Birane na duniya. Megacities

A ci gaba da birane yawan ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci halaye na zamani zamanin. The most birane na duniya har kwanan nan housed gabaɗaya a cikin Turai yankin da kuma tsohon wayewar na Asia - China, India da kuma Japan.

Biyu ƙarni na urbanization: 1800-2000

Har da XVIII karni, babu birni bai isa bakin ƙofar miliyan daya mazaunan, tare da togiya Roma a zamanin da: a lokacin koli na yawan al'ummarta kidaya mutane miliyan 1.3. A 1800 akwai daya kawai gari tare da mutane fiye da miliyan 1 - Beijing, kuma a shekarar 1900, sun zama 15. The tebur ya bada jerin sunayen goma most birane a duniya a 1800, 1900 da kuma 2000 da daidai yawan kimomi.

Rating 1800 nuna alƙaluma da matsayi. Daga cikin goma mafi yawan birane huɗu mãsu Sin (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou da kuma Suzhou).

Bayan wani lokaci na rudanin siyasa a lokacin daular Qing, kasar Sin ta samu, wata mudda ta zaman lafiya alƙaluma da fadada. A 1800, Beijing ya zama na farko birni bayan Roma (a ganiya na Roman Empire), wanda yawan wuce mutane miliyan 1. Sa'an nan, ya lamba daya a duniya. Konstantinoful shi ma a ƙi. Sa'an nan kuma akwai London da Paris (na biyu da na biyar, bi da bi). Amma a duniya martaba ya gani birane Japan hadisin tun da Edo (Tokyo) yana farawa XIX karni rabin miliyan mutane, kusa da Paris yawan, da kuma Osaka ne a saman goma.

Yunƙurin da Fall na Turai

A shekarar 1900, cikin girma da al'adun Turai ya zama na fili. A manyan birane na duniya (9 na 10) mallakar yammacin duniya a garesu na Atlantic (Turai da Amurka). A hudu mafi girma a Metropolitan yankuna a kasar Sin (Beijing, Canton, Hangzhou, Suzhou) ya bace daga jerin, ta haka gaskatãwa karkatar Sin daular. Wani misali na komawa da baya ya zama Konstantinoful. Conversely, birane kamar London ko Paris, girma cikin sauri: tsakanin 1800 da kuma 1900 da yawan jama'ar ya karu da 7-8 sau. Greater London kunshi 6.5 miliyan mazaunan, wanda wuce yawan mazaunan ƙasashe irin su Sweden ko Netherlands.

A ci gaba da Berlin ko New York ya fi ban sha'awa. . A 1800, New York, da ta 63 dubu mazaunan da ba babban birnin kasar size, da kuma wani karamin gari. Daya bayan shekara ɗari, da yawan jama'ar da ya wuce miliyan 4. Na 10 birane a duniya, daya ne kawai-Tokyo - shi ne a waje da ikon yinsa, daga Turai shiri.

A halin da ake ciki alƙaluma a farkon karni na XXI

By karshen karni na ashirin da manyan biranen duniya da wani yawan miliyan 20 mazaunan kowane. Tokyo har yanzu fadada zuwa irin wannan har da birnin ya zama mafi gigantic agglomeration a duniya, tare da yawan jama'a na 5 da mutane miliyan wuce yawan New York. Sam New York, wanda ya dade da aka gudanar saman tabo, shi ne a halin yanzu a karo na biyar da adadin mazauna ne game da 24 da mutane miliyan.

Duk da yake a shekarar 1900 cikin goma most birane agglomerations daya kawai yake a bayan Turai Sphere, yanzu halin da ake ciki ne gaba daya kishiyar, tun babu wani daga cikin goma mafi populated megalopolis ba ya kasance a cikin al'adun Turai. The goma manyan biranen suna located in Asia (Tokyo, Shanghai, Jakarta, Seoul, Guangzhou, Beijing, birnin Shenzhen da kuma New Delhi), Latin America (Mexico) da kuma Afirka (Lagos). Alal misali, a Buenos Aires, wanda shi ne har yanzu a farkon na XIX karni shi ne wani kauye, ya tafi zuwa ga 6 ga watan wuri tare da duka yawan miliyan 11 mutane a 1998.

A fashewar girma gani a Seoul, inda yawan mazauna a cikin past rabin karni da ya karu da sau 10. Yankin Saharar Afrika na da wani birane hadisin da yake kawai a farkon sosai da wannan tsari, amma akwai riga wani Multi-miliyan birnin Lagos na da yawan jama'a na 21 da mutane miliyan.

Game da 2.8 biliyan birane mazauna a 2000

A shekarar 1900 ne kawai 10% na earthlings zauna a garuruwansu. A 1950 da suka kasance riga 29%, da kuma ta 2000 - 47%. A birane yawan na duniya ya ƙara muhimmanci: daga miliyan 160 a shekarar 1900 zuwa 735 miliyan a 1950 to 2.8 biliyan a 2000

Urban girma ne a duniya sabon abu. A Afirka, da girman wasu ƙauyuka ninkininki kowane shekaru goma da cewa shi ne sakamakon da m girma a yawan mazaunan da m yankunan karkara ƙaura. A 1950, kusan kowace kasa, a yankin Yammacin Saharar Afrika, da rabo daga cikin birane yawan kuwa yana ƙasa da 25%. A shekarar 1985, wannan halin da ake ciki da aka adana kawai a na uku na kasashen, da kuma a cikin 7 kasashen da yawan 'yan asalin rinjaye.

Town da Country

A Latin America, a daya hannun, urbanization fara wani dogon lokaci da suka wuce. Yana kai da ganiya a farkon rabin na XX karni. A birane yawan ne har yanzu a cikin 'yan tsirarun, kawai sosai' yan matalautan kasashe a Amurka ta tsakiya da kuma Caribbean (Guatemala, Honduras, Haiti). A cikin mafi densely lugar kasashen da yawan birane yawan yayi dace da waɗanda suke a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba na West (75%).

A halin da ake ciki a Asiya ne matuƙa, daban-daban. A Pakistan, misali, 2/3 na yawan ne da suke zaune a yankunan karkara. India, China da Indonesia - 3/4. a Bangladesh - fiye da 4/5. Mazauna kauyukan sun fi mayar da mamaye. Mafiya yawa na mutane har yanzu rayuwa a yankunan karkara. A taro na birane yawan yana da iyaka ga 'yan yankunan gabas ta tsakiya da kuma masana'antu yankuna na gabashin Asiya (Japan, Taiwan, Korea). Da alama cewa, babban yankunan karkara yawan yawa takaita rufi da kuma game da shi ya hana wuce kima urbanization.

Ana zargin megacities

Urban mazauna ne a hankali kuma da mayar da hankali a gigantic agglomerations. A shekarar 1900, yawan birane da alƙarya kan mutane miliyan 1 da aka daidaita 17. Kusan dukkan su sun located a cikin al'adun Turai - mafi a Turai (London, Paris, Berlin), a Rasha (St. Petersburg, Moscow) ko a North American reshe (New NY, Chicago, Philadelphia). The kawai ware su ne 'yan birane da dogon tarihi na siyasa da kuma masana'antu cibiyoyin na kasar da wani babban yawan yawa: Tokyo, Beijing, Calcutta.

Rabin karni daga baya, a 1950, da birane wuri mai faɗi da ya canza bayyananne. The most birane na duniya har yanzu mallakar Turai Sphere, amma Tokyo ya tashi daga 7th ga 4th wuri. Kuma mafi kaifin alama ce karkatar da West ne fall na Paris daga 3rd zuwa 6th wuri (tsakanin Shanghai da kuma Buenos Aires), kazalika da London tare da jagorancin matsayi a shekarar 1900 zuwa lamba 11 a shekarar 1990.

A birnin da slums na Duniya ta Uku

A Latin Amurka da ma fi a Afirka, inda kula da duniya ta fara ba zato ba tsammani, biranen su ne musamman zurfin rikicin. Da taki na ci gaba a biyu zuwa uku sau wanzuwa cikin kudi na yawan girma. urbanization gudun ne a yanzu an m factor: hanzari da fasaha ci gaba da kuma duniya iyakance m don ƙirƙirar isasshen sabon jobs, yayin da makarantu da kuma jami'o'i a kowace shekara wadata a kan aiki kasuwa, miliyoyin sabon digiri. Rayuwa a cikin hedkwatarsu da irin wannan shi ne fraught tare da takaicin da cewa ciyar rikicin siyasa.

Daga cikin 33 agglomerations tare da fiye da miliyan 5 mutane a shekarar 1990, 22 sun fito ne daga kasashe masu tasowa. A birnin matalautan kasashe ayan zama mafi girma a duniya. Su wuce kima da kuma anarchic girma entails matsaloli irin birane kamar yadda ilimin slums kuma ina farin ciki, kayayyakin more rayuwa obalodi da kuma ƙarin tsanani na zamantakewa mũnãnan ayyuka, kamar rashin aikin yi, yin laifi, da rashin tsaro, miyagun ƙwayoyi zagi da sauransu. D.

Yaduwar megacities: Past da Future

Daya daga cikin mafi burgewa na ci gaba ne da samuwar birane, musamman a} asashen dake tasowa. A cewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya definition, shi ne ƙauyuka da a kalla miliyan 8 mazaunan. A ci gaba da manyan birane Tsarin shi ne wani sabon sabon abu da ya faru a cikin past rabin karni. A 1950, kawai birane biyu (New York da London) sun kasance a cikin wannan rukunin. By 1990, da birane na duniya hada 11 ƙauyuka: 3 aka located in Latin America (Sao Paulo, Buenos Aires, kuma Rio de Janeiro), 2, a Arewacin Amirka (New York da kuma Los Angeles), 2 - a Turai (London da Paris), da kuma 4 - a Asiya (Tokyo, Shanghai, Osaka, kuma Beijing). A shekarar 1995, 16 daga cikin 22 Mega-birane ne a} asashen dake tasowa (12 a Asiya, 4 a Latin America da kuma 2 a Afirka - Alkahira da kuma Lagos). By 2015, yawan karu zuwa 42. Daga cikin su, 34 (watau 81%) suna located in undeveloped kasashen da kawai 8 - raya. Birane na duniya a cikin mafi yawan (27 daga 42, lissafin kudi don game da kashi biyu cikin uku) da ake samu a nahiyar Asiya.

Mika wuyansu da manyan kasashe a cikin yawan biranen-miliyoyi ne kasar Sin (101), Indiya (57) da kuma cikin Amurka (44).

Yau, Turai ta most hedkwatarsu - Moscow, wanda ya dauki 15th wuri da 16 da mutane miliyan. An bi ta Paris (29 th wuri tare da 10.9 miliyan) kuma London (32th tare 10.2 miliyan). A definition of "hedkwatarsu" Moscow samu a karshen cikin XIX karni, a lokacin da ƙidaya 1897 rubuce da mutane miliyan 1 townspeople.

'Yan takara na Mega-birane

Mutane da yawa agglomerates zarar haye takwas milyan shãmaki. Daga cikin su -. Hong Kong City, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Chongqing, Taipei-Taoyuan, da dai sauransu A Amurka, 'yan takarar da nisa a baya cikin sharuddan yawan. Yana agglomerates da Dallas / Fort Worth (6.2 da miliyan), San Francisco / San Jose (5.9 miliyan), 5.8 miliyan Houston, birnin Miami, Philadelphia.

Total milestone na 8 da miliyan haka nisa shawo kawai 3 American birane - New York, Los Angeles da kuma Chicago. A karo na hudu mafi girma a yawan jama'a a Amurka da kuma na farko a Texas ne Houston. A birni ne located a kan 64 wuri na cikin jerin daga cikin mafi girma a ƙauyuka a duniya. Al'amurra a Amurka da kuma ci gaban shi ne har yanzu in mun gwada kananan conurbations. Misalan irin abokai ne Atlanta, Minneapolis, Seattle, Phoenix, kuma Denver.

Dũkiya da Talauci

Meaning of wuce-wuri urbanization dabam daga nahiyar zuwa nahiyar da kuma daga wata qasa zuwa wata. Abu mai muhimmanci daban-daban alƙaluma profile, da yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki, irin na mahalli, ingancin kayayyakin more rayuwa, girma, tarihi na tabbatar da shi. Alal misali, a biranen Afirka, babu wani da, ba zato sai suka zama malale, lokacin da m da ci gaba da ambaliya na kauyukan yawon ci-rani (kagaggun manoma), kazalika da fa] a] saboda high halitta karuwa. Su girma kudi ne game da sau biyu, duniya talakawan.

A East Asia, inda yawan yawa ne musamman high, wata babbar conurbation, wanda wani lokacin rufe wani sosai babban yankin da ya hada da wani cibiyar sadarwa na makwabtaka da kauyuka, shi ne saboda inganta tattalin arziki yanayi.

A kan India megacities kamar Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Dhaka da Karachi, ayan fadada a kudi da matalauta a yankunan karkara, kazalika da} arfin haihuwa. A Latin Amurka, da hoton ne da ɗan daban-daban: urbanization ya faru a nan da yawa a baya, kuma ta ragae tun 1980. muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan sokewa alama sun taka tsarin gyara manufofin.