Aster iyali (Asteraceae): halaye, photos, da kuma wakilan

The tambaya zai zama daya daga cikin mafi girma iyalan tsakanin dicotyledons - Asteraceae (Asteraceae). Ba tare da noticing, mu fuskanci cikin wakilan kusan a kowace rana - a gida, a cikin kitchen, kuma a kan tituna. Flowers aster iyali ne watakila ya fi na kowa a cikin flower gadaje, da gõnaki, kuma shi ne wani ɓangare kitchen ba tare da sunflower man fetur.

Aster iyali: general halaye

The iyali ya hada da manya-manyan yawan haihuwar da, da wuya ya bayar da wani ainihin adadi, shi ne a cikin kewayon daga 1100 zuwa 1300, kuma fiye da 20,000 jinsunan Mafi yawa daga cikin shuke-shuke pollinated da kwari. A fannin rarraba ne fadi da isa, da wakilan wannan iyali da ake samu a duk yanayin zones: daga zafi da kuma gumi yammacin sahara da sanyi tundra, high daga duwãtsu, kuma a kan tekun na tekuna. Suna girma a kan m baki ƙasa a cikin hamada Sands. A manyan yawan jinsunan bayar Astrov m tattalin arziki aikace-aikace a cikin rayuwar mutum.

A rarrabe duk da shuke-shuke, wanda ya hada da iyali Asteraceae - wani hadadden Inflorescence - kwandon cewa kunshi yawa kananan da kuma inconspicuous furanni, amma tare da suke yin wani aiki ne mai ban sha'awa hoton.

A tsarin da flower

The sunan Inflorescence kamar yadda yayi magana don kansa: kwandon, to, akwai wasu iya aiki, wanda aka ko dai folded. Capacity - aka mika wa ƙarshen peduncle, shi yana iya zama lebur, convex ko concave. Kawai sama da shi, kuma akwai da yawa kananan furanni. Kuma a kusa da duk kewaye da daya ko fiye layuka na bracts. Duk da furanni na iyali ne zuwa kashi biyar iri:

• Tubular, sau da yawa androgynous da yawa kasa gay. Yana yana cikin siffar wani bututu wanda kara zuwa karshen ko yana da wani reshe.
• Lozhnoyazychkovye furanni - suna kafa ta jointing da uku petals kuma daidai da yawan hakora zubar a saman baki.
• Reed - corolla siffar yana da wani guntu tube wanda karkacewa daga farar wutã ne, Fused tare. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka yi biyar stamens da daya pistil.
• Funnelform - furanni asymmetrical siffar, genderless, kamar yadda dogon corolla tube ne karfi inganta a karshen (mazurari).
• Biyu-lipped furanni - corolla tube dogon isa, kuma shi ne tankwasa ta biyu shafuka (lebe). Iya zama guda-ko bisexual.

Idan muka dauki misali, wannan sunflower, dukan mu saba da gane shi a matsayin mai raba lush da kyau flower. Amma wannan shi ne cikakken daidai ba daga ra'ayi na o. Tun da a gaskiya shi ne wani Inflorescence, wanda ya ƙunshi fiye da 1,000 mutum kananan furanni (tubular), da kuma fadi da petals da haske orange ko yellow - sanda furanni. Abin mamaki hadaddun da m kungiyar, da yanayi na tunani to da karami daki-daki.

Wakilai daga cikin iyali da wadannan dabara flower:

* Ca _{(0, Fused)} Co ₍₅₎ A ₍₅₎ G _(2).

Shi ne hankula ga dukan iyali Asteraceae. Formula flower deciphered kamar haka: bisexual furanni da dama jirage na fasali, calyx, corolla na biyar petals, stamens 5, biyu pistil, kwai a kan su.

A tsarin da ganye da kuma tushen

A tsarin da ganye za a iya ce kawai a general sharuddan, kamar yadda shi ne quite wani babban rukuni na shuke-shuke bayar da daban-daban rayuwa siffofin. Sunflower tsaba, Burdock, sarƙaƙƙiya, asters da zinnias, Urushalima artichokes, itace siffar, Yarrow, gerberas da kuma wasu masu - duk da aster iyali. A sifofinsu ne cewa da tsari na ganye, yawanci na yau da kullum, amma na iya zama lokaci guda daga sãɓãni. The girma da kuma siffar bambanta a kan mai fadi da kewayon daga 'yan millimeters har zuwa 2-3 mita. Venation wakilan da iyali kagaggun pinnate. A ganye iya zama pubescent, da mataki na mai tsanani dabam, da yawa shuke-shuke da ƙayayuwa.

Tushen ne da raya da kuma mafiya yawa daga cikin shuke-shuke yana da wani jadadda tsarin (da-ɓullo da taproot da yawa paranasal). Alal misali, shi ne isa ya tuna da hankula wakilin iyali - Dandelion, tare da shi, shi da tushen tsarin saba wa da yawa. Kuma gyare-gyare za a iya thickened da reminiscent tuber, misali a Burdock.

Abin da 'ya'yan itatuwa ne da shuke-shuke aster iyali?

Asteraceae (Asteraceae) ne 'ya'yan achenes. Shi ne bushe, da iri ƙunshi daya. Pericarp da leathery lokacin da cikakke ne ba a karya. Tartsatsi ilimi a kan achene daban-daban hairs, tsinkaya na asali hooks, wanda a nuna taimakawa wajen yaduwar tsaba a cikin iska (Dandelion, masu ɗaci), tare da dabbobi ko mutane tufafin (jerin, Burdock).

Asteraceae Life fom

Rayuwa siffofin ake wakilta kusan a cika, kuma wannan shi ne da farko saboda wata babbar rarraba yankin, amma har yanzu bitmap (Asteraceae) - yana da mafi yawa herbaceous shuke-shuke (shekara-shekara, ko perennial). Girma ya bambanta a cikin m kewayon - daga sosai kankanin zuwa giant wakilan mitoci da dama high.

Mutane da yawa jinsunan ne shrubs ko bushes quite m size (har zuwa 5-8 mita tsawo). Alal misali, melampodium fadama, 'yan qasar rigar, marshy gandun daji na Louisiana a Amurka.

A bitmap iyali yana da wakilan kuma daga itãce, kuma kõ dã sun kasance dukan mazaunan kudancin gefen. Alal misali, skaleziya a Galapagos Islands, wanda zai iya isa 20 mita tsawo, amma shi ne endemic, kuma mafi shi ba a samu a wani lungu na duniya. Ko shuke-shuke da HALITTAR brachylaena daga Afirka ta Kudu. Giant itatuwa, wanda da karfi isa itace resistant rot, ga wanda ya sosai mai daraja.

A kan mai tsayi fadamun na New Zealand haatsiya pushkovidnaya Forms dukan thickets. Wannan itace tsarin cewa lokacin farin ciki magana rufe rabin mita tsawo da kuma isasshe sararin area (daya shuka iya girma har zuwa biyu mita a diamita).

Tarar da wani daga cikin inabõbi Asteraceae (Mica, Mutisya), tsire da kuma ko da wani m nau'i na rayuwa a matsayin tumbleweed (Centaurea diffusa, asteriscus Dwarf).

A bisa ga al'ada, dukan iyali Asteraceae ya kasu kashi biyu subfamilies: trubkotsvetnye da shida.

Subfamily bitmap (trubkotsvetnye)

Mafiya yawa na launuka - tubular. Wannan rukuni na shuke-shuke hada kan dubu zamaninsu da kuma fiye da ashirin kabilu (taxonomic daraja, a o, wanda shi ne m fiye da tamanin da iyali, amma mafi girma domin). Alal misali, cikin shahararrun - a bitmap, kalendulovye, sunflowers, anthemideae, tageteae da sauransu.

Subfamily chicory (ko latukovye)

Su biyu suna daga cikin harshe, da bambanci ga baya iyali ta ƙunshi kawai kabila bakwai, da kuma yawan haihuwar da na game da ɗari biyu - karamin sashi na jimlar yawan shuke-shuke na da iyali Asteraceae. Wakilai na chicory girma a kusan kowace nahiyar, kasar mu ta fi shahara view - shi ne chicory, na ƙwarai haske blue furanni da shi shimfidawa kamar ciyawa. Duk da haka, inji shi ne mai kyau zuma shuka, kuma an yi amfani da dafa tushen kofi.

Aster iyali: sinadirai masu darajar

Case karatu na shuke-shuke da wannan iyali sun dade rare a dafa abinci, ne ya fi shahara misali - a sunflower oilseed. Mahaifarsa - North America. Ya samu nasarar acclimatized a unguwarmu, kuma a yanzu sunflowers suna girma a kan wani ciniki sikelin. Babban samfurin na shi - shi ne, ba shakka, sunflower man fetur. Amma bayan da cewa samar da tsaba, hydrogenated kitse (tallow, amfani da shiri na margarine da sabulu), samar da sharar gida da ake amfani da abincin dabbobi.

Wani mai haske da kuma edible, amma, da rashin alheri, ba mu girma wakilin iyali - artichoke (hoto). A bisa ga al'ada, an dauke da wani kayan lambu, amma kuma a zahiri shi ne unopened toho. A matsayin mai raba tasa, ko gefen tasa, shi ne yadu rarraba a cikin Rum kasashen da a Amurka.

Shahararren domin da dandano halaye Urushalima artichoke, horar da ba kawai a matsayin abinci amma kuma a matsayin fasaha da kuma fodder shuka.

Ado da magani darajar

Ya na ado da kuma flowering nau'in na aster iyali (photo) da aka sani na dogon lokaci.

Shayarwa samu kusan m irin lambu furanni. Duk saba da m florists Chrysanthemum da gerbera. A kalla sau daya a kowace wanda yana da flower gadaje, horar da asters ko daisies, zinnias da marigolds, dahlias da ageratum.

Magani shuke-shuke suna da mafi m da kuma amfani: chamomile, Yarrow, arnica, series, ƙaya, masu ɗaci, tansy, marigold da yawa wasu. Su waraka sakamako a jiki aka gwada da kuma tabbatar da, decoctions ko infusions da ganye ne mafi muhimmanci da homeopathic magunguna.

Aster iyali, wanda mambobin an san, watakila, ga kowa da kowa, ya ba da duniya wani m adadin kasuwanci, ornamental da magani shuke-shuke.