Edvard Dzhenner: biography, photos da kuma aikata

Smallpox - daya daga cikin tsofaffin da kuma mafi muni cututtuka. Mutanen da suka kamu da cutar, ya mutu. Yawan wadanda aka ba kidaya a cikin dubban, kuma kai miliyoyi. A cuta ne mai tsanani, da mãsu haƙuri shan wahala daga zazzabi, jikinsa da aka rufe festering blisters. Wadanda suke da kyau arziki tsira, aka ba sauki: mutane da yawa sun rasa wurin, da scars rufe jiki. Likita Edvard Dzhenner mutumin nan da ya sami ceto duniya daga wannan cuta. Ya farko miƙa maganin.

Edvard Dzhenner. manhaja vitae

A May 1749 a Birtaniya, a garin Berkeley, firist na surname Jenner aka haife 3 yara, ya aka bai wa sunan Edward. Desire su bi mahaifinsa zambiyõyin da kuma zama firist a wani saurayi ya ba. Saboda haka, shekaru 12 da haihuwa, ya soma nazarin magani, ya yi karatu a likitan tiyata.

Bayan wani lokaci sai ya fara karatu mutum ilmin jikin mutum, kuma ya fara gudanar da aiki a asibiti.

A 1770, wani saurayi ya koma London, inda ya ya iya kammala wani likita digiri. Ya yi aiki a karkashin shiryarwar sanannen likita da anatomist, waɗanda suka taimake shi don Master duk tausasãwa na brilliantly tiyata. A matasa yaro sha'awar ba kawai a magani, amma kuma kimiyya, naturalistika.

Edvard Dzhenner a 1792 samu wani likita mataki, wanda ya mika wa St. Andrew ta University.

A cikin shekaru 32, ya riga ya ga suna da wani m likita. Mafi girma da nasara da aka dauke su da sabuwar dabara na maganin cewa halitta rigakafi ga smallpox.

Wannan shi ne ba a ce ya ƙirƙira kanta alurar riga kafi, tun da al'adar smallpox lamba daga rashin lafiya mutum ya m kafin. A hanya da aka kira "variolation", shi da aka gudanar ba ko da yaushe nasara: mutane ne sau da yawa tsanani da rashin lafiya bayan da inoculation. Edward kansa aka alurar riga kafi a matsayin yaro a cikin wannan hanya, kuma sun dade sha wahala da sakamakon.

Tãyar da sha'awa cikin aiki a cikin wannan shugabanci m imani jahilai cewa idan rashin lafiya tare da cowpox, da cutar da ke shafar mutane ba ban tsoro.

Ya gwaje, dangane da diraya tabbatar da cewa, manoma ba su kasance kuskure. The aikin cinye shi, ya sadaukar da dukan lokaci da gudanar da nazari.

A 1796, Edvard Dzhenner, wani photo na wanda aka gabatar a wannan labarin ya shuka wani yãro shekaru takwas na wani abu da aka dauka daga wani cowpox pustule.

A gwajin da aka ci nasara, da masanin kimiyyar ya ci gaba da harkokinmu.

A 1823, masana kimiyya ya ba.

karbuwa a kasashen duniya

The masanin kimiyya sosai karatu da sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da su, kuma daga baya ya gabatar da su a cikin mujallar, wanda aka buga a 1798. Bayan wani lokaci sai aka rubuta ga wani 5 takardunku a kan topic na lamba. Manufar na kimiyyar da aka yada ilmi game da allurar rigakafi da kuma horar da ta kayan aiki.

Babban dalilin likita-masana kimiyya sun sami karbuwa a kasashen duniya. Ya zama wani girmamawa memba na da yawa kimiyya al'ummu na Turai.

A 1840 variolation aka dakatar a Birtaniya. A 1853, maganin amfani da vaccinia ya zama wajibi ga duk hanyoyin.

digirorin girmamawa ofishin

A 1803 shi aka kafa Cibiyar smallpox lamba, wadda kuma ake kira Dzhennerovsky Cibiyar da Royal Society Dzhennerovskoe. Domin ya ayyuka don duniya Edvard Dzhenner ya aka nada na farko Darektan Cibiyar. Wannan matsayi da aka bi domin rayuwa.

A 1806 da masanin kimiyyar samu wata lambar yabo daga gwamnatin - 10 dubu fam, a 1808 wani, wanda amounted zuwa 20 dubu fam.

A 1813, Jenner aka bayar da digiri na Doctor of Medicine, shi ne a Oxford. The masanin kimiyya An nada wani digirorin girmamawa jama'a na London, ya aka bayar a diploma, ado da lu'ulu'u.

Rasha Empress Maria Feodorovna, a lokacin gangarawa cikin Office of Empress Maria, wanda ya zama majiɓinci daga duk kimiyya da kiwon lafiya da kuma harkokin kiwon lafiya cibiyoyin, Jenner aika wata wasika da godiya da wani m zobe.

A girmamawa ga babban masanin kimiyya na lokaci lambar da aka buga, da kalmomin "Jenner" ya kan shi.

Jigon da gwaji da masanin kimiyyar

Edward Entoni Dzhenner zauna lokaci mai tsawo kafin su gudanar da gwaji na ka'idarsa. Sirri a riƙe kwarewa ya iya ba kamar yadda yaro m da smallpox bayan kasawa na inoculation.

Masana kimiyya suna kullum shan azaba da shakku a matsayin su, ko yana da isasshen m, a ka'idarsa hadarin wani rai.

Lokacin da wani manomi Nelms kamu cowpox, sa'an nan ta ɓullo da blisters a kan fata na hannun. Jenner dauki damar da sanar da abinda ke ciki na daya vial na takwas shekara James Phipps. Ya kasance wani babban hadarin, saboda cewa yaron ya kasance m tare da cowpox, shi ya kasa. Don tabbatar da ka'idar, ya zama dole a kara harba ta smallpox.

Edward san cewa idan yaron ya mutu, rayuwa, ma, so ba.

Bayan yaro ya dawo dasu daga saniya, da masanin kimiyyar gabatar da shi mutum smallpox. Duk da cewa hannayensa biyu na haƙuri an sanya incisions da hankali shafa da al'amari na guba, babu mayar da martani. Wannan na nufi cewa gwajin ya da wani rabo: godiya ga Jenner Phipps zama rigakafi ga smallpox, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin mafi munin cututtuka. Ko da yake matsayin yaron ya ba su gane da nauyi da halin da ake ciki da kuma alhaki.

Scientist sosai m James, ya ƙaunace shi kamar wani ɗã. A ranar 20th ranar tunawa da littafin da bayanai a kan gwaji, masana kimiyya ya Phipps gidan tare da wani lambu, wanda aka dasa a yawa furanni.

Asalin sunan "lamba"

Alurar riga kafi kafa masanin kimiyya, alurar riga kafi da aka mai suna a matsayin "Vacca" da aka fassara daga Latin yana nufin "saniya". A lokaci ne don haka tabbaci shiga rayuwar yau da kullum, cewa a yau wani alurar riga kafi wanda yana da za'ayi a matsayin rigakafi, kira da kalmar. Zahiri shi za a iya fassara a matsayin "korovizatsiya ', amma wannan ba ya nufin cewa maganin da aka shirya ta amfani da antibodies shi ne wannan dabba. A cikin hali na ciwon hauka, misali, shi ne Ya sanya daga wani kamuwa da zomo kwakwalwa. Kuma idan na typhus - daga huhu nama na beraye.

abokan adawar Jenner

Duk da dukan girma na bude, shi ne kawai farkon na ƙayayuwa hanya. Masana kimiyya sun zo sha rashin fahimta, tsananta. Ko da masana kimiyya Sahaban gane ba shi, kuma ya juya zuwa ga masanin kimiyya tare da wani request ba daidaitawa da kimiyya suna. Ko a lokacin da ya kasance a farko, sau da yawa shared tare da abokan aiki da tunani, kamar yadda ya kasance a m mutum. Amma babu daya shared zai amfane shi.

Littafinsa, a cikin abin da aka nuna da sakamakon nazarin a karshe shekaru 25 na rayuwarsa Jenner, ya buga a nasu kudi.

Edvard Dzhenner da mabiyansa ba nan da nan aka kyau samu, bayan ya wallafa littafin, ya ya jimre da yawa taunts a cikin adireshin. Babban shaida na abokan adawar na lamba ya kasance cewa hanya tafi da nufin Allah. A jaridu da aka buga da majigin yara, a cikin abin da mutane suka yi, an alurar riga kafi, girma ƙahonin da Jawo.

Amma cutar da aka inganta, da kuma mai girma yawan mutane cikin sauri don kokarin hanyar Jenner kare kansu daga gare ta.

A cikin marigayi 18th karni, alurar riga kafi da aka yi amfani da harshen Turanci sojojin ruwa da kuma sojojin.

Napoleon Bonaparte da umarnin a alurar riga kafi na duk sojoji da sojojin Faransa. A Sicily, inda ya isa tare da wani maganin, da yawan da aka haka murna da za a ceto daga wannan cuta, wadda ya shirya, magargaɗa take.

rigakafin Hanyar. Turanci likita Edvard Dzhenner

Smallpox - daya daga cikin cututtuka kunshe a high-hadarin kungiyar. Tare da shi akwai rawaya zazzabi, da annoba, kwalara. A cutar yana daukar kwayar cutar ta hanyar Airborne droplets, ta hanyar abubuwa. Ya ratsa cikin epithelium, saboda wannan, kumfa an kafa a fata. Na rigakafi da tsarin na haƙuri an rage, don haka fara festering kumfa cewa juya zuwa miyakunsa. Idan haƙuri tsira, shi zai zama a shafin na ulcers scars.

Edvard Dzhenner - kafa smallpox lamba, wanda ya sanya shi yiwuwa su kare kansu daga barazanar da rashin lafiya. Godiya ga aikin na masanin kimiyyar Smallpox shi ne na farko cutar da cewa ya iya lashe da taimakon alurar riga kafi.

1977 Shekara Dates baya ga karshe hali na smallpox cuta. WHO ayyana nasara a kan cutar a duniya a May 1980. A ranar, da smallpox cutar ne kawai a wata rijiya-tsare dakunan gwaje-gwaje.

A smallpox cutar da aka kare daga 'yan ta'adda. Idan ya aka sace, da sakamakon zai zama yankunan, saboda shi ba ya rufe sakamako na maganin rigakafi da allurar rigakafin na dogon lokaci da aka ba da za'ayi.

likita abin tunawa

Smallpox mutu 1/6 na dukkan lokuta, idan ta zo kananan yara, da mace-mace kudi ya 1/3. Saboda haka, godiya ga masanin kimiyyar ya indescribable.

Edvard Dzhenner, wanda biography zuwa ranar, da aka sani zuwa ga mutane da yawa, aka dauke da uba na immunology. A girmama shi a gidãjen Aljanna, Kensington a cikin picturesque wuri, da ake kira "Italian gidãjen Aljanna", shi ne wani gini. Yana an tashe shi a 1862. Da kwamfutar hannu, wanda ya gaya game da isa yabo na kimiyyar da aka hananna cikin matafiya a 1996.

Mutane da yawa ba su san muhimmancin na samu na masanin kimiyya. A cewar masana, wannan mutumin ya tsira saboda haka mutane da yawa kamar babu sauran.

The sunan masanin kimiyya mai suna tituna, sashen a asibitoci, garuruwa da kauyuka. A cikin gidan inda amfani da aiki, da gidan kayan gargajiya ne bude.

Masana kimiyya suna aiki a kan wani abin tunawa ga William Calder Marshall. Da farko, ya kasance a Trafalgar Square, amma shekaru hudu daga baya da shi ya koma wurin shakatawa saboda zanga-zangar da mutane suka saɓa allurar rigakafin.

A halin yanzu, rana likitoci da masana kimiyya sun kaddamar da yaki, wanda ake kokarin dawo da abin tunawa a kan square. A cewar masana, mutane suna zanga-zangar adawa allurar rigakafin, kawai ba su sani ba duk da tsoro da cututtuka kamar smallpox.

Personal rai

Scientist aure a 1788, ya sayi Estate a Berkeley. Matarsa a matalauta kiwon lafiya, don haka da iyali ciyar da bazara a cikin Cheltenham Spa. The likita da yawa yi. Ya yi 3 yara.

Sauran binciken da masanin kimiyyar

Mai ransa masanin kimiyya sadaukar da ci gaban da wani maganin da smallpox. Duk da wannan, ya ma da lokacin da za magance wasu cututtuka. Ya nasa gano cewa angina - shi ne mai cutar da ke shafar da jijiyoyin zuciya jijiyoyi. Na jijiyoyin zuciya jijiya dogara a kan jinin samar wa zuciya tsoka.