Zu-23-2: halaye, fasaha description, photo

A lokacin babban Patriotic War of 1941-1945, mu da sojojin fuskanci biyu m hali: an kusan duka babu nauyi inji bindigogi da kuma anti-jirgin sama shigarwa. A'a, hadahada kariya sun kasance, amma a kare sojojin shafi a kan Maris ya sau da yawa kawai ba. A sakamakon - dogon, kusan shekaru uku da mamayar Nazi jirgin sama cikin iska da kuma babbar asarar a kayan aiki da kuma manpower.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa post-yaki shekaru wajen raya anti-aircraft manyan bindigogi da aka jefa mafi kyau kimiyya da fasaha ma'aikata na Tarayyar Soviet. A sakamakon aikinsu, ciki har da, ya zama anti-aircraft gun Zu-23-2, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin wani sakamakon da na zamani da wani sauki memory-23. Dauke da makamai shi tsaye domin fiye da shekaru 50, kuma ta kara da ci gaba, a cikinsa akwai wani twin (gun da kuma makami mai linzami) Zu-30, ya fita ba shakka musamman nasara da ra'ayin.

Yaya ta zo daga?

Saboda haka, bayan da Great Patriotic dukan tsarin na anti-aircraft makamai ya halartar cikakken overhaul da kuma sake fasalin kudin. Nan da nan, an amince da cewa 25 mm gun, saboda su wuce kima nauyi, su dace da musamman domin a cikin jiragen ruwa. Yadda ya dace kuma rare a lokacin, 37-mm zamo bai isa ga gudanar da wani takamaiman "terrestrial" matsaloli.

Amma a lokaci guda, da sojojin gaggawa bukaci kananan-zamo atomatik igwa a kan Misãlin waɗanda suka a lokacin yaki da aka shigar a kan jirgin saman soja jirage. A gaskiya, a matsayin tushen kamar yadda lokaci da aka dauka daga almara makami na Il-2. Ka lura da cewa akwai yanzu dubban mutane na antiaircraft Zu-23-2 raka'a da 20mm analogues zama ba kasa sanannun fiye da nisa da ta igwa "m."

Tuni a cikin shekara ta 1955 da aikin na anti-aircraft 23-mm 2A14 atomatik aka gabatar. Injiniyoyin miƙa a biyu jeri: guda kuma dual. Last da zarar ya fi fifiko, kuma ta haka ne da aka samar a cikin uku bambance-bambancen karatu. Duk jinsuna da kawai wani manual version na drive, sanye take da wani misali anti-aircraft gani zap-23.

Hukumar yanke shawarar cewa model Zu-14 mafi kyau gana da bukatun na soja. Yana da aka ta 1959 "koro" ta hanyar duk matakai na gwaji na hada makamai a dama soja gundumomi. Ta aka karɓa a cikin sabis a shekarar 1960, ba da sunan Zu-23. Tsunduma a cikin samar da shuka da lambar 535. Ya kamata a lura da cewa ci gaba kau na duk gano ƙarara kuma "da cututtukan yara" Sai da na ɗauki shekaru 10, sa'an nan ya zo da haske shigarwa Zu-23-2.

Design fasali

Atomatik aka powered by da makamashi na foda gas kasaftawa. Ƙofar sandan irin kulle ganga ta wajen ta abutment "outgrowth" a cikin tududa da mai karɓar. Nasara zane na akwati firam damar ta maye a cikin wani fama halin da ake ciki a kawai 15-20 seconds. Har ila yau sosai nasara sun tafiyarwa a kwance, kuma a tsaye saiti, sanye take da spring cushioning na'urorin.

A sadarwarka ciyarwa sosai kadan lokacin m hanya shiriya. Idan ka dubi bayanin da Zu-23-2, wadda take kaiwa ga hukuma manufacturer daga cikin wadannan tsarin, da kuma can za ka iya samun bayanai da cewa horar da lissafi iya yi hanya shiriya ga kawai 5-15 seconds. Kuma shi bayar da yin amfani da inji wajen gyara! A cikin taron cewa dashi daga cikin sojojin ya kyautata Zu-30M da opto-tsarin lantarki, saye da tracking na abu ake yi kusan nan take.

A gefen da gangar jikin za a iya canjawa wuri a cikin adalci uku seconds! Ammonium wadata - bel irin. Metal tef da ake amfani, da misali size - 50 harsashi, wanda aka suya a wani karfe akwatin, ba ka damar da sauri gudanar da wani recharging kayan aikin. Kowane akwatin da kintinkiri harsashi, da kuma weighs kusan 35.5 kg. Platform kafuwa - ball, sanye take da uku jackscrews. Tare da su taimako, Zu-23-2 tam lazimta a harbe-harben matsayi.

A dandamali da aka bayar tare da wani towing lug. A stowed matsayin saitin tsaye a kan biyu ƙafafun na Gaz-69. Akwai torsion mashaya dakatar, abin da hidima don rage girman da alama na lalacewar da kida a lokacin kai a kan m ƙasa. Wannan muhimmiyar hujja, kamar yadda a wuraren na tsanani rikicin fiye ko žasa da al'ada hanyoyi zama musamman rare.

Shiriya, da harbi a cikin daban-daban iri iri na a raga

Saiti Zu-23-2 da aka yi da amfani da riga aka ambata a sama zap-23 gudu. A halin yanzu iyaka zuwa ga manufa za a iya shigar dasu cikin kewayon har zuwa 3,000 mita. Wannan riko da 00 a hanya shugabanci da kuma ƙasa gudun da abu bi ta har zuwa 300 m / s. A gaban damar sosai daidai to sa da ake bukata pre-emption, wanda yana da amfani sakamako a kan yiwuwar lalata jirgin sama bombarded.

Lokacin da harbe-harben a ƙasa hari guda iya gyara a nesa daga sama zuwa 2000 mita. A wasu lokuta (gwaji lissafi) zangon za a iya ƙaddara "da hannu", amma wannan kullum ji dadin yin amfani da stereodalnomera. All sauran bayanai a kan sadarwarka shiga cikin ido. Musamman muhimmanci ne sasanninta na da manufa da kuma ta azimuth. Saboda wannan, Zu-23-2 (TTX ta mu gabatar a wannan labarin) ne sosai "wuya" to da ciwon horar da kyau lissãfi.

A fasalin da wannan flak shi ne cewa cikakken-sighting tsarin zane zap-23 zo wurin don ƙasa hari T-3. Lura cewa yana da wani m line na gani.

Abũbuwan amfãni daga anti-jirgin sama

Oddly isa, amma da anti-aircraft gun Zu-23-2 ne da ya shahara ba domin ta "iska" iyawa, amma shi ne mai surface aikace-aikace. All gida rikice-rikice na 'yan shekarun nan ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kayan aiki shi ne manufa a matsayin babban hanyar motorized bindiga bakinka buga a matsayin wani abu mafi m su kawai ba. Da fari dai, ZSU za a iya nan take tura zuwa tura matsayi. Abu na biyu, shi zai iya taimaka kamar yadda za a iya nan take a danne duk iri hari located a nesa daga wani kai tsaye harbi (a kilometer).

Sau da yawa sosai, da bukatar irin wannan amfani da Zu-23-2 auku a collisions tare da sababbu ƙungiya tsarin da makiya, wato, a cikin shakka daga counter-ayyukan ta'addanci. Alas, sun zama a cikin past 20 shekaru a cikin real "fashion Trend".

Sauran "highlights" yi

Babban amfani da wannan saitin ne da cewa shi ba ya bukatar pre-injiniya horo matsayi. Yana isa kawai fiye ko žasa lebur surface. Ga shi ya kamata a dauka a cikin asusun da yiwuwar dunƙule jacks, wanda zai iya zama saboda karkata ko da digiri 30 juya a cikin wani manufa jirgin sama. Wannan shi ne musamman muhimmanci a Afghanistan da kuma Chechnya, inda 23-mm anti-aircraft gun Zu-23-2 da aka yi amfani da duwatsu.

An yi imani da cewa wani jirgin jiwuwa shigarwa iya kai a cikin harbe-harben matsayin for kawai 15-20 seconds. Daga jerin gwanon a fama - for 35-40 seconds. A yi shi da aka tabbatar da cewa, idan ya cancanta, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya-23-2 iya wuta a kan tafi, yayin da a cikin stowed matsayi. Hakika, daidaito da kuma daidaici a lokaci guda iya wuya a kira m, amma shi zai dace domin karin yaƙi.

Dabam bukatar magana game da kyau saitin na motsi. A ja da shi zai iya daukar wani sojojin abin hawa, tun ma a wani cikakken weaponized memory taro ne sosai kasa da daya tonne. A kan hanyoyi sharewa karusa gudun iya zama har zuwa 70 km / h, da kuma a kan hanyoyi - 20 km / h. Saboda haka Zu-23-2, a fasaha bayanin da muka gabatar - a rare "giciye-kasa" anti-jirgin sama gun.

A muhimmanci sosai amfani ne ma mafi girman maintainability. A yi amfani ne kawai da sauki kuma ya fi kowa daraja na karfe, don haka abin da gyare-gyare za a iya shirya a wani sha'anin da cewa yana da akalla mafi m kayan aikin da sauran kayan aiki.

Harsasai, harsashi fasalin

A misali harsasai Zu-23-2 kunshi 23-mm ammonium. Projectiles amfani iri biyu - BZT da OFZT (BFL). A farko - makamai sokin incendiary Tracer. Ya yi tare da dukan warhead, wanda taro ne 190, kasa part ƙunshi cajin burbushi, golovnaya- incendiary abun da ke ciki. OFZ, watau high-m zargin ne shugaban taro na 188,5 g Kafin 90s Zu-23-2 (fasaha bayanin da kafuwa aka nuna a cikin labarin) ne mafi sau da yawa amfani da irin wannan ammonium.

Fusing biyu amfani V19UK iri (a baya versions - MG-25). Its rarrabe ne gaban kai-kisa, a lokacin da yake tafiya - 11 seconds. Ko da kuwa da guntun makãmashi daga cikin dako, a matsayin propellant amfani da 77 grams na foda sa 5/7 TSFL. Ka lura cewa musamman ga halittar harsasai data, da dama kasa kimiyya bincike institute tsunduma a cikin halittar sabon iri propellants, wanda zai yi da mafi yawan kuzarinka da kudi na konewa.

Ballistic halaye na ammonium

Total harsashi nauyi (ko da iri) 450 Property, shuka da kuma ballistic yi ma guda. A farko gudu daga 980 m / s, matsakaicin tsawo ( "rufi") - 1500 m, matsakaicin tabbas kewayon sha kashi - har zuwa 2000 m. Note: a lokacin irin OFZ bawo ana amfani sosai da wuya, saboda su suna fada da ikon zamani da bukatun ba amsa.

Duk da haka dai, mai yawa zargi Zu-23-2 (da halaye, mun riga tattauna) sanã'anta a lokacin da biyu Chechnya kamfen: ya juya daga cewa OFZ bawo ne sosai talauci dace don amfani a birane muhallin, kamar yadda suka yi a matalauta ikon puncturing.

Yawanci, da tef ne dauke da makamai da wani rasa rubutu mulkin: hudu harsashi OFZT daya BZT. Kuma wani. MG-25 blaster, wanda da yawa daga shortcomings, yanzu cikakken maye gurbinsu da wani B-19UK. A dalilan da wannan ne sauki. Da fari dai, ta ji na ƙwarai to da m surface ne gaba daya kwatanci ne ga abin da na baya model, amma fis ba fashe a lamba harsashi da raindrops. Abu na biyu, shi yana da yawa mafi danshi kariya.

fama da aikace-aikacen

Domin da farko lokacin da yin amfani da nasara Zu-23-2 faru a lokacin da Afghanistan yaƙin neman zaɓe. Su, saboda su low taro, Compactness, sauƙi na shari, kuma knockdown sun manufa domin rufe kananan kungiyoyin flue mojaheds. Hakika, da babban rawa a wannan taka leda "Shilka" ...

A nan ne kawai kai-propelled duk karfi da isa. A farko da sojojin "Semi-karkashin kasa" kafa "Zushki" a jikin manyan motoci, da wadannan a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiya ginshikan, sa'an nan da Zu-23-2 a cikin wannan rawa samu da m yabo na soja hukumomi a dukkan matakai. Sau da yawa sosai, suka fara zuwa Dutsen a kan manyan motoci Ural-375 da kuma KAMAZ. An kuma gano cewa, biyar Zu-23-2 anti-aircraft tsarin iya dogara kare soja convoys, ko da a kan manyan 'yan kwanto, a zahiri "marmashe" latest maza maza.

Gaskiyar cewa BMP-1, tare da bindiga, wanda ya a negligible kwana na hawan, wani tasiri wajen tsaron kwansu da kwarkwatansu ginshikan daga kwanto na Mujahideen a duwãtsu. Ba tare da sa hannu na wadannan makamai da kuma yaki da ya barke a wasu sassa na Tarayyar Soviet nan da nan bayan rushewar kasar. Kuma a yau, da Zu-23-2 anti-jirgin sama shigarwa, a photo na wanda yake a cikin labarin, cike da duk "zafi spots" na duniya. Daga cikin yan aukuwa ne daraja ambata kasãla Ukrainian rikici a wadda bangarorin biyu yin m amfani da "zushki".

Kuma a cikin wannan harka, guda biyu Zu-23-2 aka yi amfani na musamman ga aiki a kan ƙasa hari. Little bukatar downed jirgin sama a tsakiyar tashin jam'iyyun na adawa ya daina (akwai wani karin), amma a lokacin da hari da masu garu ƙauyuka wannan makami ta tabbatar da zama mafi kyau gefe.

zamani versions

Alas, har ma da da'awar yadda ya dace da iska hari ne low ga dukan ayyukan alheri, lissafin kudi don kawai 0.023. Yiwuwar fadowa cikin wani zamani jirgin sama (tare da togiya daga cikin helikofta) ne ko da m, da kuma muhimmanci.

Duk da haka, da barrage na wannan shigarwa bai rasa ta munasaba, kamar yadda kawai kamar wata hits za ta kawo saukar da kusan duk wani jirgin sama. Koma bayan tunanin hanyar - shigarwa na atomatik bindiga scopes da kuma manufa tracking tsarin. Wannan shi ne abin da a halin yanzu abar kulawa da masana KB Tochmash su. A. E. Nudelmana. Su aikin kafa dalilin fitowan da sabon anti-jirgin sama shigarwa Zu-23-2. Photos of wadannan model na rarrabe da sauƙi, kamar yadda su ne ba farawa kwantena anti-aircraft makamai masu linzami.

Amfanin kyautata model

Bugu da kari, da kyautata "zushek" ne electromechanical Motors shiriya tsarin, da sabuwar gani hasken aiki yanki, a Laser rangefinder, wanda damar zuwa mita domin sanin nesa ko a cikin matalauta Ganuwar yanayi. Domin aiki da dare, da tsarin karin za a iya sanye take da wani thermal imager, wanda rarraba daidai thermal radiation maƙiyi kayan aiki da dama kilomita. Rubuce, wannan ba ka damar buga fitar da ko da wani zamani fama saukar ungulu.

Daga cikin shiri na modernized anti-aircraft bindigogi da aka gaba daya shafe m gani zap-23 daga wurin aiki sojan igwa. Ya aka maye gurbinsu da opto-lantarki module tare da ƙarin shiriya da kuma kula da tsarin. Podolsky developer ikirarin cewa a sakamakon duk wadannan firtsi, yiwuwar samun bugawa da manufa a lokaci daya ya karu duffai uku. Amma hakikanin "buga" ya zama wani abin koyi Zu-30M, da gina wanda ya samar da ga shigarwa na ganga irin MANPADS "Igla", Stinger ko wasu, bisa ga karshe abokin ciniki.

Saboda haka Zu-23-2, da halaye na wanda aka tattauna a cikin takarda, ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa cin gaban dukan kewayon sauki, tasiri da kuma m anti-aircraft bindigogi. Ana kyautata, "zushka" fiye da shekara guda za a iya amfani da manufar da aka nufa. Mun kuma lura cewa Poland, a "bins" wanda bar mai yawa flak, da gangan tsunduma a samar dangane da wadannan sabunta hanyoyin samfurori. Domestic designers ƙwarai baqin ciki da gaskiya cewa Dogayen sanda ba bin doka.

Muna fatan cewa Zu-23-2 da kuma ta TTHa muka bayyana sun ba ka sha'awa. Wannan makami - misali mai kyau na yadda za a farko sa da m na zamani antiaircraft gun za a iya amfani da a lokacin Cold War kuma yau.