Gerbert Guver (Herbert Hoover Clark), 31 th shugaban kasar Amurka: biography, na sirri rayuwa, harkar siyasa

Future shugaban kasar Amurka Gerbert Guver aka haife kan Agusta 10, 1874, a Yammacin Branch. Uwãyensa sun kasance Quakers daga lardin Iowa da Jamusanci asalinsu. Yaron ta uba sayar gona kayan aiki da kuma aiki a matsayin maƙeri. Ya mutu a lokacin da Herbert ne kawai 6 years old. Uwarsa mutu a wani 4 years. Sauran marãya yaro ya koma ya kawu a Oregon. A 1891, matasa Hoover shiga Hauwa'u bude Stanford University. By sana'a shi ya kasance wani hakar ma'adinai m, kuma akwai alamun cewa wannan gwani za a tsunduma a harkokin siyasa.

Career hakar ma'adinai m

A 1895, Gerbert Guver samu wani digiri na farko. Masu sana'a aiki ne ƙwarai, m. Amma shi duka fara tsare. Da farko Stanford digiri samu a tsabtace dutse hakar ma'adinai kamfanonin saka Gold Mine. Sa'an nan da wani matashi sana'a sha'awar a Burtaniya. Turanci Bewick, Moreing kuma Company, qware a cikin zinariya, ya yi ijara da 23-shekara Hoover da seconded shi zuwa Australia. A cikin "kore nahiyar" American abokan aiki sanar da can da takamaiman Californian Hanyar daraja karfe hakar ma'adinai. A Australia, Gerbert Guver tsiwirwirinsu invaluable kwarewa ba kawai a matsayin fanning binciken kasa, amma kuma a matsayin manajan.

Sa'an nan da gwani samu wani m tayin daga gwamnatin kasar Sin. A China hakar ma'adinai da ke cikin wani m jihar. The Sin so koyi daga zamani Western kwarewa. Saboda haka iya da kuma mai kuzari Gerbert Guver shi ne mafi kyau ga takarar su. American "sa'a" ya zama a kasar Sin a lokacin can ya fara da m Boxer tawaye. Shi ne mai kalaman na Rikicin a waje bariki. Da mamayar da 'yan kasashen waje sun yafi manoma. Ba su son Kirista mishan aiki.

Da zarar Tianjin, inda Hoover ya rayu, ya zo a karkashin dakarun. 'Yan tawayen harsashi buga ginin dake ketaren daga American m gida. A wannan rana, Herbert Hoover Clark, sayar da ransu, garzaya zuwa ga halaka gidan da kuma ceto a kasar Sin yarinya. Shekaru masu yawa daga baya, a 1928, ya zama dan takarar shugaban kasa a Amurka haramta labarai to baza labarin a lokacin yakin neman zabe. A lokacin Boxer tawayen American ba kawai tsunduma a cikin kai tsaye aikinsu, amma kuma mayar halakar da Railways.

Personal rai

Amazing aiki Outlook a kasar Sin ya tilasta Hoover yi tunani game da su a nan gaba iyali. The saurayi riga yana da budurwata suka ci gaba da rayuwa a California. A 1898, nan gaba Lou Genri Guver ya samu daga ango ta sakon waya, a inda ya bayyana mai zuwa tafiya zuwa Asia da kuma miƙa aure ta. A yarinya amince. The biyu a hade shaidu na aure Fabrairu 10, 1899 a birnin Monterrey. Wadannan da misali mijinta Lu Genri dauki Quaker bangaskiya. A newlyweds tashi a kan wani jirgin ruwan kasar Sin ya riga ya Kashegari bayan bikin aure. Mata ya kasance kullum kusa da Herbert. Ta rasu a shekarar 1964.

A Hoover ya'ya biyu. Herbert da aka haife shi a 1903, ya zama wani injiniya da kuma wani jami'in diflomasiyyar. Kamar mahaifinsa, ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Stanford. Yi aiki a matsayin injiniya a cikin filin jirgin sama injiniya, geophysics, kuma a cikin 50 ta kasance da sakataren harkokin kula da yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya sadarwa. Ƙaramin ɗan Allan ya kuma zama mai hakar ma'adinai m, kuma mafi daga cikin aiki ciyar a California.

Kasuwa da kuma shuni

A 1901, Gerbert Guver bar China. Ya zama co-owner of Bewick, Moreing & Co, qware a karafa masana'antu. Ga wasu lokaci, ya koma Australia. A 1908, Hoover ya fara aiki a matsayin mai zaman kanta shawara. Biye da wani lokaci na hadin gwiwa da kamfanonin duniya. A gwani ya yi aiki a San Francisco, London, New York, St. Petersburg, Paris, da kuma ko da a Burma, inda da zarar kamu da zazzabin cizon sauro. Future shugaban Amurka hada kai tare da Ural magnates. A musamman, ya taimaka wajen samar da Kyshtym jan ajiya, sa'an nan ya sheƙa a mahakar a Altai Mountains. Godiya ga nasara zuba jari a shekara ta 1914 Herbert Hoover ya zama mai arziki mutum. Ya na sirri jihar ne game da $ 4 miliyan.

Hoover ta rayuwa ya canja da cika fuska bayan yakin duniya na farko. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1914 ya kasance a London. A Amurka jakadan kasar Britaniya a tambayi Hoover don taimaka shirya mayar da jama'ar {asar Amirka ke samu kansu a Turai kafin mutum hadari. Shi ne mai babbar taro na mutane - game da 120 mutane dubu.

Sa'an nan, a nan gaba kasar Gerbert Guver kafa wata hukumar da za su taimaki shagaltar da Belgium. Jamus ma sun amince da wuce taimako kayayyaki, wanda aka tsĩrar da babban yankin ta ruwa. A wannan lokaci Birtaniya rundunar kiyaye Jamus a wani sojan ruwa kawancen. A Birtaniya ma bai yi hamayya da isar da kaya zuwa farar hula. Hoover Hukumar da sauri ya zama wata tsanani tasiri. Ta sayi abinci a Australia da kuma Amurka, da kuma ta jiragen ruwa amounted zuwa 'yan dozin jiragen ruwa.

The sosai nan gaba na 31st shugaban kasar Amurka sau da dama haye gaban line kuma kullum kasai da ransa. Its aiki wanzar da zaman lafiya ba za a iya watsi da. A shekara ta 1919, domin da yawa nasarori a cikin sabis na bil'adama da kuma aikin injiniya Washington Award aka bayar ga Hoover.

Ministan ciniki

By karshen yaki, Hoover ya zama sananne da kuma shahararren adadi. A shekarar 1918 ta yanke shawara na shugaban kasar Woodrow Wilson , ya jagoranci American Relief Administration. Ta dauki duk wannan: taimake kungiyar halakar Turai (mafi kayan da aka fitar dashi zuwa Poland da kuma Czechoslovakia). Ko da yake yakin duniya na farko ya riga ya kan, wani sabon jini rikici ya barke a Rasha, inda yakin basasa ya fara.

A shekara ta 1919, kungiyar ta fara taimaka Hoover White Northwest Army. Amurkawa kawo alkama da hatsi gari, wake, Peas, takaice madara, man alade. A 1921, Hoover ya da Sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Commerce. Ya aka nada shugaban kasar Uorren Garding, fairly saka farashi mai yawa kwarewa da kere Oganeza.

Abin lura shi ne cewa a cikin wannan post Hoover ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a siffata da American rediyo masana'antu. Duk da yake watsa ta amfani da wadannan na'urori kayyade ta ma'aikatar kasuwanci da Hoover da kaina. Yana da aka haka mai girma, cewa kotun ta tauye 'iko na shugaban sashen. Saboda wannan, domin da yawa shekaru, Amirkawa sun sha wahala daga total hargitsi a nasu gidajen radiyo kan ware, inda daban-daban tashoshin tafi a kan iska a wannan mita.

Rikice zauna a 1927. Congress shige sanannen Radio dokar, bisa ga abin da musamman Tarayya Radio Hukumar an halitta.

Taimaka Soviet Rasha

A 1921 da ya fara wani m yunwa da ta buga da mafi wuya a cikin Volga yankin a Rasha. Dalilin da suke cikin yakin basasa, da m manufar requisitioning da cikakken devastation a ƙauyen. Ya babba tasiri a kasashen waje marubuci Maxim Gorky ya tambayi gwamnatin Amurka domin neman taimako. Hoover aka san shi da anti-Bolshevik matsayi, amma sun amince da tallafawa jin yunwa. A watan Agusta 1921, a Riga, da American Relief Administration da jama'ar kasar Commissar harkokin wajen Maxim Litvinov rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a kan samar da agaji da kaya zuwa Soviet Rasha.

Da farko, taimako da aka bayar na musamman ga yara da kuma rashin lafiya. Amurkawa shirya tebur, wanda zai iya samun kawai mafi bukatar tallafi yunwa. Sun samu musamman shigar da katin.

A Petrograd kadai Amirkawa bude 120 canteens, wanda aka ƙara rura wutar ta fiye da 42 dubu yara. Ainihin kwarara daga abinci aika zuwa Volga: Samara, Kazan, Saratov da Simbirsk lardin (na bayyana game da 7000 kitchens). A 'yan watanni bayan da farkon ba a Hoover a Washington gaza shawo' yan majalisar mika kudi na shirin.

Matsalar shi ne, a lokacin da hukuma Amurka gwamnati ba a gane Soviet gwamnati. Madubin a Rasha daina a shekarar 1923. A wannan lokaci, bisa ga Commissariat, shi da aka shigo da game da 585.000 ton na abinci, magunguna da kuma tufafi.

shugabancin

A 1928, Hoover (a matsayin memba na Amurka Republican Party) ya shiga gaba zaben shugaban kasa. Ya main kishiya wani Democrat Alfred Smith. Hoover ya iya lashe godiya ga suna. Bãya gare shi ya kasance wani sirri nasara kamar yadda a kasuwa da kuma taimaka Turai a lokacin yaki. Bugu da kari, Amirkawa dauke da sirri abin yabo da ministan kasuwanci na ban mamaki tattalin arziki albarku 20s.

Duk da haka, kasancewa a kan babban Hoover jama'a ofishin da aka alama ta farko na babban mawuyacin. Stock kasuwar rikicin sa rushewar tattalin arziki. Hoover ya jimre da matsalolin da tattalin arziki hadari, da kwatankwacinsu wanda bai kasance a ko dai da Amurka ko kasashen Turai. Shugaban anti-rikicin siyasa da aka rage wa 'yan babban maki. Da farko, ya yi kokarin ba da ƙarin ci gaban kananan zaman kansa kasuwanci. Abu na biyu, Hoover kokarin lallashe ma'aikata ba su rage kansa samar. Tsanani irritant a cikin al'umma wani rikici tsakanin kungiyoyin kwadago da kuma ma'aikata. Shugaban kokarin laushi wannan 'yan adawa.

Bugu da kari, Hoover samarwa a shirin na m jama'a ayyuka, wanda aka kamata a warware matsalar da tashin rashin aikin yi. A 1930, Congress amince da shirin da kuma kasaftawa ga ta aiwatar da 750 miliyan. Amma, duk da yunkurin jihar su sa baki a cikin halin da ake ciki, halin da ake ciki ci gaba da deteriorate. A lokacin rani na 1930, ma'aikata fara massively rage samar.

A ba da shawara na Hoover, Congress halitta a asusu, kudi ta wajen abin da ya fi muhimmanci Railways, kazalika da bashi da banki cibiyoyin. A daidai wannan lokaci, shugaban vetoed da doka a kan kai tsaye ba da taimakon kudi ga m, la'akari da cewa ya wuce kima tsabar kudi jiko zai rabu da wadannan mutane daga himma a gano wani sabon aiki. By 1932, adadin su ya kai unprecedented mutane miliyan 12, da kuma duk US samarwa a lokacin rikicin fadi da 50%.

Unrealized sake fasalin

Shi ne m cewa a cikin farkon shekara ta 1929 Hoover ya zo da iko, ya aka faruwa a gudanar da wani tattalin arziki da sake fasalin, wanda suka kara raunana jihar ta da tasiri a kan tattalin arzikin. Shi ne mai m hanya na libertarianism, ko abin da ake kira manufa na noninterference. Yin tattalin arziki shirin, Hoover dõgara a kan nasu kwarewa kasuwa, yin aiki a cikin wani iri-iri na kasashen duniya.

Sauran manyan aukuwa a cikin gida da manufofin na 1929-1933. ya kafa Tarayya Ofishin Gidajen Yari da reorganization na Ofishin India Harkokin. Hoover kuma karfi da kare da fensho garambawul, a sakamakon wanda kowane American a kan shekaru 65 ya sami $ 50 da watan. Saboda babban mawuyacin , wannan shirin da aka taba gane.

kasashen waje da manufofin

A 1928, Gerbert Guver da wani mataki mai yawon shakatawa na goma kasashen a Latin America. A lokacin tafiya, sai ya ce 25 jawabai da kuma ziyarar da kansu suka kai ga fitarwa na dangantaka da kasashe na nahiyar. A lokacin ziyararsa a Argentina, Hoover kusa su zama a azabtar da kisan gillar da gida Anarchist.

A duk da duk complexities na shugaba ya iya sa harsashin ginin da sabuwar manufar "mai kyau maƙwabcinsa", wanda ya maye gurbin da yawa "banana wars". Wannan cliché da ake kira US ayyuka da Caribbean da kuma Tsakiyar America, Amirkawa, musamman, sarrafawa Puerto Rico da kuma Cuba. Manufofin da "mai kyau maƙwabcinsa" da aka ci gaba a karkashin Roosevelt. A sa'an nan, a 1934, American sojojin bar Haiti.

Da gazawar da sake zaben

A halin da ake ciki catastrophic a cikin tattalin arzikin da ya gurgunta da yiwuwa na Hoover. Yayinda zaben shugaban kasa a 1932, kuma ta matakin na goyon bayan ya prohibitively low. A lokacin da na gargajiya pre-zaben magana zuwa masu jefa kuri'a Hoover ke fuskantar maƙiya sauraro embittered. Kishiya na shugaban kasar da aka Franklin Roosevelt. Ya lashe zaben, zama na gaba shugaban Amurka.

Dan Republican sha wahala da wata halitta da shan kashi. Hoover Sahaban da ake zargi da kasawa ya dauki anti-rikicin shirin, wanda zai iya kwantar da tattalin arziki hadari. Roosevelt, tun tafi zuwa matsananci matakan da shawarwari da wani sabon Hakika, da halin da ake ciki a mike fita. A daidai wannan lokaci, ko da a yau, masana tarihi lura cewa Hoover ya zama garkuwa da halin da ake ciki. Ya kasance m ya zama shugaban a kan Hauwa'u na da rikicin da ya barke ba laifi, kuma domin haƙiƙa dalilai, kopivshimsya shekaru da dama. Magoya bayan Hoover ya lura da nuna cewa, a tsawo na girma mawuyacin, babu matakan taimakawa shugaban kasar Amurka iya ba.

Daga baya shekaru da kuma wasiyya da

Tsattsauran ra'ayi Roosevelt ya cewa ya tako zuwa matsananci na jihar rawa a cikin tattalin arzikin, akasin saba kasuwar Amurka model.

Hoover, zama ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa, domin da yawa shekaru soki manufofin zai gaje shi. Lokacin da yakin duniya na biyu, ya bayar da shawarar da ba su tsoma baki a cikin harkokin Turai.

Hoover ya koma aikin gwamnati a karkashin Shugaba Truman da Eisenhower. Dandana manajan gangarawa cikin kwamitin, abu garambawul na jihar na'ura. Ya rubuta da yawa articles da littattafai, ciki har da memoirs, wanda ya bayyana haske matasa kasada. Hoover ya da tsohon shugaban kasar a lokacin rikodin ga ajalinsa, 31-shekara lokacin. Ya mutu a kan Oktoba 20, 1964 a New York. Tsohon farko mutum ya kasance shekaru 90 da haihuwa. Ya karshe kyaun wurin ƙailũla ya zama 'yan qasar Iowa.

United States ƙaunar da memory na 31st shugaban kasa, wanda, duk da dukan da nuances na girma mawuyacin a cikin tsufa za a iya gyara a idanun jama'a. Sunansa da yawa abubuwa da kuma wuraren. A mafi kyau a san shi da Hoover Dam (AZ). A dam a kan Colorado River, da kuma a yau aka dauke su musamman. Its yi ya fara a lokacin shugaba Hoover a shekarar 1931, kuma za su ƙare a Roosevelt a 1936. A farko zayyana na dam bayyana a cikin 1920s. Hoover ya sa'an nan da ministan ciniki da kuma zama memba na hukumar alhakin Dam aikin. Godiya mata, ya iya tashar ruwa zuwa kudancin California da kuma ci gaban gida da aikin noma, kazalika da zata dakatar da m dutsen kogin.