Brief tarihi na ilimin: masana kimiyya, binciken, nasarori. Rawar da ilimin a rayuwar mutum

Ilimin taka wata babbar rawa wajen ci gaban 'yan Adam. Zama kimiyya fara 5-6 karni BC. e. Ko sa'an nan, da shi da shawara cewa mutane da yawa cututtuka suna lalacewa ta hanyar ganuwa halittu masu rai. A Brief History of Ilimin halittu kanana, wanda aka bayyana, a wannan labarin, zai ba da damar don gano yadda ya yi da kimiyya.

Janar bayani game da ilimin. The abu da kuma manufar

Ilimin - ne kimiyya da cewa karatu da tsarin da m aiki na kwayoyin. Germs ba za a iya gani da ido tsirara. Ba za su yi duka biyu kayan lambu da dabbobi asalin. Ilimin - shi ne mai da muhimman hakkokin kimiyya. Domin nazarin karami oorganizmov amfani da hanyoyin da sauran batutuwa kamar kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, ilmin halitta, kuma cytology.

Akwai kowa da zaman ilimin. A farko nazarin tsarin da kuma ayyuka na kananan kwayoyin halitta a dukkan matakai. A batun kwayoyin halitta daga mai zaman kansa - memba cikin takaice.

Medical Ilimin halittu kanana nasarori a cikin karni na 19th da gudummawar da ci gaban da immunology, wanda shi ne yanzu da janar nazarin halittu kimiyya. Zama ilimin da ya faru a matakai uku. A ƙasa da shi da aka samu cewa a cikin yanayi akwai kwayoyin da ba za a iya gani da ido tsirara. A cikin mataki na biyu na samuwar da aka bambanta jinsin da kuma nazarin rigakafi fara a uku da kuma cututtuka.

Ilimin aikin - ya yi nazarin da kaddarorin kwayoyin. Domin gudanar da bincike amfani da na'urorin for bincike da madubin likita. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu in ga siffar, wuri da kuma tsarin da kwayoyin. Sau da yawa masana kimiyya podsazhivayut kwayoyin lafiya dabbobi. Wajibi ne ga haifuwa na dauke da kwayar cutar tafiyar matakai.

Paster Lui

Louis Pasteur aka haife kan Disamba 27, 1822 a gabashin Faransa. Kamar yadda wani yaro yana sha'awar art. A tsawon lokaci, shi ya fara jawo hankalin da kimiyyar yanayin halitta. Lokacin da Louis Pasteur shekara 21, ya tafi zuwa Paris don nazarin a High School, bayan da ya ya zama wani malamin halitta kimiyya.

A 1848, Louis Pasteur sallama zuwa ga Paris Academy of Sciences da sakamakon da kimiyya aiki. Ya tabbatar da cewa a cikin tartaric acid yana iri biyu lu'ulu'u, wanda suke daban polarized haske. Shi ne mai tsananin haske farko daga cikin aiki da masanin kimiyyar.

Paster Lui - shi ne wanda ya kafa ilimin. Masana kimiyya suna farko da ayyukan sun zaci cewa da yisti ya samar da wata tsarin sunadarai. Duk da haka, shi ya Paster Lui, lamba na nazarin ya nuna cewa samuwar barasa a lokacin fermentation saboda da aiwatar da rai na kankanin kwayoyin - yisti. Ya samu cewa akwai iri biyu kwayoyin. Daya irin halitta barasa, da kuma sauran - abin da ake kira lactic acid, wanda Ganĩma da giya da abin sha.

A wannan malamin ba su daina. Bayan wani lokaci, ya gano cewa, ta dumama zuwa 60 digiri Celsius a ke so kwayoyin aka kashe. Ya bada shawarar cewa dabara ta sauka a hankali Warming winemakers da chefs. Duk da haka, na farko lokacin da suka mallakar irin wannan hanya ne korau, da imani da cewa shi zai lalatar da ingancin kayayyakin. A tsawon lokaci, da suka fahimci cewa wannan hanya da gaske yana da kyau sakamako a kan aiwatar da barasa samarwa. Yau, Pastera Lui Hanyar da aka sani da pasteurization. Ana amfani da lokacin da ka ajiye ba kawai ya sha barasa, amma kuma sauran kayayyakin.

The masanin kimiyya ne sau da yawa tunanin mold samuwar kan kayayyakin. Bayan da dama da karatu, ya gano cewa, da abinci da aka washe kawai idan shi ne na dogon lokaci a lamba tare da iska. Duk da haka, idan iska ne mai tsanani zuwa 60 digiri Celsius, da Rotting aiwatar da aka tsayar don wani lokaci. Kada ganimar abinci da kuma high a cikin Alps, inda iska ne rarefied. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa mold an kafa na spores suke a cikin yanayi. The karami na iska, da hankali spoiled abinci.

A bisa binciken da masanin kimiyyar ya kawo nasara. Sai aka tambaye su gano da ba a sani ba cutar da ke shafar silkworms, kuma haka ya razana tattalin arzikin. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa dalilin da cuta ne a parasitic kwayoyin. Ya bada shawarar a hallaka dukan itatuwan doka, kuma tsutsa infestation. siliki masana'antun sun saurari da shawarar masana kimiyya. Saboda wannan da aka mayar da siliki masana'antu a Faransa.

Popularity girma masanin kimiyya. A 1867, Napoleon III da umarnin a Pasteur samar da wata rijiya-dakunan gwaje-gwaje. A can da cewa masanin kimiyyar halitta a ciwon hauka lamba, saboda wanda ya zama sananne a dukan Turai. Pasteur ya mutu a kan Satumba 28, 1895. Founder na ilimin binne shi tare da cikakken jihar karrama.

Koh Robert

The taimako na masana kimiyya a ilimin ya kai ga da yawa daga binciken a magani. Ta hanyar wannan bil'adama ya san yadda za a rabu da yawa m cututtuka. An yi imani da cewa Koh Robert - wani zamani na Pasteur. The masanin kimiyyar da aka haife shi a watan Disamba 1843. Daga yara yana sha'awar a yanayi. A 1866 ya sauke karatu daga jami'a da ilimi da kuma samu wani likita digiri. Bayan haka, ya yi aiki a dama asibitoci.

Robert Koch fara aiki bacteriologist. Ya mayar da hankali a kan nazarin Anthrax. Koch karatu karkashin madubin da jini na kamu dabbobi. Scientist samu a shi da wani yawa na kwayoyin, wanda ba ya nan a lafiya fauna. Robert Koch yanke shawarar dasa su a beraye. Batutuwa da aka kashe a ranar daga baya, kuma su jini ya samu halartar wannan kwayoyin. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa dalilin Anthrax kwayoyin cuta, wadda ana dimbin yawa kamar sandunansu.

Bayan nasara nazarin Robert Koch fara zuwa tunani a game da binciken da tarin fuka. Yana da daidaituwa ba, saboda a Jamus (wurin haihuwa da kuma mazaunin masanin kimiyyar) ya mutu daga cutar kowane bakwai dan kasa. Duk da yake likitoci har yanzu ba su san yadda za a magance tarin fuka. Sun yi imani da cewa a hereditary cuta.

Domin farko da nazarin Koch amfani jikin wani matashi ma'aikacin wanda ya mutu da tarin fuka. Ya yi nazari duk kayan ciki da samu ba pathogenic kwayoyin. Da masu bincike sa'an nan ya yanke shawarar rina shirye-shirye da kuma la'akari da su a kan gilashin. Da zarar na duba karkashin wani microscope irin wannan shiri, da blue-kala, Koch kiyaye tsakanin kyallen takarda huhu kananan sandunansu. Ya shuka a cikin su a Guinea alade. The dabba ya mutu 'yan makonni daga baya. A 1882, Robert Koch ya yi magana a wani taro na Society of likitoci game da sakamakon bincikensa. Daga baya, ya yi kokarin haifar da wani maganin da tarin fuka, wanda, da rashin alheri, bai taimaka, amma har yanzu ana amfani da ganewar asali daga cutar.

A Brief History of Ilimin halittu kanana a lokacin taso cikin sha'awa na mutane da yawa. A maganin da tarin fuka da aka kafa kawai 'yan shekaru bayan Koch ta mutuwa. Duk da haka, wannan ba ya rage kyaututukan da ya samu a cikin binciken da wannan cuta. A 1905, masana kimiyya aka bayar da kyautar Nobel. Tarin fuka kwayoyin da aka mai suna bayan da mai bincike - Koch ta bacillus. Scientist mutu a 1910.

Vinogradskiy Sergey Nikolaevich

Sergey Nikolaevich Vinogradsky - sanannun bacteriologist, wanda ya sa wani babban taimako ga ci gaban ilimin. An haife shi a 1856, a Kiev. Mahaifinsa m lauya. Sergey bayan wata makarantar sakandare da aka ilimi a St. Petersburg kide. A 1877 ya shiga a cikin shekara ta biyu na wata halitta baiwa. Ya kammala karatunsa a 1881, wani masanin kimiyya kishin nazarin ilimin. A 1885, ya tafi zuwa karatu a Strasbourg.

Yau Sergey Nikolaevich Vinogradsky dauke da kafa da ake dasu da lafiyar qasa. Ya yi karatu a gona da ake dasu al'umma da kuma raba duk kwayoyin da suke zaune a cikinta, a kan autochthonous da allochthonous. A 1896 Vinogradsky tsara da ra'ayin rayuwa a duniya a matsayin tsarin na juna biogeochemical hawan keke, wanda tsara talikan. Ya mafi yawan 'yan bincike aikin da aka kishin taxonomy na kwayoyin. Scientist mutu a 1953.

Ana zargin ilimin

Brief tarihi na ilimin, kamar yadda aka bayyana, a wannan labarin, za ta taimaka don bayyana yadda 'yan Adam ta fara yaki tare da m cututtuka. Tun da kwayoyin m matakai fadin mutane dogon kafin su samu. Mutane acidify da madara, amfani da gwajin fermentation da ruwan inabi. A cikin rubuce-rubucen na zamanin d Girkanci likita da aka kira hasashe game da gamuwa da hatsari cututtuka da kuma musamman pathogens tururi.

Tabbatarwa da aka samu ta hanyar Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Stachivaya gilashin, ya ya iya haifar da wani ruwan tabarau cewa ya karu gudanar da bincike kan batun fiye da 100 sau. Saboda wannan ya ya iya la'akari da dukan abubuwan dake kewaye.

Ya samu cewa suna rayuwa kwayoyin. Cikakken da kuma taƙaitaccen tarihin ci gaban ilimin fara daidai da sakamakon Leeuwenhoek bincike. Ya ba zai iya tabbatar da jarrabawa game da Sanadin cututtuka, amma m ayyuka na likitoci tun daga kwanakin tsufa tabbatar su. Dokokin na Indiyawan hada da m matakan. An sani cewa musamman magani bada kayansa da kuma gidajen marasa lafiya.

A 1771, wani soja likita a Moscow karo na farko da ke sa abubuwa disinfection marasa lafiya da annoba da kuma vaccinates mutanen da suke a lamba tare da yan dako da cutar. Topics a Ilimin halittu kanana bambanta. The mafi ban sha'awa shi ne wanda ya bayyana cikin halittar smallpox alurar riga kafi. An dade an yi amfani da Farisa, Turks da Sin. Attenuated kwayoyin da aka allura a cikin jikin mutum, domin an yi tunanin cewa wannan cuta ne sauki.

Edvard Dzhenner (wani Turanci likita) ya ce cewa, mafi yawan mutanen da suka ba da smallpox, kada zama kamuwa ta hanyar kusa lamba tare da yan dako da cutar. Mafi sau da yawa shi ne lura a milkmaids wanda aka kamuwa shanu a lokacin milking marasa lafiya da cowpox. binciken kiwon lafiya tsawon shekaru 10. A 1796, Jenner gabatar da jini na wani rashin lafiya saniya lafiya yaron. Bayan wani lokaci ya yi kokari domin qarfafa a shi da wani kwayoyin cutar da mutum. Kamar wancan ne aka halicci maganin ta abin da mutãne da warware daga cutar.

The taimako na cikin gida da masana kimiyya

Binciken a ilimin, sanya da masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ya yale mu mu fahimci yadda za mu jimre wa kusan duk wani cuta. A babbar gudunmawar ga ci gaban kimiyya sun yi cikin gida da masu bincike. A 1698, Peter na zama Mai ƙididdigewa Leeuwenhoek. Ya nuna masa microscope da kuma nuna wani yawan abubuwa a wani kara girman view.

A lokacin da samuwar ilimin matsayin kimiyya Lev Semenovich Tsenkovsky buga aikinsa, a cikin abin da ya dauki kwayoyin shuka kwayoyin. Ya kuma yi amfani da da hanyar da Pasteur zuwa kashe Anthrax.

A muhimmiyar rawa taka leda a ilimin Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Ya an dauki daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na kimiyya da kwayoyin. The masanin kimiyya ci gaba da ka'idar rigakafi. Ya tabbatar da cewa da yawa Kwayoyin na jiki zai iya hana kwayar kwayoyin. Da bincike zama tushen nazarin kumburi.

Ilimin, virology da immunology, da kuma magani da kanta a lokacin sa wani babban sha'awa kusan kowa da kowa. Mechnikov karatu jikin mutum da kuma kokarin fahimtar me ya sa ya ke samun mazan. The masanin kimiyya so a sami wata hanya da cewa zai tsawanta rayuwa. An yi imani da cewa mai guba abubuwa wanda aka kafa saboda m putrefactive kwayoyin da guba jikin mutum. A cewar Mechnikov, kana bukatar ka populate jikin lactic acid kwayoyin cewa hana spoilage. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa a cikin wannan hanya za a iya muhimmanci tsawanta rayuwa.

Mechnikov karatu mai yawa hatsari cututtuka kamar typhoid, da tarin fuka, cutar kwalara da sauransu. A 1886, ya halicci wani bacteriological tashar da kwayoyin makaranta a Odessa (Ukraine).

fasaha Ilimin halittu kanana

Fasaha Ilimin halittu kanana karatu kwayoyin da ake amfani da su haifar da bitamin, da wasu kwayoyi, da kuma girbi kayayyakin. Babban aiki na wannan kimiyya ne intensification na fasaha matakai a samar da (mafi yawa abinci).
Development of fasaha ilimin gwani mayar da hankali akan bukatar tsaurara yarda da duk kiwon lafiya nagartacce a wuraren aiki. Bayan nazarin wannan kimiyya, yana yiwuwa su hana lalacewar samfur. A batu mafi sau da yawa duba cikin makomar masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci kwararru.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky

Dalili ga halittar wasu sciences zama ilimin. A tarihin kimiyya ya fara tun kafin ta jama'a fitarwa. Virology aka kafa a cikin karni na 19th. Wannan kimiyya ba karatu duk da kwayoyin cuta, amma waɗanda suke kwayar. Its kafa ne Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky. A 1887, ya fara gudanar da bincike da taba cutar. Ya samu a cikin sel da waxannan cututtukan shuka crystalline inclusions. Saboda haka, shi ne ya bude da kuma wadanda ba kwayan pathogens neprotozoynoy yanayi cututtuka wanda aka baya mai suna ƙwayoyin cuta.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky buga da dama ayyukan game da siffofin na physiological matakai a cikin waxannan cututtukan shuke-shuke, kuma da sakamako na oxygen a kan giya fermentation a yisti.

A sakamakon su gudanar da bincike a kan waxannan cututtukan shuke-shuke Ivanovski gabatar a taron na Society of Naturalists. Dmitry I. rayayye karatu ƙasa ilimin.

litattafan

Ilimin - a kimiyya da cewa ba za a iya koya a cikin 'yan kwanaki. Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban da magani. Books a kan ilimin yarda da kanka a gano wannan kimiyya. A cikin wannan labarin za ka iya samun mafi m.

• "Thermophilic microorganisms" (2011) - a littafin da ya bayyana cikin rãyuwar kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa a high yanayin zafi. Sun zama a babban zurfin, inda zafin zo daga magma. Littafin ya ƙunshi articles na daban-daban masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin Rasha Federation.
• "Three rayuwar babban microbiologist shirin gaskiya labarin game da Sergee Nikolaeviche Vinogradskom." - wani littafi game da mafĩfita masana kimiyya wanda marubucin cafe Aleksandrovich Zavarzin. Ta rubuta Blogs Vinogradski. Masana kimiyya a dama manyan yankunan da ilimin da aka dage farawa (da ake dasu, gona, chemosynthesis). A littafin zai kasance musamman da amfani ga nan gaba likitoci da kawai m mutane.
• "Janar Ilimin halittu kanana", rubuta by Hans Schlegel - wannan edition, wanda zai ba da damar don matsahi na saba da ban mamaki duniyar kwayoyin. Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa Hans Schlegel - duniya-sanannen Jamus microbiologist wanda yake da rai har yanzu. Edition yawa sau sabunta. An yi imani da cewa wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi kyau littattafai a kan ilimin. Ta takaice ya bayyana tsarin da kuma aiwatar da rayuwa da kuma ci gaban da kwayoyin. A littafin ne sauki ya karanta. Shi ba shi da yawa bayani.
• "Germs ne mai kyau da kuma mummuna Our kiwon lafiya da kuma rayuwa a duniya." - ne mai zamani littafi da aka rubuta ta hanyar Dzhessikoy Saks kuma aka buga a bara. Bayan inganta yanayin tsafta da fitowan da kwayoyin rayuwa Hasashen for maza ya karu ma. Littafin yana kishin da ya faru na rigakafi da cututtuka waxanda ake dangantawa da matsanancin damuwa game da dubagari.
• "Duba abin da ka yi cikin" - wani littafi da Rob Knight. Sai aka buga a bara. A littafin yayi Magana game da microbes cewa rayuwa a sassa daban daban na jikin mu. Marubucin bayar da hujjar cewa micro-kwayoyin wasa a mafi muhimmiyar rawa fiye da mu yi tunani kafin.

The latest fasahar

Ilimin - shi ne tushen da na'urorin fasahar zamani. Duniya na kwayoyin cuta ba a karatu har zuwa karshen. Masana kimiyya da dama ba shakka cewa, godiya ga micro-kwayoyin iya ƙirƙirar irinta fasaha. Fasahar binciken halittu za su bauta a matsayin dalilin su.

A ci gaba da mai da kwal da kwayoyin amfani. Shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa burbushin habaka suna zuwa ga ƙarshe, duk da cewa Adam ne ta amfani da shi a game da shekaru 200. A cikin hali na sha daga cikin masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar yin amfani da microbiological hanyoyin domin samar da alcohols daga sabunta albarkatu.
Fasahar binciken halittu ta iya jimre da biyu da muhalli da kuma samar da makamashi da matsaloli tare da. Abin mamaki, microbiological aiki na Organic sharar gida irin ba ka damar ba kawai tsabtace muhalli, amma kuma ya samu biogas, wanda a wani hanya mafi ƙaranci daga gare halitta. Irin wannan hanyar samar da wani man fetur ba ya bukatar karin halin kaka. Ko a yau, a cikin yanayi akwai wani isasshen adadin kayan da za a sarrafa. Alal misali, a cikin Amurka kadai shi game da miliyan 1.5 tons. Duk da haka, a halin yanzu ba da tunanin fitar Hanyar sharar gida daga reprocessing.

Summing up

Ilimin yana da wani muhimmin wuri a cikin rayuwar 'yan adam. Tare da wannan kimiyya, likitoci koyi ga magance rai-barazanar cututtuka. Ilimin shi ma dalilin da ci gaban alurar. Akwai sun kasance yawa mai girma malaman da suka yi da gudummawar da wannan kimiyya. Tare da wasu daga cikinsu za ku sami sani a cikin wannan labarin. Masana kimiyya da dama da suke zaune a cikin lokaci, shi ne ya yi ĩmãni da cewa a nan gaba shi zai ba da damar ilimin da yawa tare da da yawa muhalli da kuma samar da makamashi matsalolin da suka taso a nan gaba.