Beta-lactam maganin rigakafi: inji na aikin da rarrabuwa

Maganin rigakafi - wani rukuni na kwayoyi da Etiotropic inji na mataki. A wasu kalmomin, wadannan kwayoyi aiki kai tsaye a kan hanyar da cutar (a cikin wannan harka, da kananan kwayoyin ne causative wakili), kuma suka aikata haka a hanyoyi biyu: halaka microbes (microbicides - penicillins, cephalosporins) ko hana su haifuwa (bacteriostatic - tetracyclines, sulfonamides).

Akwai babbar adadin kwayoyi ne maganin rigakafi, amma mafi m ƙungiya daga gare su - da wannan ne a beta-lactams. Shi ne game da su, kuma za a tattauna a wannan labarin.

Nau'in maganin rigakafi

A kan hanyar mataki na wadannan kwayoyi ya kasu kashi shida babban kungiyoyin:

1. Maganin rigakafi cewa hana kira na jikin tantanin aka gyara: penicillins, cephalosporins, da sauransu.
2. Magunguna da cewa hana al'ada aiki na cell bango: polyenes polymyxins.
3. Kwayoyi da cewa hana gina jiki kira: macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, da sauransu.
4. Mai hanawa RNA kira a mataki mataki na RNA polymerase: rifamycins, sulphonamides.
5. Mai hanawa RNA kira a mataki mataki na DNA polymerase: actinomycins et al.
6. DNA kira blockers: anthracyclines, nitrofurans da sauransu.

Duk da haka, wannan rarrabuwa ba sosai dace. A asibiti yi, sanya wadannan rabo daga antimicrobials:

1. Penicillins.
2. Cephalosporins.
3. Macrolides.
4. Aminoglycosides.
5. Polymyxin da polyenes.
6. Tetracyclines.
7. Sulfonamides.
8. Aminohinolonov Kalam.
9. Nitrofurans.
10. Fluoroquinolones.

Beta-lactam maganin rigakafi. Tsarin da kuma tsarin ba da aikin

Wannan kungiyar da kwayoyi tare da bactericidal sakamako da kuma isasshe m jerin alamomi don amfani. Beta-lactam maganin rigakafi hada penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams. Dukan su suna halin high dace da kuma gwada da low yawan guba, yin su cikin kwayoyi fi wajabta domin lura da yawa cututtuka.

Ginshikai na mataki na beta-lactam maganin rigakafi saboda su tsari. Da yawa daki-daki, a nan domin wani abu, yana da daraja ambata kawai game da mafi muhimmanci kashi, wanda ya ba da sunan ga dukan rukuni na kwayoyi. Kunshe a cikin kwayoyin na beta-lactam zobe da kuma samar da wani pronounced bactericidal sakamako, wanda aka bayyana da tarewa da kira na cell bango gyara na pathogen. Duk da haka, da yawa kwayoyin ne iya samar da wani musamman enzyme, wanda ya karya tsarin da zobe, sa'an nan ya tauye da kwayoyin ne da babban makami. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa yin amfani da kwayoyi a lura da ba da ciwon kariya da beta-lactamases, m.

Yanzu zama more kowa maganin rigakafi beta-lactam kungiyar, kare daga mataki na kwayan enzymes. Abun da ke ciki sun hada da abubuwa da toshe kira na beta-lactamase, kamar clavulanic acid. kare beta-lactam maganin rigakafi (kamar "Amoxiclav") halitta wannan hanya. Sauran hanawa na kwayan enzyme hada da "Sulbactam" da "tazobactam."

Magunguna daga cikin rukuni na penicillins: Historical Fage

Shirye-shirye a cikin wannan jerin kasance na farko da maganin rigakafi, da warkewa sakamako na wanda aka san su mutane. Na dogon lokaci da suka kasance sunã yi amfani da ko'ina domin lura da cututtuka daban-daban da kuma na farko da shekaru na aikace-aikace ne kusan da dama,. Duk da haka, shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa su tasiri ne a hankali fadowa, a matsayin ci gaba na duniya da kwayoyin cuta ba ya tsaya har yanzu. Micro-kwayoyin ne iya daidaita da sauri zuwa iri-iri na hadaddun yanayi na zama, bada Yunƙurin zuwa ga haske ƙarni na kwayoyin-resistant kwayoyin.

Yaduwar na penicillin kai ga m girma na ba-saukin kamuwa damuwa na microbes zuwa gare su, don haka a cikin m nau'i ne yanzu kwayoyi a cikin wannan kungiyar ne m, kuma ba su amfani da su. Suna mafi amfani a hade tare da abubuwa da bunkasa su bactericidal sakamako, da kuma inhibits kwayan m sunadaran.

shirye-shirye penicillin

Wannan shi ne wani beta-lactam maganin rigakafi, da rarrabuwa na wanda quite m:

1. The halitta penicillins (msl, "penicillin").
2. Anti-staphylococcal ( "Oxacillin").
3. Penicillins, Extended-bakan ( "Ampicillin" "Amoxicillin").
4. Pseudomonas ( "azlocillin").
5. Kare penicillins (a hade tare da clavulanic acid "sulbactam", "tazobactam").
6. Kwayoyi, ciki har da a cikin mambobin 'yan maganin rigakafi penicillin.

An bayyani na kwayoyi na ga penicillin kungiyar

The halitta penicillins iya samu nasarar kashe na ayyuka na biyu gram-tabbatacce kuma gram-korau kwayoyin. Na karshen, mafi mahimmanci ga wannan rukuni na beta-lactam maganin rigakafi Streptococcus da Sanadin meningitis. Sauran kwayoyin zuwa kwanan samu tsaro sunadaran. Halitta penicillins ne tasiri da anaerobes: Clostridium peptokokki, peptostreptokokkov da sauransu. Wadannan kwayoyi su ne kasa mai guba da kuma samun gwada da kananan yawan m effects, da jerin wanda aka rage, yafi ga rashin lafiyan halayen, ko da yake yawan abin sama mai yiwuwa ne da kuma ci gaban seizures, da kuma bayyanar cututtuka da guba da da gabobin na narkewa kamar tsarin.

Daga cikin anti-staphylococcal penicillins mafi girma darajar ne na beta-lactam kwayoyin kamar "Oxacillin". Wannan shiri domin kunkuntar aikace-aikace, tun da shi ne aka yi nufi yafi magance S. aureus. Shi ne da wannan pathogen (ciki har da penitsillinrezistentnyh damuwa) "Oxacillin" shi ne mafi inganci. Side effects ne kamar irin waɗanda na sauran membobin wannan kungiya na kwayoyi.

Penicillins, Extended-bakan baya daga wani gram-tabbatacce, gram-korau da anaerobic Flora ne ma aiki a kan causative jamiái na hanji cututtuka. Side effects bai bambanta daga sama, ko da yake wadannan kwayoyi ne halin da dan kadan mafi girma Yiwuwar cuta na narkewa kamar tsarin.

Beta-lactam kwayoyin "azlocillin" (a wakilin na huɗu kungiyar na penicillins) an tsara don magance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Duk da haka, a cikin lokacin da pathogen saukar da juriya zuwa kwayoyi a cikin wannan jerin, abin da ya sa su yi amfani da shi ne ba don haka tasiri.

Game da kariya penicillins da aka ambata a sama. Saboda gaskiya cewa wadannan kwayoyi hada a abun da ke ciki abubuwa da hana beta-lactamase samar da kwayoyin cuta, su ne mafi tasiri domin lura da yawa cututtuka.

A karshe kungiyar - shi ne mai hade da dama wakilan penicillin, yardatayya reinforcing juna ta mataki.

Hudu zamaninsu daga kwayoyin mayakan

Beta-lactam maganin rigakafi da kuma cephalosporins ne. Wadannan kwayoyi, kamar penicillin, Excel a su fadi bakan na mataki da m illa.

Akwai hudu kungiyoyin (ƙarni) cephalosporins:

1. A mafi fice wakilan ƙarni na farko - "Cefazolin" da "Cephalexin". Suna da farko tsara don yaƙar staphylococci, streptococci, meningococci da gonococci, kazalika da wasu gram-korau kwayoyin.
2. The biyu ƙarni - shi ne "Cefuroxime" beta-lactam kwayoyin. Ya yanki da alhakin hada da yafi gram-korau kwayoyin.
3. "Cefotaxime", "Ceftazidime" - wakilan da na uku kungiyar na rarrabuwa. Su ne sosai tasiri da enterobacteria kuma iya halakar da Flora na nosocomial (asibiti damuwa kwayoyin).
4. tsara ta huɗu daga cikin manyan samfurin - "Cefepime." Yana da dukan abũbuwan amfãni daga sama kwayoyi, haka ma, shi ne musamman barga to beta-lactamases kwayoyin kuma yana da wani aiki da Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Cephalosporins da beta-lactam maganin rigakafi a matsayin dukan halin da pronounced bactericidal sakamako.

Saboda m halayen ga gwamnati da kwayoyi mafi hankali cancanci data bambancin rashin lafiyan halayen (kurji daga qananan zuwa rayuwa-barazanar, kamar anaphylactic buga), a wasu lokuta da cuta na narkewa kamar gabobin.

ajiye kudi

"Imipenem" - a beta-lactam kwayoyin na ga carbapenem kungiyar. Ya, kazalika da babu kasa shahara "Meropenem" yi tasiri a kan juriya da sauran kwayoyi a cikin microflora iya ba rashin daidaito har ma da na uku da kuma tsara ta huɗu cephalosporins.

Beta-lactam kwayoyin daga cikin rukuni na carbapenems - wani magani amfani da musamman mai tsanani lokuta, a lokacin da pathogens ba amenable don magani da sauran kwayoyi.

Goyon baya nufin yawan biyu

"Aztreonam" - mafi shahararren wakilin monobactams, shi ne halin da mai gwada kunkuntar bakan da aikin. Wannan beta-lactam kwayoyin ne mafi tasiri da gram-korau aerobic. Duk da haka, ya kamata a lura da cewa a matsayin "Imipenem" "Aztreonam" ma m zuwa beta-lactamases, abin da ya sa shi da miyagun ƙwayoyi da zabi ga m siffofin cututtuka jawo by wadannan pathogens, musamman a lokacin da magani gazawar da sauran maganin rigakafi.

Da bakan mataki na beta-lactam maganin rigakafi

A takaice, ya kamata a lura da cewa shirye-shirye daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi suna da wani tasiri a kan mai girma yawan jinsunan pathogens. Ginshikai na mataki na beta-lactam maganin rigakafi irin wannan cewa ya bar wani damar tsira microbes: cell bango kira kawancen - wani hukuncin kisa ga kwayoyin.

Gram-tabbatacce kuma gram-korau kwayoyin, aerobic da anaerobic ... All wadannan wakilan pathogenic Flora akwai wani tasiri sosai miyagun ƙwayoyi. Hakika, akwai tsakanin wadannan maganin rigakafi da kuma sosai na musamman kayan aikin, amma mafi yawansu ba su yãƙe da dama dauke da kwayar cutar jamiái. Beta-lactam maganin rigakafi ne iya yin tsayayya ko da wakilan nosocomial Flora, su ne mafi resistant don magani.

Mene ne asibiti damuwa?

Muna magana ne game micro-kwayoyin cewa wanzu a kiwon lafiya cibiyoyin. A kafofin of su bayyanar bauta wa marasa lafiya da kuma likita ma'aikatan. Musamman m boye, indolent siffofin cututtuka. Asibitin - cikakken wuri don tara duk yiwu dako cututtuka. A take hakkin tsafta dokoki da ka'idojin da suka shafi ne m asa ga wannan Flora ya sami wani alkuki don zama, inda ta iya rayuwa, irin kuma saya jure kwayoyi.

High juriya asibiti damuwa da farko saboda gaskiyar cewa, ta hanyar da mazauninsu asibitoci, kwayoyin cuta ne iya sadarwa tare da wani iri-iri na kwayoyi. Da sauƙi, sakamakon kwayoyi a kan kwayoyin faruwa kwatsam, ba tare da ya halakar da manufa, da kuma a cikin kananan allurai, da kuma wannan na taimaka wa da cewa wakilan asibiti microflora zai iya ci gaba da wani kariya da hallakaswa sunadaran don su koya su yi tsayayya da su. Kuma damuwa bayyana fafitikar da cewa shi ne da wuya sosai, kuma wani lokacin shi alama cewa ba shi yiwuwa.

Beta-lactam maganin rigakafi a yawan hanya daya ko wani na kokarin warware wannan hadaddun matsalar. Daga cikin su akwai wakilan da za su iya quite nasarar magance ma mafi m zuwa kwayoyi kwayoyin. Wannan ajiye miyagun ƙwayoyi. Su yi amfani da yana da iyaka, kamar yadda suke nada kawai a lokacin da shi ne da gaske da ake bukata. Idan wadannan maganin rigakafi ana amfani unnecessarily sau da yawa, sa'an nan, mafi m, shi zai kawo karshen faduwar su tasiri, saboda sa'an nan da kwayoyin da damar da za hulɗa tare da kananan allurai da wadannan kwayoyi, yi nazarin su da kuma ci gaba hanyoyi na kariya.

Lokacin gudanar da beta-lactam maganin rigakafi?

Alamomi ga yin amfani da wannan kungiyar da kwayoyi saboda da farko don su bakan da aikin. Zai zama mafi kyau wajen nada beta-lactam kwayoyin a cikin kamuwa da cuta, wanda pathogen ne m zuwa mataki na miyagun ƙwayoyi.

Penicillins suna da kyau kafa a lura da pharyngitis, tonsillitis, ciwon huhu, da mulufi zazzabi, meningitis kwayan endocarditis, actinomycosis, anaerobic cututtuka, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, cututtuka na fata da kuma taushi da kyallen takarda. Kada ka manta game da kwayoyi da cewa zai iya yaƙi da Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Cephalosporins da irin wannan bakan da aiki, sabili da haka alamomi a gare su ne kusan iri daya a matsayin cewa ga penicillins. Duk da haka, ya kamata a ce abin da tasiri na cephalosporins, musamman na karshe biyu a zamaninsu, ba a misali a sama.

Monobactams da carbapenems aka tsara don magance mafi tsanani da kuma talauci daman cutar, ciki har da wadanda ya sa ta asibiti damuwa. Su ma tasiri a sepsis da kwamin na tara buga.

a ke so effects

Kamar yadda riga ya bayyana, da beta-lactam maganin rigakafi (kwayoyi na wannan kungiya aka jera a sama) suna bambanta da mun gwada da kananan yawan cutarwa effects ga jiki. Rare convulsions da kuma cututtuka na narkewa kamar cuta ba rai barazana. The gaske m iya zama mai tsanani rashin lafiyan dauki ga magani daga beta-lactam maganin rigakafi.

Rash, pruritus, rhinitis da conjunctivitis ba rai barazana, ko da yake sosai m. Abin da a zahiri ne da za a ji tsoron, domin shi ne irin wannan tsanani halayen kamar yadda angioedema (musamman a yankin na maƙogwaro, wanda yana tare da m dyspnea har rashin iyawa numfasawa) da kuma anaphylactic buga. Saboda haka, da miyagun ƙwayoyi za a iya gabatar da kawai bayan yin gwaje-gwaje don alerji.

Zai yiwu giciye-halayen. Beta-lactam maganin rigakafi, da rarrabuwa wanda yana nuna kasancewar wani babban yawan kungiyoyin da kwayoyi, da fasali mai kama da juna, wanda ke nufin cewa idan rashin hakuri na dabam wa daya daga cikinsu, kowa da kowa kuma za a gane ta cikin jiki a matsayin allergen.

A 'yan kalmomi game da abubuwan da kara juriyar kwayoyi

A hankali a hankali dakushe tasiri na antibacterial kwayoyi (ciki har da beta-lactam maganin rigakafi) saboda unreasonably m kuma sau da yawa ba daidai ba ga aikace-aikace. An bai cika hanya na lura, da yin amfani da kananan warkewa allurai ba moriya ga maida, amma hana kwayoyin wata damar "jirgin kasa", to ƙirƙira da kuma ci gaba da hanyoyin da kariya da kwayoyi. Saboda haka ne shi wani abin mamaki da cewa karshen zama m kan lokaci?

Ko da yake yanzu maganin rigakafi da kuma ba su saki daga Pharmacy ba tare da takardar sayen magani don samun su duk za ka iya. Wannan yana nufin cewa kai da kuma hade da matsaloli (ta amfani da dukkan lokaci guda miyagun ƙwayoyi, m katsewa na far, ba daidai ba sashi da sauransu.) Za zama, da samar da yanayi na namo miyagun ƙwayoyi-resistant damuwa.

Shi ne nan zauna kuma a-asibiti Flora, da ciwon da damar rayayye sadarwa tare da daban-daban da kwayoyi da kuma ƙirƙira sabon hanyoyin da za a rama su.

Abin da ya yi? Kada kai-medicate, don aiwatar da shawarwarin da halartar likita: dauki da magani domin idan dai da ake bukata, da kuma a dama allurai. Tare da nosocomial Flora yaqi, to, ba shakka, mafi wuya, amma har yanzu zai yiwu. A tightening na kiwon lafiya da kuma matsayin su tsananin aiwatar da zai rage da alama na samar da sharadi gwargwado domin kiwo na resistant Flora.

A 'yan kalmomi a ƙarshe

A sosai m topic - beta-lactam maganin rigakafi. Pharmacology (kimiyya na magunguna da kuma su da tasiri a kan kwayoyin) ya keɓe su surori da dama cewa sun hada da ba wai kawai wata sifofinsu da kungiyar, amma kuma dauke da bayanin irin fi sani daga cikin wakilan. Wannan labarin ba a yi nufin ya zama m, amma ƙoƙarin gabatar da karin bayanai, to san wanda daga wadannan magunguna zama dole.

Zauna lafiya kuma kada ka manta: kafin yin amfani da wannan ko da kwayoyin karanta wadannan umarnin a hankali da kuma tsananin bi shawarwari, ko mafi alhẽri yet, tuntubar wani gwani.