Bari mu magana game da yadda za a ƙayyade da irin hybridization

Bari mu magana game da yadda za a ƙayyade da irin hybridization, kazalika da la'akari da lissafi tsarin da kwayoyin.

A labarin da kalmar

A farkon karni na ashirin L. Polinglom ya gabatar da ka'idar lissafi na kwayoyin da covalent bond. A matsayin dalilin kafa dangane aka dauka zoba na electron girgije. A Hanyar zama da aka sani valence shaidu. Ta yaya domin sanin irin hybridization na kwayoyin halitta a mahadi? Author ka'idar samarwa la'akari da mix na matasan orbitals.

definition

Domin fahimtar yadda za a tantance irin hybridization a cikin mahadi, mun bayyana cewa wannan lokaci tana nufin.

Hybridization ne hadawa da lantarki orbitals. Wannan tsari yana tare da rarraba makamashi a su, canza su siffar. Dangane da nawa za a gauraye s- kuma p-orbitals, da irin hybridization za a iya bambanta. A gudanar da mahadi carbon iya zama a cikin wani jihar sp, SP2, sp3. Akwai kuma mafi hadaddun siffofin shafe, ban da SP, d-orbitals.

Dokokin don gano kwayoyin inorganics

Hybridization iya bayyana embodiment ga mahadi da covalent sinadaran bond da irin AWP. A - asali zarra, B - ligand, n - yawan biyu ko fiye. A irin wannan halin da ake ciki a hybridization zai shigar kawai valence orbitals na babban zarra.

Hanyar for kayyade

Za mu yi magana game da yadda za a ƙayyade da irin hybridization. A sinadaran fahimtar ajalin yakan haifar da makamashi canji siffofi da kuma orbitals. Akwai irin wannan tsari a cikin waɗannan lokuta inda electrons ana amfani wanda kasance a daban-daban na bond samuwar.

Don gane da yadda za a ƙayyade da irin hybridization, la'akari da methane kwayoyin. Wannan abu ne na farko memba na homologue jerin cikakken (iyaka) hydrocarbons. A sarari na CH4 kwayoyin ne tetrahedron. Single carbon zarra Forms hydrogen dangane kama da makamashi da kuma tsawon. Domin samar da irin wannan matasan girgije, akwai uku p es kuma daya electron.

Hudu girgije ne gauraye, kuma akwai huɗu da m (matasan) rubuta da ciwon sababbu siffar takwas. Mun kira wannan irin hybridization sp3. Duk da hydrocarbons a cikin abun da ke ciki wanda kawai sauki (guda) bond, shi ne halin da irin wannan hybridization na carbon zarra. Bond kwana ne 109 digiri 28 da minti.

Muna ci gaba da magana game da yadda za a ƙayyade da irin hybridization. Misalai na unsaturated hydrocarbon ethylene jerin bayar da wani ra'ayin na SP2-hybridization. Alal misali, a cikin wani ethylene kwayoyin na hudu valence electrons a cikin samuwar sinadaran shaidu da aka yi amfani da kawai uku. Sauran wadanda ba matasan p-electron da ke shiga cikin samuwar wani biyu bond.

Acetylene ne mafi sauki wakilin aji SpN2p-2. A peculiarity wannan aji na hydrocarbons ne kasancewar wani sau uku bond. Na hudu valence electrons na carbon zarra biyu kawai canza su siffar da makamashi, zama matasan. The biyu sauran electrons musharaka cikin samuwar biyu biyu shaidu, tabbatas da unsaturated yanayin wannan aji na Organic mahadi.

ƙarshe

Idan akai la'akari da tambaya game da covalent sinadaran bond kwayoyin da inorganic abubuwa, la'akari da hybridization na atomic orbitals. A wannan yanayin, akwai wani jeri na makamashi da kuma tsari. Electronic, dake kusa da tsakiya da zarra a ɗaure, halin da wani sa na orbitals cewa mallaka m jimla lambobi. Bayani game da irin hybridization ya sa ya yiwu don kimanta da sinadaran Properties daga cikin abu.