A stigma na ain masana'antu da Tarayyar Soviet: description, tarihi da kuma iri

Soviet ain ne high quality, kuma kwarai ado. Wadannan kwanaki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna farauta da haraji da art sukar. A kan ƙasa na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet sarrafa dama dama masana'antu don samar da ain da earthenware. Tantance abin da na tsire-tsire da aka sanya wannan ko wancan batu, za ta taimaka da iri.

A cikin wannan labarin, za mu mayar da hankali a kan kan sarki ain masana'antu na Tarayyar Soviet. Ta yaya suka duba da kuma abin da suka dace? Kuma da waɗannan kan sarki sun canza a tsawon shekaru?

Stigma da bambance-bambancen karatu

Kalmar da aka fi yiwuwa samu daga Jamus kalma Kleim, wanda fassara a cikin Rasha a matsayin "manne". Stigma - shi ne mai hoto cewa ne amfani da samfurin ko samfurin gane manufacturer.

Brand, da kuma manyan, shi ne "samfurin", da sabuwar dabara na bawa zamanin. A zamanin da akwai wani yi na saka alama da bayi domin wani savo ko laifuffuka (misali, da gudun hijira a yunkurin).

Hallmarks ana amfani da surface a uku main hanyoyi:

1. Shock (yawanci a kan karfe kayayyakin).
2. Burning.
3. Amfani dyes.

Stigma ba kawai ya yi aikin aiki na ganewa na dukiya. Shi ne sau da yawa a irin ingancin alamar wani samfurin. Af, tare da wannan alama shi ake dangantawa da na kowa maganarsu: "Eh kana da babu inda ya sa alamar!". Sai suka ce game da mutane da yawa lahani ko ƙarara.

Ain masana'antu da kuma ta ci gaba a Rasha

Ain - shi ne quite m, resistant zuwa thermal da kuma sunadarai juriya abu, yadu amfani a samar da tableware, art abubuwa da kuma wasu sauran kayayyakin. Domin ta samar, kamar yadda mai mulkin, amfani da hudu ma'adinai: shi ne kaolin, ma'adini, feldspar, ball lãka.

An yi imani da cewa ain "ƙirƙira" kasar Sin har yanzu suna a cikin VII karni. Kuma suna sosai dogon kiyaye asirin girke-girke na ta samar. Kawai a 1708 da Turawa gudanar a samu ain. Bayan 'yan shekarun da suka gabata na ta samar da fasaha yanzu da akwai a Rasha.

Rasha ta farko portselyanovaya factory da aka bude a St. Petersburg a 1744. A stigma na ain ma'aikata a cikin Soviet zamanin da aka a dunkule da kuma sauƙi recognizable. Yana kunshi uku lauye haruffa siffa: "LPF" (Leningrad ain Factory). Wannan inji aiki a yau. Duk da haka, yanzu ya nuna alfahari da ake kira na mallaka, kazalika a pre-neman sauyi sau.

Matakai ne na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Rasha ain masana'antu:-daban da kuma halaye

A cikin Tarayyar Soviet ain masana'antu da aka ɓullo da ƙwarai. Products daga ain (jita-jita, figurines, vases da sauran gida kayayyakinta) aka sanya a sassa daban daban na kasar. Cincirindo na shuke-shuke kiyaye a cikin Ukrainian SSR, kazalika a Turai ɓangare na Rasha SFSR.

A cewar tsohon Soviet kundayen, 178 ain masana'antu wanzu a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Stigma ya kowanne daga cikinsu! Yana nuna wani harafi ko wani sauki hoto kayayyaki, mafi yawa dabbobi. Alal misali, a kan kan sarki Gorodnitski ain Factory ne wanda aka nuna a guje barewa, Polonsky - wani farin swan, Sinelnikovskuyu - hadiye a jirgin. Zai yiwu mafi ban sha'awa hatimi a Zugdidi shuka - da doki a saman duniya.

Hallmarks ain shuke-shuke suna kasu iri biyu: underglaze (yi a kan "raw" samfurin) da kuma overglaze (vyponyayutsya bayan da ake ji ado glazes balan-balan). Akwai uku main hanyoyi stigma kayayyakin:

• extrusion na rigar nauyi.
• bugu da hatimi.
• jawo da alama a ƙãre samfurin.

Abin da zai iya gaya stigma ain masana'antu

Stigma - shi ne, a sama da dukan, da wata ãyã daga inganci da amincin samfurin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar da manufacturer. Mafi sau da yawa shi za a iya samu a kasa na ain ware - kofuna, faranti, vases da figurines.

Matakai ne na Soviet ain masana'antu iya gaya mai yawa game da wani abu. Shi ya sa wannan yake da muhimmanci don haka haraji koyi ga "karanta". A kan sarki sau da yawa ya ƙunshi bayanin ba kawai game da manufacturer, amma kuma da samfurin ranar saki, a matsayin ain fenta mutum wanda fentin da shi, kuma haka a. D.

Yana da muhimmanci a lura da cewa wannan ma'aikata zai iya zama wani "arsenal" na irin wannan tasirin, saboda a tsawon shekaru da stigma na ain masana'antu sau da yawa sosai canza. Wani lokaci bayan fitarwa. Duk wannan Halicci yawa matsaloli na yanzu ƙarni na shara a cikin ganewa aiwatar da wasu kayayyakin.

A kan sarki ain iya sau da yawa ganin wadannan alamomi: "1-C", "C-2", "3-C". Shin me suke nufi? Su ãyõyi, wanda zai iya sanin ko sa na ain:

• farko sa (1-C).
• Class II (C-2);
• uku sa (3-C).

Grade ain, da kuma wani lokacin bayar da shawarar yin amfani da alamar launuka: ja - da mafi ingancin iri-iri kayayyakin. blue - Class I, Green - domin na biyu kuma baki (ko ruwan kasa) - ga na uku.

Next, mun bayyana a cikin daki-daki cikin shahararrun ain masana'antu na Tarayyar Soviet, biya musamman da hankali ga su samfurori da kuma iri.

Birnin Leningrad, ain Factory

Shi ne mafi tsufa kuma daya daga cikin mafi girma a Rasha domin samar da ain Enterprises. Yana da aka kafa da baya a 1744. Yanzu da shuka da aka kira - mallaka (rage tsawon - IPE).

IPE ain a kan nuni a yawan sanannun gidajen tarihi a duniya (musamman, a London, New York, kazalika a hermitage). Yau, da shuka samar da fadi da kewayon bambancin kayayyakin. Wannan shayi sets, kofuna da saucers, figurines, da kuma daban-daban ciki abubuwa. Popular jerin "Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg a china", depicting babban jan hankali na biyu dajiya da kasar a cikin kofuna, faranti da tsaraba karrarawa.

A stigma na ain factory a cikin Soviet zamanin da aka musamman dunkule form: uku lauye haruffa "LPF". Yau, duk kwafi na sha'anin gangarawa mikiya emblazoned tare da kwanan wata da shuka filaye da na mallaka ain rubutu.

Dmitrov ain Factory

Wannan kamfanin, kafa a 1766, located a kauyen Verbilki (Taldom gundumar, Moscow yankin). Yau shi ne ake kira da "ain Verbilok".

A Soviet sau, Dmitrov shuka da aka mayar da hankali a kan batun na taro samar na low quality. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan lokaci ain factory samar da yawan babbar kasa da kasa awards (kamar lambar zinariya a Duniya Nunin a Paris a 1937). Yau "ain Verbilok" - yana daya daga cikin uku data kasance ain Enterprises a Rasha.

A stigma na ain ma'aikata a Verbilki ba zai yiwu ba ga koyi. Yana depicts muz kai tare da harafin "B" a cikin ƙananan dama kusurwa.

Dulevo ain factory

The most cikin sharuddan samar, kamfanin whiteware masana'antu a zamani Rasha da aka located in birnin Likino-Dulyovo (da Moscow yankin). Dulevo shuka da aka kafa a 1832. A karkashin shugabancin wani talented kasuwa M. S. Kuznetsova factory ya samu a duniya daraja da shahararsa.

Products wannan shuka ne sauƙi gane da wani takamaiman m zanen. Yana a fili za a iya gano dalilinsa na Rasha almara da predominance na orange da kuma ja da launuka. Tea Saita "Golden Deer", shi ne watakila mafi muhimmanci ayyuka na shuka.

Hallmarks Dulevo ain ma'aikata a dukan tarihi na zama canza 30 sau! Tun 1962, da alama sunan sha'anin ne a zana wakilci a shaho. Bugu da ƙari, tsuntsu zai iya "duba" da biyu da hagu da kuma dama bangarorin biyu.

Gorodnitsky ain Factory

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin Ukrainian Enterprises whiteware masana'antu. A shuka da aka gina a 1799 da kuma mallakar 'ya'yan sarakuna iyali Czartoryski. Abin baƙin ciki, kamfanin karshe an rufe a 2012. Yana da aka located a kauyen Gorodnitsa Zhytomyr yankin.

A Soviet sau, da shuka samar tableware, shayi sets da ain figurines. A hatimi wanda aka nuna samfurin ko swan ko uku haruffa: GFZ (a karkashin sunan da shuka).

Polonsky ain Factory

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XIX ain masana'antu fara yabanya a Podolia (yankin na Yammacin Ukraine), taimaka ta gida hanya tushe - arziki adibas na kaolin lãka kuma ma'adini yashi. A 1889, a tsohon garin da cikakken (yanzu Khmelnitsky yankin) shi aka kafa ta da shuka, wanda aka qaddara domin ya zama daya daga cikin mafi girma a kera na ain a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

Musamman shahara Polonsky factory kanti yawa statuettes. Famous decanter tare da tabarau a cikin nau'i na kifi, watakila, da ke cikin kowane sauran Soviet iyali. A kayayyakin Polonsky na ain factory sau da yawa za ka iya ganin hatimi a cikin wani nau'i na swan. Abin baƙin ciki, a 2008 Ukrainian ain masana'antu giant daina wanzuwa.