya shi."

game da William

Wasu ayyukan Johann Wolfgang von Goethe yana so ya nuna su mafi kyau a kan abin da mutane za su iya rabuwa. Wannan shi ne soyayya, da kuma addini, da kuma 'yancin nufin. A samfurin "Years of Wilhelm Meister" Goethe ya nuna babban harafin, sanya a zubar da cikin sirrin alliance. Dan wani m iyali na burghers Wilhelm ƙi da actor ta aiki, da kawai yiwuwar ya zama m, a wani mulkin gargajiya muhalli. Ya ya ɗauke aiki a matsayin mai kai-Yã so hali zuwa ga mulkin gargajiya gaskiya, da bege da tashi. A sakamakon haka, bada har su lura mafarki, da nuna tsoro da kuma shawo kan girman kai, William shiga cikin wani m alliance. Manya, wanda ya shirya wani m jama'a, suka taru, da mutanen da suke jin tsoro na juyin juya hali, wani canji a cikin kafa burgher rayuwa.

A gwagwarmayar da Netherlands da Spain mamayar da aka dalilin da bala'i "Egmont". A babban harafin da aka fada domin samun 'yancin kai na al'umma, da barin soyayya irin abubuwan da a cikin bango, tarihi zai zama mafi muhimmanci fiye da nufin rabo. Egmont yake ba dukkan tafi nasu hanya, da kuma ƙarshe mutu saboda m hali zuwa abin da ke faruwa.

Faust

Amma ya fi shahara aiki, wanda Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ya rubuta duk rayuwarsa, shine "Faust". Urfaust, wani irin gabatarwar "Faust," Goethe ya rubuta a 1774-1775, bi da bi. A wannan bangare, marubucin da ra'ayin har yanzu ajar, Faust - 'yan tawayen, kokarin a banza don shiga asirin yanayi, don ya tashi sama da kewaye duniya. Wadannan sharhin, an ɗauko aka buga a 1790, da kuma kawai a 1800 akwai wani prologue ga aikin "a cikin sama", wanda ya ba da shaci na wasan kwaikwayo da cewa mun gani a yanzu. Faust da tsare-tsaren da ake m, saboda ya shiga shawarwari Allah da kuma Mephistopheles. Allah ya annabta Faust ceto, tun kowane mai neman iya yin kuskure.

A kashi na farko

Kafin mu zo da matuƙar manufa ransa, Iogann Gete Faust ya shirya auku a jerin gwaje-gwaje. A farko gwajin da aka kaunar mai dadi Gretchen Bafilisten. Amma Faust ba ya son da za a daure da iyali dangantaka, na rage wasu Frames da jefa masõyansa. A zurfin yanke ƙauna Gretchen ya kashe wani jariri ya mutu da kanta. Saboda haka Wolfgang von Goethe ya nuna yadda bin grandiose tsare-tsaren, da rashin kula da nasu ji da kuma ra'ayoyin da mutanen da ke kewaye da ku zai iya kai wa ga irin wannan ban tausayi sakamakon.

A kashi na biyu

Na biyu wahala ne ƙungiyar na Faust da Helena. A cikin wasu inuwõyi na m itatuwa, a cikin kamfanin na wani m Greek mace, ya taƙaice sami zaman lafiya. Amma wannan ba ya hana. A kashi na biyu na "Faust" sosai ma'ana, Gothic images ba hanya zuwa tsohon Greek lokaci. A mataki koma Girka, kai nau'i na hotuna, zamewa mythological motifs. A kashi na biyu na aikin - wani irin tarin ilimi game da Iogann Gete da wani ra'ayin a rayuwata. Akwai tunani a kan falsafa, siyasa, kimiyya.

Bar bangaskiya a cikin sauran duniya, ya yanke shawarar da ya bauta wa al'umma, su bada su ƙarfi da son zuciyarsa. Niyya don ƙirƙirar wani manufa Jihar free mutane, ya fara wani babban gini a kan ƙasar kwace daga teku. Amma wasu sojojin bazata tãyar da su, na kokarin dakatar da shi. Mephistopheles, a cikin sunan yan kasuwa flotilla kwamandan, m ga nufin Faust kashe biyu haihuwa maza, wanda ya zama a haɗe. Faust, girgiza da baƙin ciki, duk da haka ba su gushe ba yi imani da su akida da kuma har mutuwarsa ya ci gaba da gina wata jiha na free mutane. A karshe scene na Faust ta rai hawa zuwa sama da mala'iku.

Legend of Faust

Dalili na mãkirci na bala'i "Faust" ya zama wani labari, kowa a na da Turai. Yana ce game da Johann Faust, wani likita wanda ya sanya wani yarjejeniya tare da shaidan kansa, alamar da shi da sirrin ilimi, ta wajen wanda wani karfe da za a iya juya a cikin zinariya. A wannan wasan kwaikwayo na Goethe hikima ya juya kimiyya da kuma m zane. A kashi na farko "Faust" yayi kama da bala'i da asiri cika biyu, da mãkirci hasarar daidaito da kuma canjawa wuri zuwa wani iyaka talikai.

Goethe biography ya ce ya kammala aikin dukan ransa Yuli 22, 1831, na buga hatimi na rubutum ta kuma yi bude ambulan bayan mutuwarsa. "Faust" da aka rubuta kusan shekaru sittin. Ƙaddamar a lokacin "Sturm und Drang" a Jamus adabi, da kuma gama a Romantic lokaci, shi nuna duk canje-canje da suka faru a cikin rayuwa da kuma aiki na mawãƙi ne.

bambance-bambance Sahaban

Sahaban na mawãƙi bi da shi sosai shubuha, mafi nasara tafi zuwa ga aikin "baƙin na Sun Werther." Roman dauki, amma wasu malamai yanke shawarar cewa ya wa'azi mummunan zato da kuma kula ba. Game da "Iphigenia" An riga an tuhumce sa'iqi, imani cewa almajiri ma kwashe classicism. A marubuta na matasa Jamus bai sãmu, a cikin ayyukansu na Goethe, mulkin demokra] iyya da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi, mun yanke shawarar raunana shi a matsayin marubuci, wanda zai iya kawai son unfeeling da kuma son kai mutane. Saboda haka, sha'awa cikin Goethe ta samu har zuwa karshen karni na sha tara. Ya taimaka a wannan Burda Gundolf da sauransu bude marigayi aiki na Goethe.

Har yanzu Popular tare da wasan kwaikwayo da kuma film gudanarwa ne halittun da cewa halitta Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, ambato daga ayyukansa dacewa a zamaninmu. Jamus marubuci kuma mawãƙi, zurfin tunani da kuma dattaku ne ban sha'awa ba kawai countrymen amma kuma ga masu karatu, a duniya.

Rasha Goethe

A Rasha, fassara ce ta farko Goethe ya bayyana a 1781 da kuma nan da nan ya taso da babban amfani a cikin aikin na marubuci. Ya aka ganin darajarsa ta Karamzin, Radishchev da yawa wasu. Novikov a cikin "kamus Drama" a hada Goethe, daya daga cikin mafi girma da playwrights na West. Rigingimu da cewa sun tashi a kusa da Goethe, bai je kada a gane a Rasha. A cikin 1830s, ya buga fassara a cikin Rasha littafin Menzel, a cikin abin da ya ba da wani mummunan martani Goethe kerawa. Ba da da ewa Belinsky amsa ga wannan zargi a cikin labarin. Yana ce cewa karshe Menzel tagulla da kuma m. Ko da yake daga baya Belinsky duk da haka yarda cewa akwai wani jama'a da ayyukan Goethe da kuma tarihi abubuwa, yarda na gaskiya ne Marinjãyi.

An ban sha'awa biography na Goethe bai bayyana duk lokacin da ya m rayuwa. Mutane da yawa al'amurran kasance m har yanzu. Alal misali, daga 1807 zuwa 1811 Goethe da wani zance da Bettina von Arnim. Wadannan dangantaka ne aka bayyana a cikin Kundera ta "rashin mutuwa" labari. Mu'amala tsaya bayan an shaida Bettina von Arnim zuwa Goethe matar, Christiane Vulpius. Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa Iogann Gete Bettina ya mazan da shekaru 36.

al'adunmu

Daga cikin Goethe awards iya haskaka da Grand Cross na Order of Civil yabo kambi na Bavaria, da Order of St. Anne na farko digiri, Grand Cross na Tuli rinjãye, daga Kwamandan ta Cross na mallaka Austria Order of Leopold. Daga cikin al'adunmu cewa ya bar Johann Wolfgang von Goethe - photos, hotuna, tare da image, kimiyya takardunku, da yawa Monuments biyu a Jamus da kuma a duniya. Amma, ba shakka, mafi muhimmanci shi ne ya wallafa wani littafi aikin, karkashin jagorancin aikin ransa - "Faust".

Goethe ayyukan fassara a cikin Rasha Griboyedov da Bruce, da kuma Grigoriev Z. Ko da litattafansu na Rasha adabi kamar Tolstoy, Tiutchev, su ɗauko, Kochetkov, Lermontov, Pasternak ba su yi shakka fassara ayyukan da mai girma Jamus mawãƙi ne.

Da yawa Malaman tarihi da sha'awar a cikin ayyukansu na Goethe, shi Notes da ciki tsaga. Wannan shi ne musamman m, a lokacin da wani zato miƙa mulki daga matasa Johann Wolfgang, wani tawayen da kuma wani maximalist, a baya, balaga. Daga baya, wahayi zuwa gare ta Goethe ta aikin kwarewa, shekaru na tattaunawa, cike da hikimar duniya, wanda shi ne ba halayyar matasa.

A 1930, a Hamburg, a majalisa sadaukar da tarihi da kuma ka'idar art. Rahotanni da aka karanta na sarari da kuma lokaci, sun kasance sosai wani tunanin da muhawara, shi ne mai yawa da muhawara. Amma abin da ya fi abin mamaki - duk da jawabai ambaton aikin Goethe ya nakalto excerpts daga ayyukansa. Hakika, aka ce cewa bayan da wani karni na shi ba a manta. Ayyukansa ne Popular a cikin kwanaki, kawai sa iskar ni'ima. Wani zai iya son shi, wasu yi ba, amma shi kuwa yiwuwa a zama sha'aninsu dabam.