Babban hanyoyin da derivation. A zamani kalma samuwar

A ƙamus na kowane harshe ne kullum fadada tare da sabon lexical raka'a. Babban Hanyar ƙari ne derivation. Wannan tsari na da halaye da kuma iri daban-daban. Basic hanyoyin da kalmar samuwar ne musamman don kowane musamman harshe. Ya dogara da tsarin, halaye da kuma karfinsu na sassa na magana.

ra'ayi

A karkashin kalmar samuwar fahimta da bayyanar da sabon lexical abubuwa ta amfani da suffixes, kari kafin kalma, da kuma sauran dabaru. Mutumin wanda ya san yadda kalmar samuwar in harsuna, iya mafi sauri replenish su ƙamus, kazalika don karanta kuma fahimta phrases ba tare da ya yi amfani da kamus.

Akwai da dama sukayi fassara da hanyoyi na kalmar samuwar. Wasu masana ilimin harsuna amfani da su typology da diachronic Concepts synchrony, amma ya fi kowa daya ne da rarraba kan aiwatar ga morphemic da nemorfemny subspecies. Nau'in kuma ya dogara da yaren, inda kalmar samuwar. Tebur a kasa nuna halaye na aiwatar da Rasha harshe.

Kowane subtype na da fasali da kuma halaye.

Derivation amfani morpheme

Morphemic Hanyar ne halin da cewa da sabon kalmomi a cikin harshen bayyana ta hanyar amfani da data kasance lexical raka'a da kuma takamaiman affixes. Wannan irin na da babban hanyoyi na kalmar samuwar:

• Kari na baya baki.
• A laqani.
• Daban-daban haduwa prefixal, kari na baya baki da kuma Postaffixal iri.
• Bugu da kari.
• Raguwa.

Kowane wani zaɓi yana da jinsin halaye, fasali da kuma samuwar wasu sharudda.

irin kari na baya baki

Babban hanya ga derivation na Rasha harshen ne a aiwatar da suffixes. A wannan yanayin, sabon lexical abubuwa bayyana ta ƙara zuwa tushe na kalmar kari na baya baki derivational irin. Alal misali, biyar uchi, uchi Tel. Suffixation maida hankali ne akan kusan dukkanin sassan magana, amma ya fi kowa ne da kalmar samuwar sunaye, adverbs da kuma manufofi.

Wannan tsari yana tare da daban-daban morphemic gyare-gyare, wanda ya kasu kashi da dama sub-iri:

• Alternating morphemes: kowane - abokai (r-g).
• Truncation sa morpheme: high - Heights.
• Dalaye mahara morpheme: m - m.
• Change lafazi: kore - kore.

Wannan ba wani cikakken jerin canje-canje, wanda zai iya kai derivation. Suffixes shafi sauran morphemic halaye. Level canje-canje dangane da halaye na musamman harshe.

A laqani da irin

Idan wani sabon kalma an kafa ta ƙara zuwa tushe na Game da Consoles, muna magana ne game da aiwatar da kari kafin kalma. A bambanci ga kari na baya baki, prefix yawanci suranta sabon lexical raka'a a cikin wannan bangare na jawabin. Domin da Rasha harshen amfani da na gargajiya Hanyar ne derivation na fi'ili. Ga misali: ka dafa - dafa - shirya. rubuta - alamar - daina samun wasiku da dai sauransu.

Duk da fairly tartsatsi irin wannan, sau da yawa prefixing ake amfani a tare da sauran iri kalma samuwar. Popular sau da yawa, shi suffixes, postfiksatsiya da sauransu.

A hade da suffixes, kari kafin kalma da postfiksatsii

Modern kalma samuwar ne halin da na lokaci daya amfani da kalmomi tare da suffixes, kari kafin kalma, da kuma sauran irin wannan zabin, kazalika da daban-daban haduwa daga gare ta. A cikin Rasha da harshen bambanta tsakanin wadannan hanyoyin:

• Prefixal-kari na baya baki. A sabon kalma an kafa a lokaci guda da taimakon kari kafin kalma da suffixes. Alal misali, hanya - plantain. Iyakar - kasashen waje.
• Postaffixal. Ana zargin wani sabon kalma ta ƙara postfix: Xia, -or, wata rana, -So magana da dai sauransu. Alal misali, wani - kowa - da kowa ..
• Prefixal-Postaffixal. A wannan yanayin, wani sabon kalma an kafa ta prefix da postfix lokaci guda. Mafi sau da yawa, irin wani zaɓi ne ba a cikin wannan bangare na jawabin. Haka kuma, a cikin irin wannan hanya shi ne yiwu derivation na manufofi, sunaye, fi'ilai, da dai sauransu Alal misali, kira - yi kira .; barci - barci da sauransu.
• Suffixal Postaffixal. Maganar bayyana lokaci guda tare da kari na baya baki da kuma postfix. Alal misali, girman kai - fuss. taron - taron. Derivation da fi'ilai - kawai yankin a cikin Rasha harshen, wanda yana amfani da wannan hanya.
• Prefixal-kari na baya baki-Postaffixal. Wannan bambance-bambancen ne halin da samuwar sabuwar kalmomi ta hanyar amfani da duka biyu suffixes, kari kafin kalma da postfiksatsii. Alal misali, suna raɗa - mini raɗa. magana - talk.

Wadannan iri kalma samuwar ne sosai aiki ba kawai a Rasha, amma kuma a wasu harsuna.

Bugu da kari

Quite na kowa ga Rasha harshen ne gaban Bugu da kari a matsayin hanyar kalma samuwar. A wannan yanayin da sabon lexical naúrar bayyana a sakamakon hada biyu ko fiye da zabi kalmomi a yanki daya. Dangane da abin da kalmomi ake hada da wanda hanya, rarrabe da wadannan manyan hanyoyi na kalmar samuwar ta wajen Bugu da kari:

• Stem-. New lexical abubuwa bayyana bayan Bugu da kari na biyu ko fiye da kalmomi tare da yin amfani da interfiksa. A wannan yanayin shi ne na karshe manyan bangaren na hade. Alal misali, a hadu, da dai sauransu kullum.
• Bugu da kari na biyu ko fiye da kalmomi, da halin gaban gwaji daidaici. Alal misali, wani gado mai matasai gado, da firayin ministan kasar da sauransu.

Bugu da kari rayayye amfani a Rasha da kuma sauran harsuna, kuma shi ne mafi sau da yawa da alhakin derivation na sunaye da fi'ilai.

raguwa

A Hanyar kafa, wanda shi ne wani zane na sabuwar Alamu amfani splicing rabo wasu kalmomi, da ake kira raguwa. Dangane da hanyar da hade da siffofin amfani sassa na magana, akwai wadannan raguwa:

• Da farko. A wannan yanayin, sabon kalmomi fito fili ta hanyar amfani da mutum sauti ko haruffa. Haka kuma, na farko raguwa iya zama audible (msl, MAT, makaranta) ko Tsarin Harafi Bayan (msl, NLO, LPG et al.).
• Syllabary. Wannan irin shafi yin amfani da raba sassa daban-daban kalmomi (msl, sashen store, kungiyar kwadago et al.).
• Gauraye. Wannan irin ne mai hade da na farko na kansu daya lexical raka'a da sauran raka'a su ne cikakken (msl, albashi, jam'iyya, da dai sauransu).

Raguwa ne musamman dacewa a cikin zamani lexicography, saboda yanzu akwai a duniya Trend game da tabbatar da iyakar daidaici da conciseness na harshe.

Nemorfemnye iri kalma samuwar

Kamar yadda domin gina sababbin lexical raka'a ba tare da yin amfani da morpheme, to, akwai da wadannan manyan hanyoyi na kalmar samuwar:

• Lexical da syntactic.
• Morphological da syntactic.
• Lexical-na ginin jumla.

A irin haka ne, sabon kalmomi bayyana saboda gwamnatin rikon kwarya a daya bangare na jawabin zuwa wani, ko wani Fusion na dismemberment na lexical ma'anar kalmomin a kan mutum aka gyara.

Lexical da syntactic hanya

Wannan wani zaɓi ne ma ake magana a kai a matsayin coalescence, saboda sababbin kalmomi a cikin wannan hali suna kafa ta Fusion da wani magana. Wannan take kaiwa ga abin da aka canza ba kawai lexical ma'anar kalmar, amma kuma ta syntactic rawa. Alal misali, Evergreen - Evergreen: mahaukaci sauko - mahaukaci et al.

Mafi sau da yawa dogara lexical naúrar abubuwa a matsayin wani yar bab, kuma sau da yawa sosai ne wani Fusion na kalmar samuwar manufofi da kuma participles. Kamancin daga wadannan lexical raka'a su ne daban-daban a cikin abin da suke da wani lafazi kuma m ordering dukkan sassa.

Morphological da syntactic hanya

Wannan bambance-bambancen ne halin da samuwar sabuwar kalmomi ta hanyar sauya wani sashi na jawabin zuwa wani. Wadannan subtypes wannan hanyar:

• Substantivation. A miƙa mulki daga wani sashi na jawabin cikin wani suna. Alal misali, a manyan gwani da kuma rundunar show, mai raunin jirgin saman soja, kuma shiru da suka ji rauni.
• Adjectivization. Motsi sassa na jawabin siffa. Alal misali, a novice singer, da dai sauransu da aka rina tebur.
• Adverbializatsiya. Motsi mai suna a cikin wani yar bab. Alal misali, a kan wani hunturu safe - da safe ya zo.

Akwai ma wasu zaɓuɓɓuka saboda morphological da syntactic Hanyar. Kowane harshe yana da halaye, da karfinsu zabin da kuma rarrabe fasali.

Lexical-na ginin jumla Hanyar

A wannan yanayin, sabon lexical abubuwa bayyana bayan wani takamaiman kalma tsãgewar ƙwãyar karkashi darajar, da kuma samun karin. Alal misali, da tauraron dan adam - biyu a matsayin abokin da wani wani sarari suKe jiki; titanium - mai yanci giant kuma karfe da kuma da yawa wasu. Saboda haka, tsarin da harshen ƙamus dabam saboda bambancin da kalmar ilimin harsuna.

Domin derivation kamar yadda bukatar wani yanayi da kuma kama na biyu mamaki, ko abubuwa. Wannan sau da yawa bukatar quite lokaci mai tsawo.

Kalma samuwar in English

Gina sabon kalmomi a cikin harshen Turanci ne da za'ayi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. A bisa ga al'ada, masana ilimin harsuna rarrabe compounding kuma derivation a matsayin kalma samuwar in English. Tebur a kasa misalta wannan:

Amma ga compounding, to, wannan hanya ne halayyar da Rasha harshe. Hakazalika, a cikin harshen Turanci ake kafa kusan duk wani bangare na jawabin. Alal misali, don ci da ceto, budurwa, duhu-blue, wani et al. Derivation halin da samuwar wasu sauran lexical raka'a. Wannan za a iya cika ta mayar daya bangare na jawabin zuwa wani (amsar - amsa), canje-canje a cikin danniya sarari (rikici - to rikici), da sãɓãwar sauti (shawara - don shawara) ko affixation yin amfani da kari kafin kalma da suffixes. A hade da mika mulki - shi ne kafuwar, wanda yana da kalmar samuwar in English. Table shi nuna.

Babban hanyar fadada ƙamus - a derivation, wanda yana da nasa gani, kazalika da siffofin dangane sassa na magana. Kan aiwatar da samuwar sabuwar lexical raka'a bai tsaya a nan, kuma yana da rarrabe fasali a cikin harsuna daban-daban.