Epigram - a lyric waka-dada

Epigram - mai raba Genre na lyrical miniatures - waka a cikin abin da izgili da wani mutum ko zamantakewa sabon abu. Da kalmar da aka samu daga kalmar Helenanci epigramma, cewa "alamar" na nufin a zahiri.

A rubutu na sabani da ake tsare

Epigram samo asali a zamanin tsohuwar Girka da kuma asali ne wata ãyã ga kowane abun ciki a kan kofin, jirgin ruwa, da portico Haikalin, ko dagagge pedestal na mutum-mutumi. A zamanin d Roma, da darajar da poetic inscriptions canza, domin epigram na Romawa - wani satirical waka. A zamanin d Girkanci epigram shayari samo asali a cikin 7-6 karni BC.

A farko classic na Genre ne Simonides Keossky. Wannan marubuci ne aka yaba da yawa na zamanin d epigrams game da warriors na kasar Girka da Farisa. A arni na farko BC, lokacin da aka fara halitta wani anthology na Greek epigrams, wanda hada game da 4,000 ayyukansu, ana jerawa da category. A tsakiyar zamanai a Latin adabi epigrams da tsofaffin al'adun ci gaba ta ci gaba - da inscriptions a kan kaburbura, addini abubuwa da daban-daban gine-gine. Har ila yau, aya epigrams sun rare kasida da Renaissance.

A Turai adabi

Epigram a Turai adabi ne karamin nau'i satire na bayãnin hukuncin fasali na wanda za a fili rarrabe a musamman lokaci. A farko wanda ya fara rubuta epigrams a Turai, ya zama Faransa marubuta - Racine, Voltaire, La Fontaine, Rousseau. Da ɗan baya, wannan nau'i yada zuwa wasu nau'o'i na Turai wallafe-wallafe.

A Rasha adabi

A Rasha adabi da epigram fili bayyana a cikin ayyukan da kasida na 18th karni :. Bogdanovich, Lomonosov, Kheraskov, Cantemir, da dai sauransu Amma shi ne mafi girma mataki na ci gaba kai a cikin ayyukan Dmitrieva, Pushkin, Vyazemsky. A wannan lokacin, da epigram - wani nazari a kan wasu siyasa da suka faru, da wallafe-wallafen Masterpieces, sanannen mutane, jama'a Figures. Domin mafi part su ba a buga da kuma ya zauna a cikin rubutun mawallafa. Daga cikin mashahuran marubuta, epigrammatistov farkon karni na 19th - PA Vyazemsky, A. S. Pushkin, EA Baratynsky, S. A. Sobolevsky. Epigrams Pushkina sãɓã wa jũna satire bakin ciki, misali, rubuta a FV Bulgarin AA Arakcheeva kuma A. N. Golitsyna. Ko da yake wasu daga halittarsa a cikin Genre hankali ci gaba tsoho Greek hadisin ( "m," "motsi").

A cikin tsakiyar karni na 19th epigram (vs. gargajiya irin) recedes a cikin bango, amma Yunƙurin, ta shiga wani Topical satirical shayari. Musamman daukan hankali misalai na shi gudanar ya halicci V. S. Kurochkinu, D. D. Minaevu, M. L. Mihaylovu, N. A. Nekrasovu. Daga baya epigram rubuta da yawa wasu fitattun marubuta: A. A. su ɗauko, F. I. Tyutchev, A. N. Apuhtin a cikin wannan salo yi kokarin tabbatar da abin da ake kira qananan kasida, akwai 'yan misalai na epigrams rubuta litattafan marubuta - NS Leskov, F. M. Dostoevsky. A Soviet adabi da epigram sau da yawa tambayi S. Ya. Marshak, V. Mayakovsky, A. Mala'iku, Demyan Bedny, da kuma waɗansu da yawa.

Daga tsufa ga Present

Littafi marubuta da kuma kasida ma biya haraji haraji epigram, wanda ci gaba da yada a cikin talakawa ba kawai a buga form, amma kuma da baki. Daya daga cikin shahararrun zamani epigrammatistov dauke fice actor Valentin Gaft. Shi ne marubucin da wani iyaka sa na poetic majigin yara da nufin ga 'yan'uwanmu' yan wasan kwaikwayo. Epigrams Gaft ne poetic caustic harin da m 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai da kuma ko da' yan siyasa. Artist na da yawa "izmetelil", kamar yadda marubucin kansa ya ce, "ci abinci da rai". Abubuwan da ya harin su ne: Lai'atu Akhedzhakova, Galina Volchek, Oleg Dal, Armen Dzhigarkhanyan, Vasiliy Lanovoy, Oleg Tabakov. Bayan da a saki na movie haya "Three Men a wani jirgin ruwa da" Gaft hada wani epigram a kan Alexander Shirvindt, Andrei Mironov da Mikhail Derzhavin. Mutane da yawa bayyane yi fushi Gaft epigrams, daga gare su, Sergei Mikhalkov iyali. Gaftovskoy abu na satire shi ne zanen "The Three Musketeers" da kuma Vladimir Zhirinovsky.

Epigram - wannan shi ne daya daga cikin rarest, mafi musamman Genre cewa ya samo asali a cikin zurfin tsufa, aka ba su rasa da dama ƙarni, kiyaye wannan rana da kuma har yanzu Popular, musamman a satire da parodist.