Futurists - wanda shi ne wannan? Rasha Futurists. Azurfa Age Futurist

Futurism (daga Latin futurum, ma'ana "nan gaba") - da avant-garde motsi a cikin art a Turai 1910-1920, yafi a Rasha da kuma Italiya .. Yana nema ya haifar da wani da ake kira "art na nan gaba", kamar yadda wakilan wannan ayyana a bayyananna.

A cikin aikin FT Marinetti, Italiyanci mawãƙi, Rasha Cubo-Futurists al'umma "Gilei", kazalika da mahalarta na "mezzanine shayari", "Izza-Futurists Association", "juya" ƙaryata game da al'adun gargajiya a matsayin gado ne na "baya", ci gaba da ilmi na inji masana'antu da kuma urbanism .

halayyar siffofin

Domin zanen wannan yanki ne halin da nodules form, canjawa, mahara maimaitawar na daban-daban dalilinsa, kamar summation na da sakamakon da sauri-motsi kwarewa. A Italiya, da Futurists -. Wannan John Severini, U. Boccioni. A cikin wallafe-wallafe, akwai wata cakuda da almarar da kuma shirin kasa, a Shayari - experimentation da harshe ( "maganar banza" ko "kalmomi cikin 'yanci"). Rasha Futurist mawãƙi - shi ne V. V. Mayakovsky, V. V. Hlebnikov, I. Arewa, A. E. Kruchenyh.

kungiyoyin

Wannan Trend fito a cikin shekaru 1910-1912, tare da acmeism. Acmeists, futurists da kuma wakilan sauran igiyoyin na zamani a cikin aikinsa da kuma kungiyar sun kai-da sabanin. A mafi muhimmanci na Futurists kungiyoyin, daga baya ya kira Cubo-Futurism, united daban-daban kasida na Azurfa Age. Mafi shahara daga cikin futurist mawãƙi - shi ne V. V. Hlebnikov, D. D. Burlyuk, V. Kamensky, Kruchenykh, V. V. Mayakovsky da sauransu. Egofuturizm I. Severianin (mawãƙi I. V. Lotarev, shekaru na rayuwa - 1887-1941) ya kasance daya daga cikin iri na wannan Trend. A rukunin "yara" sun fara aiki da aka sani Soviet kasida B. L. Pasternak kuma N. N. Aseev.

'Yancin poetic kalma

Rasha Futurists shelar 'yancin kai na tsari da kuma abun ciki, ta juyin juya hali, Unlimited' yanci na poetic kalma. Suna gaba daya watsi da wallafe-wallafen al'adun. A manifesto, tare da wani sosai cocky kira "mara a fuskar jama'a dandano", da aka buga a cikin wannan tarin 1912, wakilan wannan Trend karfafa jefa kashe "jirgin na wayewar" gane hukuma kamar Dostoevsky, Pushkin, kuma Tolstoy. Kruchenykh kare da dama daga cikin mawãƙi don ƙirƙirar nasu, "abstruse" harshen, wanda yana da wani musamman darajar. ÃyõyinSa suna a gaskiya maye gurbinsu m, m sa na kalmomi. Amma VV Kamensky (shekaru na rayuwa - 1884-1961) da kuma V. Khlebnikov (shekaru na rayuwa - 1885-1922) sun iya gudanar da aikinsa sosai ban sha'awa gwaje-gwajen da harshen cewa hayayyafa tasiri a kan kasa shayari.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky

Futurist da kuma wani sanannen mawãƙi Vladimir Vladimirovich Mayakovsky (1893-1930). Da farko waqe da aka buga a 1912. Vladimir Vladimirovich ya kawo wa wannan yanki da kansa theme, wanda daga farkon sa shi ya tsaya kuma daga cikin sauran members. Mayakovsky, futurist lobbied ga halittar sabuwar rayuwa a cikin al'umma, kuma ba kawai a kan daban-daban "takarce".

A gabanin juyin juya halin na 1917 yayin da mawãƙi ne mai neman sauyi romantic, wanda sunyi tir da abin da ake kira mulkin "m", ya hango cikin game sauyi hadari. Inkarin duk data kasance jari hujja dangantakar tsarin, ya yi shela, humanist addini a mutum a irin wannan waqe kamar "tsatso sarewa", "A Cloud a wando", "mutumin", "yaki da zaman lafiya". Topic da aka buga a 1915 (kawai a truncated nau'i na yin katsalandan), da waka "A Cloud a wando" mawãƙi da kansa ya ayyana kara matsayin 4 sowa "Down!" Down tare da soyayya, art, domin kuma addini. Ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko Rasha kasida ya nuna a cikin ayoyi da gaskiya da sabon al'umma.

nihilism

A shekaru da suka gabaci juyin juya halin a Rasha shayari wanzu mai haske hali, wanda ya wuya ga sanyã wa wani musamman wallafe-wallafen motsi. Yana M. I. Tsvetaeva (1892-1941) da kuma M. Voloshin (1877-1932). Bayan 1910 akwai wani sabon shugabanci - futurism, hamayya da kanta ga dukkan wallafe-wallafe, ba kawai da suka wuce amma kuma yanzu. Yana zo a cikin duniya tare da wani marmarin subvert duk akida. Nihilism za a iya gani a waje zane na kasida tarin, wanda aka buga a baya na bangon waya ko wrapping takarda kazalika a su lakabi - "Matattu Moon", "Mare ta madara" da sauran hankula futurist waka.

"Mara a fuskar na Jama'a Ku ɗanɗani"

A na farko da aka buga a 1912 da littafin "mara a fuskar na Jama'a Ku ɗanɗani" aka buga bayyanawa. Yana da aka sanya hannu da sanannun kasida-futurists. Yana Andarawas Kruchenykh, David Burliuk, Vladimir Mayakovsky da Velimir Khlebnikov. A da shi sun yi iƙirarin su m dama zuwa ga wani abu, ya zama spokesmen ya zamanin. Poets hana a matsayin Dostoyevsky ta akida, Pushkin, Tolstoy, amma a lokaci guda kuma Balmont, ya "turare fasikanci," Andreyev tare da "datti slime", Maxim Gorky, Alexander Blok, Aleksandra Kuprina da sauransu.

Qaryata duk futurists manifesto kafa "walƙiya" kai-m kalma. Ba tare da kokarin, sabanin Vladimira Vladimirovicha Mayakovskogo, kifar da data kasance zamantakewa domin, su kawai ya so ya sabunta ya siffofin. A cikin Rasha version na da taken "yaki - da kawai kiwon lafiya na duniya", an dauki kafuwar Italian Futurism, aka raunana, duk da haka, bisa ga Valery Bryusov, wannan akidar ne har yanzu "ya tsaya daga tsakanin Lines."

Kamar yadda muka gani da Vadim Shershenevich, Silver Age Futurist farko da ake tãyar da ta dace matakin form, ba shi da wani darajar da babba, samotselevogo kashi na aiki. Su tantama ƙaryata ayoyi cewa an rubuta kawai saboda wani ra'ayin. Saboda haka, akwai wani sa na m ayyana ka'idojin.

A sabon harshe

Velimir Khlebnikov, wani sharhi na Futurism, ya sanar da wani sabon "abstruse" harshen matsayin harshen a nan gaba a duniya. Yana hasarar da ma'anar kalmar, maimakon nemowa a kayadadden connotation. Saboda haka, wasalai gane kamar yadda sarari da kuma lokaci (aspirational), baƙaƙe - sauti, launi, kamshi. A wani kokarin fadada da iyakoki da harshen, shi yayi don ƙirƙirar kalmomi a kan tushen da tushen (tushen: tsafi ..., hankali ... - "mu Charu da shied daga").

Aestheticism simvolisticheskoy da kuma musamman shayari Acmeist Futurists tsayayya ja layi a ƙarƙashinsu deestetizatsiyu. Alal misali, "shayari - tattered wench" David Burliuk. Valeriy Bryusov a review na "The Year of Rasha shayari" (1914) jawabin, abin lura m rudeness futurist shayari, shi bai isa ya yi tsawa wani abu waje su da'irar, a sami wani sabon abu. Ya nuna cewa duk wadannan firtsi ostensibly hasashen kasida. Mu hadu tare da su a cikin wakoki na 18th karni, a Virgil da Pushkin, da kuma sauti-launuka ka'idar da aka samarwa Teofilem Gote.

da wuya daga cikin aminci

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa, domin duk abin ƙyãma a cikin art, da Futurists Azurfa Age har yanzu ji da yin symbolism. Saboda haka, Alexander Blok, wanda jagoranci aikin Igorya Severyanina ce da damuwa da cewa shi ba ya da wani topic da labarin 1915 Valeriy Bryusov lura cewa rashin tunani da rashin ilimi ƙasƙanta shi da shayari. Ya dora alhakin da Arewa a vulgarity, bad dandano, musamman sukar da waqe game da yaki.

Ko da baya a 1912, Alexander Blok ce cewa ya ji tsoro daga abin da modernists da babu core. Ba da da ewa, manufar "futurist" da "bully" sun zama synonymous zuwa matsakaici da jama'a daga waɗanda shekara. Danna avidly bi da "exploits" halittawa daga cikin sabon art. Saboda wannan, su zama sananne ga jama'a, janyo hankalin mai yawa da hankali. A tarihin wannan Trend a Rasha ne mai hadaddun dangantaka tsakanin hudu main kungiyoyin, kowanne daga abin da ta yi imani da cewa ta nuna "gaskiya" futurism, da kuma nacewa jayayya da wasu, kalubalantar suna rawa. Wannan yaki ya faru a juna zargi gudana, wanda qara ware kansu da rashin jituwa. Amma wani lokacin 'yan daban-daban kungiyoyin koma daga daya zuwa wani, ko dunbin.