India, "Kudankulam" (NPP): description, tarihi da kuma halaye

NPP "Kudankulam" (Indiya), da kasuwanci aiki na farko naúrar na wanda ya fara Disamba 31, 2013, ya 26 shekaru a cikin zane da kuma yi dakali, da kuma tsaya bakwai-wata kawancen da masu zanga-zanga, don zama kasar most nukiliya ikon shuka.

rikodin ba a kare ba

Akwai ayyukan nukiliya ikon shuke-shuke, da mikewa har abada, "Kudankulam" - nukiliya ikon shuka, wanda shi ne Firayim misali na daya daga cikinsu. Saboda haka me ya sa ake da shi ba to da dabino? Yana da daraja da yin akalla saboda yawan matsaloli da cewa tashar ya iya shawo kan. Ci gaban da farko naúrar fara a shekara ta 1988, amma aikin da ya tsira da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, kasashen duniya takunkumi, m doka cikas, kazalika da na gida zanga-zanga, lokacin mika mulki cikin wani bore. "Kudankulam" - nukiliya ikon shuka, sani na da na farko zamani shuka gina a Indiya ta amfani da waje fasaha.

Tun 1974, lokacin da atomic bam da aka gwada a kasar, har zuwa 2008, India da aka ba a yarda ya fasahar nukiliya na kasa da kasa cinikayya daidai da yarjejeniyar a kan Non-makaman kare dangi, to wanda shi bai shiga. Da gwaje-gwaje ya kai ga samuwar na nukiliya kaya Group (NSG) - a manyan jiki, ciki har da mafi nukiliya iko na duniya, wanda aka halitta wajen saka idanu da harkokin kasuwancin duniya a nukiliya fasahar, duka biyu da sojoji da kuma farar hula.

makamashi karancin

A cikin mahallin na waje taimakon ban Indiya da aka tilasta amfani da nasarorin da Rasha nukiliya ikon masana'antu. The kawai ban kasance raka'a biyu a Tarapur, gina General Electric a 1969, da kuma biyu mafi CANDU a Rajasthan, da gina wanda aka aza a farkon 1970s. Dukansu NPP yi aiki a kan uranium shigo karkashin iko na kasa da kasa Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

16 sauran reactors a India, ci gaba a-gidan da kuma aiki a kan m ruwa. Limited uranium reserves a kasar sun zama tushen m matsaloli tare da man fetur da wadata ga gida nukiliya ikon shuka. Ya zama dole don samar da man fetur da aiki da fasaha, kazalika da su aiwatar da wani dogon lokacin da shirin na amfani da manyan thorium reserves - game da 13% na san adibas na wannan sinadari ne a India.

Matsalolin a ci gaba da makamashin nukiliya (duk reactors na kasar da damar 202 MW ko kasa) tilasta da jagoranci ga neman hanyoyin da za a kubuta daga kasa da kasa takunkumi. A sakamakon daya daga wadannan manufofi, shi ne "Kudankulam".

m aikin

A watan Nuwamba shekarar 1988, firayin ministan kasar Radzhiv Gandi da Mikhail Gorbachev rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ce ta gina biyu turnkey nukiliya ikon raka'a a Tamil Nadu da Soviet VVER reactor. Tarayyar Soviet da gina tashar da kuma tabbatar da man fetur da za a koma bayan ci gaban.

Amma da aikin fuskanci geopolitical cikas, saboda Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1988 aka fara dakushewa. A shekara, kasashen Gabashin Turai sun karkashin Soviet mamayar, kare 'yancin kansu, kuma ya sanya tarayyar Soviet da kanta a shekarar 1991. Ko da yake Rasha Federation ya soma da Tarayyar Soviet wajibai a karkashin yarjejeniyar a kan "Kudankulam" NPP, da tattalin arziki da rikicin da ta share Rasha a shekarun 1990s, a lokacin tsakanin shekarar 1990 da kuma 1995 rage da tattalin arzikin da 50%, wanda nufi da cewa ta maye ci gaba da aiwatar da aikin. A muhawara tsakanin Rasha da kuma Indiya a wannan batun ya haddasa kara jinkiri a wajen aiwatar da aikin. Bitar da NSG yarjejeniya a shekarar 1992, ya kawo karin matsaloli kamar yadda Amurka da'awar cewa aikin bai cika tare da sabon dokoki. Daban-daban India jami'an a lokacin kira shi aurenmu.

biyu iska

Amma makaman nukiliya ikon shuka aikin a India "Kudankulam" ya tashi daga toka a karkashin mafi m hali. Tashin hankali da Pakistan a 1998 ya jagoranci wani jerin m nukiliya gwaje-gwaje, wanda ya kai ga tartsatsi duniya hukunci da takunkumi.

Duk da haka, a lokacin watan na Rasha ya yanke shawarar ya rayar da aikin da sabon yarjejeniyar da aka kulla a watan Yuni 1998. "Kudankulam" NPP Development Dokokin samar da zane da kuma gina Rasha jihar kamfanin "Atomstroyexport" biyu 1000 MW VVER-1000 m ruwa reactors, da kuma India ta nukiliya ikon hukuma (NPCI) yi wasa da muhimmancin Kiyayewa na ci gaba da aiki. A yarjejeniyar da aka kiyasta a $ 2.8 biliyan, yayin da Rasha samar da dadewa aro na 64,16 biliyan kuɗi da ɗan dama. A sabon alkawari kuma ya India da dama don aiwatar da ciyar da man fetur idan "Atomstroyexport" zai samar da irin wannan damar.

Quick farko

Yi, da yake riƙe da most India kamfanin Larsen & Toubro, ya fara a watan Maris 2002. Ba kamar irin ayyukan, "Atomstroyexport", da shafin ya samu halartar kawai 'yan Rasha injiniyoyi. Kusan duk da ayyukan da aka za'ayi da gida kamfanonin da kwararru. Da farko, yana da dukan kasance alamomi da cewa da makaman za a kammala gaba da jadawali a watan Disamba 2007. A wannan kudi, da gina tafi, har a 2004. Domin goyon bayan da sauƙaƙe da isar da nauyi aka gyara a farkon shekara ta 2004, aka gina shi a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda aka yarda su jawo manyan kayan aiki kai tsaye a kan baji to jiragen ruwa ya ragu anga a nan kusa.

Amma ba zai iya rike mai azumi taki.

da yawa cikas

A farko matsala ya fara tare da jinkiri a da isar da kayan aiki da kuma kayayyakin gyara daga Rasha, kazalika da al'amurran da suka shafi alaka da arziki da tsare-tsaren. Wannan ya sa a shekarar da muke ciki a yi, da kuma a karshen, da shekara-shekara jadawalin jinkiri. The most gini a kan na farko ikon naúrar aka kammala a 2010, da kuma a watan Yuli ta fara gwaji da wani gunki kaya na man fetur. Da ewa ba bayan, da aikin gudu zuwa cikin wasu, mafi tsanani cikas - a zahiri.

Duk da tartsatsi karancin wutar lantarki a Jihar Tamil Nadu, 'yan adawa gini fara girma kamar yadda muka kusanci ga ajalinsa. The People ta Movement kan makaman nukiliya Energy (PMANE), wani kawance na gida kauyen da kuma masunta, a 2011, bayan da bala'i a cikin watan Maris a nukiliya ikon shuka "Fukushima-1" a Japan fara dama a kan tashar. A bakinta Tamil Nadu buga da tsunami a tekun Indiya, a 2004, ya haifar da fargabar sake na Japan bala'i.

tarewa NPP

A watan Satumba, kafin shirya domin kaka na farko man fetur loading da kuma lokacin da na fara a watan Disamba, shi ya fara kullawa da site na yi. A 22 ga watan Satumba, na majalisar ministoci na Jihar wuce wani ƙuduri m da dakatar da duk aikin don bayyana damuwa game da kare lafiya da shuka.

Har Maris shekara ta gaba, masu zanga-zanga wuce ba fiye da 50 da ma'aikata da shift, yin shi ba zai yiwu ba ga al'ada aiki. Yawan masu zanga-zanga a sau kai dubu da dama.

Launch na mataki na farko

Zanga-zangar da aka gurgunta da rikicin makamashi a jihar a cikin bazara na shekara ta gaba, ikon karancin sa ta 4 GW. Da barazana da blackouts majalisar juyawa ta gabata yanke shawara da kuma kira ga speedy commissioning na makamashin nukiliya shuka "Kudankulam". Makamashin nukiliya, duk da haka, da ya shiga tsakani a cikin fitina, duk da hukuncin da kotun kolin a watan Satumba na shekarar 2012, da aka ƙi da tarewa da loading na nukiliya man fetur.

A daidai wannan lokaci da muke tsananta zanga-zangar da tashar, wani lokacin juya cikin tashin hankali, wanda ake bukata gaban dubban 'yan sanda don kare tashar. A kara a kan makaman nukiliya ikon shuka da aka ba su kammala sai May 2013, lokacin da Kotun Koli karshe sallami hali. Duk da haka, da bata lokaci saboda zanga-zangar da kuma yi matsaloli, ta ƙara da kudin na aikin at $ 1 biliyan.

A farko block fara da lambar 1 a cikin watan Yuli 2013 Low-ikon gwaji ci gaba kan wadannan watanni, da kuma 100% ikon naúrar aka kaddamar Yuni 9th. Commercial yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya ta fara Disamba 21, 2014, don horar da ma'aikatan na NPP "Kudankulam" (Indiya) "Atomtekhenergo".

biyu gigawatts

Na biyu "Kudankulam" NPP tare da damar 1000 MW da aka kaddamar a kan Yuli 10, 2016. Ya zama 22 ga watan nukiliya reactor a India da kuma na biyu matsa ruwa.

Bayan haka, a cikin kwanaki 45 na ikon-sa naúrar fara nuna 400 MW na wutar lantarki, da kuma a watan Agusta da aka haɗa zuwa cibiyar sadarwa. Generation na wutar lantarki zai hankali kara zuwa 500, 750, 900, da kuma 1000 MW. Bayan ƙara 1,000 MW a karo na biyu lokaci na kudancin cibiyar sadarwa na shigar damar makaman nukiliya ikon a Indiya za su kara daga yanzu zuwa 5780 6780 MW.

A cewar NPCIL, da farko jefa ya faru bayan na daidaitawa kima tsarin siffofi duk da sharudda da kuma yarda da bukatun da aka shimfiɗa ta dace da dokokin da nukiliya Kullum Council (AERB).

NPCIL ya ce "Kudankulam" - nukiliya ikon shuka, wanda shi ne daban-daban m tsaro fasali, da dacewa duniya matsayin. Reactors Generation III + hada aiki da kuma m aminci da tsarin irin na wani m zafi kau tsarin, hydrogen recombiners, core tarkuna accumulators kuma m boron allura tsarin.

m al'amurra

"Kudankulam" NPP commissioning na mataki na biyu da aka shirya domin farkon 2017, batun ci gaba da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Indiya da kuma Rasha, za a iya kara zuwa 6-8 raka'a. Fadin kasar shirya ya gina 20 irin nukiliya.

Yarjejeniyar a kan uku da na hudu raka'a aka sanya hannu a watan Afrilu 2014 domin ta Naira 330 biliyan kuɗi da ɗan dama ($ 5.5 biliyan). Da aiwatar da aka jinkirta saboda ba yarda da dokar a 2010 a kan Civil Sanadiyyar ga nukiliya Damage, wanda entitles NPCI bukaci diyya daga shuka maroki a taron na wani hatsari ya sa ta karkatattun kayan aiki.

Wannan m alhaki buri da kasashen waje da kamfanoni kokarin yin kasuwanci a India, duk da yarjejeniyar daga 2008, na NSG, wanda ya buɗe sama da ƙasa ga harkokin kasuwancin duniya a nukiliya kayan.

jayayya bayani

Tattaunawa tsakanin India da kuma Rasha "Rosatom", wanda dade shekaru hudu, shirya wani tsarin ci gaba da ma'amala. Har yanzu, Rasha ne kawai kasar da cewa ya cimma yarjejeniya, bisa ga abin Indian mallakar gwamnati inshora kamfanin General Insurance Co. zai kimanta kowane bangaren na reactors, ya kuma nemi a 20-shekara inshora premium zuwa rufe m diyya. A kudin sabon ikon raka'a ne aka yi nufi ga yin tunãni wannan sabon tsarin kula.

Masu lura da al'amurra ba su yi ĩmãni da cewa wadannan m da tsare-tsaren zo fruition, kamar yadda tambayoyi bayyana cewa ne na musamman da gwamnatin India da kuma ma'aikatar shari'a, da kuma siyasa iya jinkirta da tayin da fasahar nukiliya. Duk da haka, da nasarar "Kudankulam" NPP ne dalilin da fata a cikin sashen makamashin kasar da aka a dire bukatar makamashin nukiliya.