Protein-enzyme: rawar da kaddarorin, da aikin gina jiki enzymes a cikin jiki

A kowane mai rai cell akwai wani sa na sinadaran halayen. Enzymes (enzymes) - sunadaran da takamaiman da matukar muhimmanci a jiki. Su kira biocatalysts. Babban aiki na enzymes a cikin jiki ne don hanzarta biochemical halayen. A lokacin da na fara kayan, wanda aka catalyzed da hulda da wadannan kwayoyin ake kira substrates, da kuma karshe fili - kayayyakin.

A yanayi, enzymes ne sunadaran aiki ne kawai a tsarin halitta. Amma a zamani fasahar binciken halittu, asibiti ganowa, pharmaceutics da magani amfani tsarkake enzymes ko su gidaje, kazalika da ƙarin aka gyara zama dole ga aiki da tsarin da kuma data gani ga bincike.

A akanta da kaddarorin enzymes

Ba tare da wadannan kwayoyin da suke zaune kwayoyin iya ba aiki. All rayuwa matakai suna aiki daidaituwa godiya ga enzymes. Babban aiki na gina jiki enzymes a cikin jiki - da tsari na metabolism. Ba tare da su, shi ba zai iya zama al'ada metabolism. Regulation da aiki na kwayoyin faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar activators (inducers) ko hanawa. Control aiki a bangarori daban-daban na gina jiki kira. Ya kuma "aiki" a game da gama kwayoyin.

Babban Properties na gina jiki enzymes - bayani dalla-dalla ga mai musamman substrate. Kuma, daidai da, da ikon tsara kadai daya ko kasa a jerin halayen. Yawanci, wadannan matakai ne reversible. Domin kwaikwayon na da sassan ayyukan biyu alhakin daya enzyme. Amma dai ba duka.

Rawar da enzymes yana da muhimmanci. Ba tare da su, ba biochemical halayen faru. By da mataki na enzymes, reagents shi ne mai yiwuwa a shawo kan kunnawa shamaki ba tare da gagarumin kashe kudi da makamashi. A cikin jiki, babu wani yiwuwar don zafi da zazzabi kan 100 ° C, ko yin amfani da sinadaran m mahadi kamar Lab. Protein-enzyme ta ɗaure zuwa substrate. A daure a jihar da aka modified, bi da saki da karshen. Wannan shi ne saboda duk da catalysts an yi amfani da sinadaran kira.

Abin da matakan da kungiyar na kwayoyin-enzyme gina jiki?

Yawanci, wadannan kwayoyin da manyan (globule) ko quaternary (dama juna globules) furotin tsarin. Na farko, su ake hada a mikakke fashion. Kuma sa'an nan kuma ninka a cikin so tsarin. Don a tabbatar da ayyuka na biocatalyst bukatar wani tsari.

Enzymes kazalika da sauran sunadaran an halaka su da dumama, matsananci dabi'u na PH, m sinadaran mahadi.

Ƙarin Properties na enzymes

Daga cikin wadannan siffofin ne da wadannan aka gyara:

1. Stereospecificity - da samuwar daya kawai samfurin.
2. Regioselectivity - karya da sinadaran bond ko kungiyar gyara a daya kawai matsayi.
3. Chemoselectivity - catalysis daya kawai dauki.

aiki musamman

A matakin na enzyme bayani dalla-dalla dabam. Duk da haka, wani enzyme ko da yaushe aiki a kan wani musamman substrate ko rukuni na mahadi kama a tsarin. Non-proteinaceous catalysts ba nuna wannan dukiya. Bayani dalla-dalla auna nauyin m (mol / l), wanda zai iya zama har zuwa 10 ^-10 mol / l. Aiki aiki enzyme gaggãwar. Daya kwayoyin catalyzes da dubban-miliyoyin umarnin da na biyu. A mataki na hanzari da biochemical halayen muhimmanci (1000-100,000 sau) mafi ɗaukaka a cikin al'ada catalysts.

A mataki na enzymes da aka gina a kan da dama sunadaran. A sauki hulda faruwa a tare da daya kwayoyin na substrate, bi da samuwar samfurin. Mai enzymes iya daura 2-3 daban-daban kwayoyin amsa. Alal misali, da canja wurin zarra ko kungiya daga daya fili zuwa wani, ko wata biyu canzawa a kan wani "ping tebur". A cikin wadannan halayen yawanci tana haɗi daya substrate, da kuma na biyu aikin kungiyar tana da alaka da enzyme.

A nazarin da enzyme inji na mataki faruwa a cikin wani iri:

1. Kayyade tsaka-tsaki da kuma karshe kayayyakin.
2. Nazarin da tsarin da kuma lissafi na aikin kungiyoyin ta ɗaure da substrate da kuma samar da wani babban dauki kudi.
3. Maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittu na enzyme da kuma tabbatar da dalilin da canje-canje a cikin kira da kuma aiki.

Active da kuma dauri site

Substrate kwayoyin yawa fiye da karami da gina jiki shi ne wani enzyme. Saboda haka, nauyin ne saboda wani karamin yawan aikin kungiyoyin na biocatalyst. Su samar da aiki site, kunsha na wani takamaiman sa na amino acid. A hadaddun sunadarai a cikin tsarin da} afar roba kungiyar ba nonprotein yanayi, wanda zai iya zama wani bangare na aiki cibiyar.

Ya kamata ware wani raba rukuni na enzymes. Suna da, a cikin kwayoyin hada da coenzyme har abada dauri kwayoyin da suke kebe daga shi. Kafa cikakken furotin enzyme kira holoenzyme, da kuma lokacin da cire wani cofactor - apoenzyme. Kamar yadda coenzymes sau da yawa aiki bitamin, da karafa, Kalam na nitrogenous sansanonin (nad - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, fad - flavin adenine dinucleotide, FMN - flavin mononucleotide).

Nauyin site bayar da wani takamaiman dangantaka da substrate. Saboda shi kafa wani barga substrate-enzyme hadaddun. Globule tsarin gina don haka kamar yadda ya zama a kan surface na alkuki (tsaguwa ko sako) daga wani size wanda ya samar da nauyin da substrate. Wannan zone ne yawanci dake kusa da aiki site. Ga wasu enzymes, akwai yankunan haɗawa tare da cofactors ko karfe ions.

ƙarshe

Protein-enzyme taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin jiki. Irin wannan abubuwa tsara sinadaran halayen ke da alhakin metabolism - metabolism. A wani Rayayyen tantanin halitta na kullum auku daruruwan biochemical matakai shafe rage halayen, tsakiyan nonon da kuma kira na da mahadi. Ci gaba da hadawan abu da iskar shaka na abubuwa da manyan saki da makamashi. Ta, bi da bi, da aka kashe a kan samuwar carbohydrates, sunadarai, fats, kuma su gidaje. A tsakiyan nonon kayayyakin ne tsarin abubuwa da ake bukata domin kira na gudanar da mahadi.