Hasken rana cell samar: fasaha da kuma kayan aiki

Mutãne o ƙarin don canzawa zuwa madadin kafofin na lantarki wadata don taimaka ci gaba da tsabta yanayi da kuma rage kudin da samar da makamashi. Production na hasken rana baturi ne na zamani da masana'antu hanyoyin. Da ikon samar da tsarin hada da hasken rana haske karba, batura, da iko naúrar, inverters da kuma sauran na'urori yi nufi ga takamaiman ayyuka.

The hasken rana cell ne babban kashi, wanda ta fara da jari da kuma canji na makamashi haskoki. A zamani duniya domin mabukaci a lõkacin da zabar wani panel, akwai mutane da yawa pitfalls, a matsayin masana'antu yayi wani babban yawan kayayyakin harhada karkashin daya sunan.

Silicon hasken rana Kwayoyin

Wadannan kayayyakin ne m da yau masu amfani. Dalili na su samar da sa silicon. Hannun jari ne a cikin zurfin tartsatsi samar da mun gwada da m. Silicon Kwayoyin kwatanta da idon da matakin na yi wasu baturan hasken rana.

irin abubuwa

Production na hasken rana Kwayoyin sanya na silicon ne da za'ayi da wadannan iri:

• monocrystalline.
• polycrystalline.
• amorphous.

Daban-daban siffofin na sama na'urorin da yadda silicon kwayoyin halitta aka shirya a wani crystal. Babban bambancin zama daban-daban bangaren abubuwa da ingancinsu tana mayar haske makamashi wanda a farko iri biyu ne kamar a wannan matakin da ya fi da dabi'u ga na'urorin na amorphous silicon.

yau da masana'antu yayi yawa model na hasken rana haraji na haske. Bambanci tsakanin su shi ne cewa wasu kayan aiki amfani da su samar da hasken rana Kwayoyin. Yana taka rawar da wani irin Manufacturing dabara da kuma fara abu.

irin monocrystalline

Wadannan abubuwa kunshi silicon Kwayoyin da alaka da juna. By Hanyar Czochralski wani masanin kimiyya sanya cikakken tsarki silicon, wanda aka yi da lu'ulu'u guda. A na gaba tsari ne da sabon na Semi-daskararre, kuma ƙarfafa a kan farantin kauri daga 250 zuwa 300 microns. Thin yadudduka tare da cikakken karfe raga wayoyin. Duk da babban kudin samar, wannan abubuwa suna yadu amfani saboda high kudi na hira (17-22%).

Yin polycrystalline abubuwa

Solar fasaha na samar da polycrystalline ne cewa zubi silicon taro ne a hankali sanyaya. Production ba ya bukatar tsada kayan aiki, saboda haka, kafin su sami silicon kudin rage. Polycrystalline hasken rana tafiyarwa da karami coefficient na iya aiki (11-18%), da bambanci ga guda crystal. Wannan shi ne saboda a aiwatar da sanyaya silicon taro ne tare da cikakken kankanin kumfa na grainy, sakamakon kara refraction na haskoki.

Abubuwa na amorphous silicon

Samfurin tana nufin wani takamaiman irin, kamar yadda suka kasance a cikin irin silicon zo daga sunan kayan amfani kuma samar da hasken rana Kwayoyin aka yi da fim fasahar na'urorin. Crystal a cikin masana'antu tsari bada hanya zuwa silicon Silon hydrogen ko wani bakin ciki Layer, wanda yake rufe da wani substrate. Batura da magangara mafi ƙasƙanci dace darajar, har zuwa 6%. Abubuwa, duk da drawback to da yawan abũbuwan amfãni cewa ba su da hakkin ya tsaya a layin da muka ambata a sama iri:

• Tantancewar sha darajar sama ashirin sau fiye da abin da na guda-crystal kuma polycrystalline tafiyarwa.
• Yana yana da wani m Layer kauri daga 1 micron.
• Gizagizai weather ba ya shafar aikin hanyar mayar da duniya, da bambanci ga wasu nau'in.
• saboda high kudi na lankwasawa ƙarfi ne amfani ba tare da wani matsaloli a wuya wurare.

The uku sama-aka bayyana a iri da hasken rana converters kuma ru matasan kayayyakin daga kayan da ciwon dual Properties. Wadannan halaye an samu idan micronutrients suna kunshe a cikin nanoparticles ko amorphous silicon. A sakamakon kayan da aka kama polycrystalline silicon, amma idon tare da shi sabon fasaha Manuniya.

Raw Materials for samar da hasken rana Kwayoyin na film-type CdTe

A zabi na abu ne shibtarsu da bukatar a rage masana'antu halin kaka da kuma kara fasaha halaye a aiki. A mafi yawan amfani da haske-mamaye cadmium Telluride. A cikin 70s na karshe karni CdTe aka dauke da babban contender domin yin amfani da sararin samaniya a cikin zamani masana'antu, shi ne yadu amfani a cikin makamashi na hasken rana.

Wannan abu ne classified a matsayin tarawa poisons, don haka ba ya kwanta muhawara ta harmfulness. Kimiyya karatu sun tabbatar da cewa matakin na cutarwa abubuwa saki a cikin yanayi, shi ne inganci da kuma ba ya haifar da muhalli cuta. Yadda ya dace kudi ne kawai 11%, amma da kudin wutar lantarki daga irin wannan sāke Kwayoyin ta 20-30% m fiye da na silicon irin na'urorin.

Aggregators haskoki daga selenium, tagulla da kuma indium

Semiconductors a cikin na'urar ne jan karfe, selenium da indium, wani lokacin a yarda da canzawa na karshen a kan gallium. Wannan shi ne saboda high bukatar samar da indium zaune a yanki lebur irin. Saboda haka, wannan canzawa zaba embodiment, tun da kayan da irin wannan Properties. Amma ga rikodin yadda ya dace da maye taka muhimmiyar rawa a samar da hasken rana cell ba tare da gallium qara na'urar yadda ya dace da 14%.

Sun catchers polymer-tushen

Wadannan abubuwa ne ke jẽranta matasa da fasaha, kamar yadda suka yi kwanan nan ya bayyana a kasuwa. Kwayoyin semiconductors sha haske ga mayar da shi a cikin na'urar samar da makamashi. Domin samar da amfani fullerenes carbon kungiyar, polyphenylene, jan phthalocyanine, da sauransu. A sakamakon haka ne na bakin ciki (100 nm) da kuma wani m film cewa ba da coefficient na yadda ya dace da 5-7%. The darajar ne kananan, amma samar da m hasken rana Kwayoyin yana da dama mai kyau al'amurran:

• domin yi ba ya ciyar da kudi mai yawa.
• da ikon shigar da batura a cikin filin daga m bends, inda sassauci ne na muhimmancin gaske;
• kamanta sauƙi da samuwan da kafuwa.
• M baturi ba cutarwa effects a kan muhalli.

Chemical etching a cikin masana'antu tsari

A mafi tsada da hasken rana baturi ne multicrystalline ko monocrystalline silicon farantin. Don kara m silicon yin amfani da yanke psevdokvadratnye Figures, wannan siffar damar m gado farantin a gaba a koyaushe. Bayan da sabon tsari kasance a farfajiya na microscopic yadudduka karya saman wanda aka tsabtace ta wajen etching da texturing inganta liyafar da ya faru ray.

Bi da surface kama hanyar wakiltar da ka kamanta microprism da aka nuna daga fuskoki dabam-dabam na wanda haske ta sãme gefe saman na sauran tsinkaya. Loosening Hanya irin zane na nuna kayan tayi ta game da 25%. A etching aiwatar amfani da jerin acid da alkaline jiyya, amma unacceptable ƙwarai rage Layer kauri, saboda farantin ba zai iya tsayayya da wadannan aiki.

Semiconductors a Solar

hasken rana cell samar da fasaha da shawara cewa, ainihin manufar da lantarki m ne pn-maha? ar. Idan daya farantin hada lantarki watsin na n-type da kuma p-type watsin ne p-type, batu na lamba tsakanin su auku pn-maha? Ar. Ainihin jiki Properties na definition ne damar da za su zama wani shãmaki, kuma miss da wutar lantarki a cikin shugabanci. Yana da wannan sakamako ba ka damar kafa cikakken fledged aiki na hasken rana Kwayoyin.

A sakamakon phosphoric yadawa farantin ƙare kafa n-type Layer, wanda dogara ne a kan surface na kashi a zurfin 0.5 microns. Yi hasken rana cell samar da wani m shigar azzakari cikin farji na dako na daura ãyõyi, wanda bayyana a ƙarƙashin rinjayar haske. Su hanya a cikin rinjayar da pn-maha? Ar yanki ya zama short, ko ba za su iya biya kashe a lokacin da suka sadu da juna, ta haka ne ba samar da wani adadin wutar lantarki.

A amfani da jini-sinadaran etching

A cikin hasken rana baturi tsarin bayar da wani gaban surface grille shigar-kori-kura halin yanzu da kuma mayar da gefe, wanda shi ne a ci gaba da lamba. A lokacin yadawa mamaki, wani lantarki kewaye tsakanin biyu jirage da aka ruwaito zuwa karshen fuska.

Don cire ƙulli, kayan aiki amfani ga hasken rana Kwayoyin, wanda damar yi shi ne da taimakon jini-sinadaran, sunadarai etching, ko mechanically, da Laser. Hanyar jini sinadaran daukan hotuna ne sau da yawa amfani. Etching aka yi lokaci guda ga wani tari na suya silicon faranti tare. A sakamakon aiwatar da dogara a kan duration na magani, da abun da ke ciki na nufin girman da murabba'ai littattafai, da jet shugabanci na ion kwarara da kuma wasu dalilai.

Aikace-aikace na antireflection shafi

Ta hanyar da ake ji a irin zane a kan wani kashi surface gani an rage zuwa 11%. Wannan yana nufin cewa kawai daya daga cikin goma na haskoki nuna daga cikin surface da kuma ba da hannu a cikin samuwar wutar lantarki. Don rage irin wannan asarar zuwa gaban gefe na kashi ne mai rufi da zurfin shigar azzakari cikin farji na haske hatsaisai ba tare da nuna su mayar. Masana kimiyya, shan la'akari da dokokin kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, ta tantance abun da ke ciki da kuma kauri daga cikin Layer, don haka samar da shigarwa na haka-rufi hasken rana Kwayoyin rage gani har zuwa 2%.

Contact metallization na gaban gefen

A surface kashi da aka tsara zuwa sha matsakaicin adadin radiation ne m da ake bukata da cewa girma da kuma fasaha halaye na amfani karfe. Akwai hanyoyi da zane na gaban da injiniyoyi yanke shawarar biyu sabani da matsaloli. Rage Tantancewar asarar faruwa a thinner Lines da su tsari a nesa daga juna. Yi hasken rana baturi tare da ya fi girma raga size take kaiwa zuwa gaskiyar cewa ɓangare na cajin yana da wani lokacin da za a kai da kuma lambar sadarwa da aka rasa.

Saboda haka, masana kimiyya daidaita darajar da nesa da kuma kauri daga kowane karfe line. Too bakin ciki tube na bude sarari a kan surface na memba domin mamaye haskoki, amma ba ciyar mai yawa halin yanzu. Hanyoyin zamani da ake ji da metallization kunshi a stencil bugu. Kamar yadda mafi yawan abu ne wajaba azurfa-manna. Saboda yin amfani da kashi dace yakan ta 15-17%.

Metallization a kan raya gefe na kayan aiki

karfe shafi na baya gefe na na'ura na faruwa a biyu makircinsu, kowanne daga abin da ya aikata da kansa aiki. Thin m Layer a kan dukan surface, fãce ga wasu takware ma gaba daya aluminum da rami da aka cika da azurfa manna, wanda ke taka rawar da wani contact. M aluminum Layer hidima a matsayin madubi na'urar ga raya gefe na free zargin cewa za a iya rasa a cikin dangling shaidu na crystalline raga. Tare da irin wannan shafi 2% karin hasken rana bangarori aiki a kan mulki. Mabukaci sake dubawa ce cewa wadannan abubuwa ne mafi m da kuma ba sosai dogara a kan m weather.

Production na hasken rana bangarori da hannuwansu

Samar da wutar lantarki daga rana, ba kowa da kowa zai iya oda da kuma shigar da a gida, saboda suka kudin a yau ne babban isa. Saboda haka da yawa master sana'a da Master samar da hasken rana bangarori a gida.

Sayi photovoltaic kaya domin kai-taro na iya zama a kan Internet a daban-daban shafukan. da darajar dogara da yawan faranti amfani da iya aiki. Alal misali, low-ikon kaya, daga 63 zuwa 76 watts to 36 faranti ne 2350-2560 rubles. bi da bi. Yana kuma saya aiki abubuwa culled daga samar Lines ga wani dalili.

A lokacin da zabar da irin photoelectric hira za la'akari da cewa polycrystalline Kwayoyin ne mafi resistant zuwa hadari yanayin da aikin a shi ya fi dacewa monocrystalline amma da wani guntu rai. Monocrystalline samun mafi girma yadda ya dace a cikin hasken rana weather, kuma za su šauki tsawon yawa.

Don shirya samar da hasken rana bangarori a gida, kana bukatar yin lissafi da duka kaya dukkan na'urorin da cewa za a powered by da inverter na nan gaba, da kuma sanin da damar da na'urar. Saboda haka da yawan hasken rana Kwayoyin, yayin da shan la'akari da kwana na panel. Wasu artists hada da yiwuwar canje-canje a cikin a] en wuri daga cikin jirgin sama, dangane da tsawo daga solstice da kuma hunturu - daga da kauri da snow.

Daban-daban kayan ana amfani zuwa tsirar da gidaje. Mafi sau da yawa aluminum ko bakin ciyar sasanninta amfani plywood, barbashi jirgin da kuma wasu. The m part aka sanya na Organic ko talakawa gilashi. Sales riga soldered hasken rana Kwayoyin tare da conductors irin buying ne fin so a matsayin Sauki taro aiki. A faranti ba suya daya a kan sauran - kasan iya ba microcracks. Solder da kuma juyi amfani baya. Soldering abubuwa sauki, ajiye su kai tsaye a kan aiki gefe. A cikin matsananci karshen farantin an welded zuwa busbars (fadi conductors), sa'an nan da fitarwa "debe" da "da".

Bayan wannan aiki da aka gwada da kuma hatimce panel. Harkokin waje Masters mahadi amfani da wannan manufa, amma su ne quite tsada domin mu sana'a. Na gida converters shãfe haske da silicone, da kuma mayar da gefen rufi da varnish dangane acrylic.

A ƙarshe, dole mu ce cewa reviews Masters suka sanya hasken rana Kwayoyin da hannuwansu, ko da yaushe m. Da zarar jawabin da kudi a kan masana'antu da shigarwa na watsawa, da iyali sosai da sauri biya su, kuma yana farawa ajiye ta yin amfani da free makamashi.