Ina maniyyi ne kafa: yadda da kuma inda ilimi

Men bazai kasa m fiye da mata. Saboda haka, wasu daga cikinsu suna sha'awar a cikin na'urar ta jikinsa, da kuma musamman ta mafi muhimmanci gabobin. Bold a cikin wannan yanayin ne da likitoci, da kuma sauran kawai ya aikata da karatu bukata wallafe-wallafe. A mafi muhimmanci tambayoyi su ne: ina maniyyi ne kafa? Ta yaya ya yi kama? Yaya mutane da yawa? Yadda motsi? Bari mu yi kokarin amsa su a cikin irin wannan hanya da cewa a fili yake ga kowa da kowa.

definition

Kafin amsa wannan tambaya, a inda aka kafa maniyyi, wanda dole ne mu gane cewa ya wakiltar. Maniyyi - wannan jam sel na dabbobi da mutane. Yawanci, wadannan Kwayoyin suna iya motsa rayayye, wanda yake da muhimmanci domin kai da kwai da kuma takin da shi.

Kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da mace jam sel, maniyyi Kwayoyin suna da kananan, nimble, kuma a lokaci guda a cikin jiki ore a manyan lamba (kamar yadda tsayayya da kwai, wanda daya ne da kambi na talatin mace endocrine tsarin).

A tsarin wannan jam cell nuni da cewa duk da dabbobi da kuma fungi da magabata - guda-celled kwayoyin. A bisa ga al'ada, duk wani ɗa namiji Kwayoyin, ko da a cikin shuke-shuke, da ake kira maniyyi, ko da yake zartar da su da kuma definition of "maniyyi" da kuma anterozoidy.

Maniyyi Kwayoyin a dabbobi

Oddly isa, amma dabbobi ne ba yawa daban-daban daga wani mutum a cikin tambaya da sifa da aiki na jam sel. Ina maniyyi suna kafa? Ta yaya suka duba? Ashe, akwai wani muhimman canje-canje?

Al'ada dabba maniyyi yana da wani shugaban, wani tsaka-tsaki rabo kuma mai wutsiya (ko flagellum). Kai, bisa ga al'ada, shi ne kwaya, wanda shi ne rabin adadin chromosomes. Bugu da kari ga kwayoyin bayanai a kai da enzymes ga gabatarwar da kwai da kuma centriole. Matsakaiciyar bangare ne guda wuyansa, akwai manyan mitochondrion, wanda ya samar da makamashi da kuma kula da flagellum motsi.

Ware daga samfurin ana wakilta sama wasu iri akwatin kifaye kifi wanda maniyyi da biyu flagella. Kamar yadda shi da dangantaka da crustaceans (su zama uku ko fiye "wutsiyoyi" daga jam sel). Amma roundworms juyin laifi da motile Kwayoyin - akwai wani cilia ko flagella a kusa da jiki. Sex Kwayoyin daga wadannan dabbobi suna da wata roba cell bango cewa ba ka damar kewaya ta amfani da prolegs. A newts maniyyi a kan m filafilin kifi. Amma akwai bambancin ba kawai a cikin wutsiyoyi, amma kuma a cikin shugabannin. Idan wani mutum da suka ellipsopodobnye, yana da beraye kuma berayen iya fariya kryukopodobnoy form.

The girma na sel haihuwar a maza su ne kadan - daga dubun ga daruruwan micrometers. Irin wannan bambanci yana da kõme ba su yi tare da size, na balagaggun.

Opening na maniyyi

Kafin masana kimiyya sun yayi tunani da tambaya, "Ina aka maniyyi samar?", Ba su da ra'ayin cewa akwai musamman Kwayoyin da hannu a cikin haifuwa na mutane da dabbobi. Kuma a general tsarin rayuwa tsokoki da sosai kadan ra'ayin.

Juyin juya halin a kimiyya ya faru a tsakiyar goma sha bakwai karni, a lokacin da Antoine Dutchman Leeuwenhoek ƙirƙira da madubin da dube shi daban-daban abubuwa: pollen, ganye da kuma petals na shuke-shuke, na mutane da dabbobi fata da kuma more. A 1677, shi ya zo sama a jam sel. Ya bayyana kwai da maniyyi, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "seminal dabba."

Kamar kowane masanin kimiyya, Leeuwenhoek farko sa duk da gwaje-gwajen a kansa, don haka na farko mutum maniyyi da aka bayyana, da kuma kawai bayan sauran dabbobi. Da ra'ayin cewa wadannan "dabbobi" suna da hannu a cikin ganewa, da sauri zo Antoine ta kai, wanda ya bai gaza sanar da Birtaniya kimiyya al'umma.

Amma wannan jarrabawa da aka ƙi, kuma da shekara ɗari da aka dauke parasites maniyyi a cikin jikin mutum, kuma bã shi da kõme takin. Kawai a cikin farkon karni na sha tara, da Italiyanci Spallanzani tabbatar da gaskiyar wannan ka'idar.

tsarin

Idan ba ka yi la'akari da tsawon na flagellum, maniyyi ne karami cell a cikin jikin mutum, game da 55 micrometers. Wadannan kananan girma ya yale shi ya motsa da sauri a cikin kogo na zauna cikin mahaifa, kuma isa ga kwai.

Domin ya zama ko da kasa a cikin samuwar maniyyi, suka sha jerin canje:
- da tsakiya zama mafi m da sandaro kayyade abu.
- cytoplasm aka rabu cikin wani raba "cytoplasmic droplet".
- akwai kawai wadanda da wasu gabbansa da suke da muhimmanci ga cell.

1. The shugaban maniyyi cell yana da siffar wani ellipse, wani flattened laterally. Wani lokaci yana iya zama concave a gefe daya, sa'an nan ba za mu iya magana game da tsari o ƙarin tabbatar da cokali. A kai su ne:
   - wani core ciwon haploid sa na chromosomes. Wajibi ne cewa bayan hadewar biyu jima'i Kwayoyin total adadin kwayoyin bayanai da aka daidaita ga cewa daga cikin somatic Kwayoyin, ko tayin zai ba tsira ko za musakai. Saboda karfi "ƙanƙancewa" na chromatin shi ne m, kuma ba zai iya haduwa RNA.
   - acrosome - An evolutionarily modified Golgi na'ura, shi wajibi ne don tabbatar da cewa shugaban na maniyyi iya samun cikin da kwai.
   - centrosome - organelle, wadda ke goyon bayan "cell kwarangwal" da kuma samar da yunkuri na wutsiya.
2. A tsakiyar part ko wuyansa - An takaita tsakanin shugaban da wutsiya. Shi ne da mitochondria, wanda nuna makamashi domin motsi na flagellum.
3. Tail ko flagellum - wani bakin ciki m ɓangare na maniyyi. Tsirfanci rotational reciprocating motsi, da barin cell don isa manufa.

aiki

A Hanyar da ma'ana tabo samuwar ne a hankali alaka ta ayyuka. Kuma da muhimmanci sosai na su - shi ke shigar azzakari cikin farji cikin kwai da kuma hadi. Don yin wannan aiki, yanayin da ya samar da motsi, taro da kuma sinadaran "kyawawa" na maniyyi.

Namiji da mace kwayoyin yi nufi ga haifuwa na da nasu irin, don haka su ne m jiki, chemically da genetically. Idan mutum ya kula da kiwon lafiya, yana da wani miyagun halaye, a lokacin da za a yi duk allurar rigakafin (musamman mumps), ta jam sel za su kasance a shirye don yin ta aiki a kowane lokaci.

motsi

maniyyi samuwar a maza ne saboda, Inter Alia, tare da samuwar flagella, wanda taimaka Kwayoyin motsa. A lokacin da motsi na gamete aka juya su a kusa da axis a gudun 0.1 millimeters da na biyu. Shi ne fiye da talatin da santimita awa. Suna bukatar su rufe da nisa daga 20 cm. Wuri kamar wata hours bayan jima'i, da maniyyi isa fallopian shambura, da kuma (idan akwai kwai) hadi faruwa.

Ciki da maniyyi na namiji jiki ne kusan ba motsi, ba su da aiki da kuma passively koma tare da spermatic ducts, tare da seminal ruwa saboda peristaltic ƙungiyoyi na cilia da ducts.

A rayuwa span na maniyyi

Masana kimiyya da physiologists yi kokarin magance wannan tambaya da inda maniyyi suna kafa da kuma dalilin da ya sa aka sabunta lokaci zuwa lokaci? Sai ya juya daga cewa dukan tsari na maturation na gametes daukan fiye da watanni biyu, amma sun samu babban lambar. A sakamakon haka, maza da babu kasawa na kayyade abu.

Viability na maniyyi an riƙe kawai ga wata, a yayin da suke bukata da dama yanayi:
- da yawan zafin jiki a sama 32 digiri Celsius.
- babu kumburi cututtuka.

Amma a waje da namiji jiki, da Kwayoyin riƙe su motsi har zuwa rana. Tu cikin mahaifa, wannan lokaci na iya za a mika wa kwanaki uku.

Mene ne spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenesis - shi ne samuwar maniyyi, wanda ya auku a karkashin vigilant tsari na jiki ta endocrine tsarin.

Yana duk farawa da progenitor Kwayoyin, wanda bayan da dama ƙungiyoyin dauki wani nau'i na fara tasawa maniyyi. Dangane da nau'in maniyyi maturation aiwatar iya bambanta. Alal misali, a chordates a lokacin da amfrayo lokaci aza musamman Kwayoyin cewa ƙaura zuwa ga gonads da primordia form pool na Kwayoyin, wanda baya zama ma'ana.

Spermatogenesis a adam

A hanya domin kafa maniyyi wani mutum ba ya bambanta daga abin da na sauran vertabrate. A tsari fara a mafarki (shekaru 12), da kara kusan tashi zuwa shekaru 80.

A cewar daya daga tushen, maniyyi maturation sake zagayowar yana 64 kwana, a kan sauran - to 75 kwana. Amma wani canji na tubular epithelium (wanda yake shi ne substrate ga sel haihuwar) ba kasa fiye da sau daya a cikin kwanaki 16.

Dukan ayyukan da ake faruwa a convoluted seminiferous tubules na testis. A cikin ginshiki membrane na tubules shirya spermatogonia da spermatocytes na farko da na biyu domin, wanda sa'an nan bambance a cikin balagagge cell. Da farko progenitor Kwayoyin tafi ta hanyar da dama hawan keke na mitosis division, kuma idan sun kasance isasshen, canzawa zuwa meiosis. A sakamakon wannan makon division samar biyu ya spermatocytes, sa'an nan kuma wani biyu spermatids. Kowace daga cikin wadannan Kwayoyin yana da rabin adadin chromosomes kuma iya takin wani kwai.