Asirin "Southern Society" Decembrists: da manufofin daftarin aiki, manufa da kuma mahalarta

A tarihin na XIX karni Rasha ne wuce yarda da arziki a cikin daban-daban abubuwan. Duk da haka, da Decembrists 'tawaye a majalisar dattijai Square bautarka a cikinsu, wani sosai musamman wuri. Bayan duk, idan manufar duk baya nasara da kuma m yunkurin kama mulki a kasar ya maye gurbin daya autocrat wasu, to, wannan lokaci shi ne wani canji na zamantakewa da kuma tsarin da miƙa mulki ga wani tsari na jihar Republican mulki. A initiators na Disamba tawaye sun mambobi na "ta Kudu" da "Arewa" m al'ummu, gudanar da NM Ants, Trubetskoy kuma PI Pestel.

prehistory

A labarin game da Decembrists 'tawaye ne yawanci m ne a fara da kafuwar Aleksandrom Muravevym a St. Petersburg "Union of Salvation" - asiri al'umma, wanda ya ayyana manufarta da kwato manoma da kuma dauke da fitar m sake fasalin a cikin Sphere na jihar management. Wannan shiri dade kawai shekara guda, kuma aka wargaza saboda bambance-bambance a mahalarta 'views on da yiwuwar regicide. Duk da haka, da yawa daga cikin membobin ci gaba da ayyukan, a yanzu a cikin "Welfare Union". Da zarar 'yan maƙarƙashiya koya cewa, hukumomin da nufin gabatar a cikin sahu na' yan tawayen da suka leƙo asirin ƙasar, maimakon ya siffata "Arewa" (farkon 1822) da kuma "ta Kudu" (1821), m al'ummu. A farko daga gare su sarrafa a arewacin babban birnin kasar, da kuma na biyu - a Kiev.

kudancin jama'a

Duk da dama lardin matsayi na kungiyar na maƙarƙashiya aiki a Ukraine, 'yan kungiyar sun fi m sa fiye da "yan Arewa". Wannan ya da farko saboda gaskiya cewa "Southern Society" kunshi gaba ɗaya jami'an, wanda mafi yawansu da kwarewa a cikin fama, da kuma membobinta sun nemi canza siyasa tsarin da kasar ta wani juyin mulkin soja da kuma regicide. A sauyi a aikinsa ya fara a 1823. A sa'an nan da ya faru a Kiev taro cewa soma da manufofin daftarin aiki "Southern Society" wallafa Pavla Pestelya, da ake kira "Rasha gaskiya". Wannan aikin, tare da daftarin kundin tsarin mulkin Murav'ev dogara da mambobi ne na "Arewa Society", taka leda a babban rawa a cikin samuwar m ra'ayoyi tsakanin Rasha aristocracy na XIX karni, wanda, ba zato ba tsammani, ya haifar da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom.

manufofin daftarin aiki

"Rasha Gaskiya" Pestel da aka gabatar musu a kan kotu members, "Southern Society" a 1823. Duk da haka, ya fara aiki a baya a 1819. Total da aka rubuta 5 surori a kan ƙasar, aji da kuma na kasa al'amurran da suka shafi. Pestel samarwa sake suna da Nizhniy Novgorod zuwa Vladimir da kuma mayar da su cikin babban birnin kasar Rasha ta sabon hadade jihar da jam'iyyar Republican nau'i na gwamnati. Bugu da kari, da "Rasha Gaskiya" tada tambaya na nan da nan abolition na serfdom. The "Southern Society" Decembrists kuma hada da:

• daidaito a gaban doka, kowane dan kasa.
• 'yancin kada kuri'a "Popular Majalisar" domin dukan mutane a kan yana da shekaru ashirin.
• 'yancin magana, addini, aji, taron jama'a, motsi da kuma latsa.
• inviolability na gida da kuma mutum.
• daidaici da adalci.

a raga

Kamar yadda aka ce, "Southern Society" ya fi m fiye da "Arewa." Its main nufi shi ne:

• da kawar da autocracy, ciki har da jiki lalata duk mambobi ne na mulki House of Romanov.
• da yarjejeniyoyin da serfdom, amma ba tare da bada ƙasar ga manoma.
• gabatarwar da wani tsarin mulki.
• Halakar aji fitattun abubuwa.
• da kafa wakilin gwamnatin.

P. Pestel: takaice dai sada zane

Saboda haka wanda ya kasance a cikin kwalkwali "Southern Society", kuma Ya halitta daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci takardun da suka shafi cikin tsari na Rasha, a kan tushen da ka'idodin haske? Wannan mutum ya Pestel, Pavel Ivanovich, wanda aka haifa a 1793 a birnin Moscow, cikin wani Jamus iyali, inda professed Lutheranism. A shekaru 12, da yaron da aka aika zuwa Dresden, inda ya yi karatu a daya daga cikin rufaffiyar makarantu. Kara ilmi Pavel Pestel yana cikin Corps na Pages, da kuma a kan ta ƙarshe saurayin gano a cikin Lithuanian rajimanti. Soja aiki na nan gaba conspirator akwai fiye da nasara. A musamman, Pestel nuna al'ajibai na ƙarfin zuciya a lokacin yakin Borodino da kuma a wasu fadace-fadace da yaƙin duniya II cikin 1812, an bayar da wata dama Rasha da kuma kawance da lambobin yabo.

Siyasa aiki Pavla Pestelya

Bayan nasara a kan Napoleon a cikin yanayi na Rasha jami'an da ciwon siyasa da kungiyoyin, da nufin inganta halin da ake ciki na manoma, da kuma takura ko halakar da daular mulkinsu. Daya daga wadannan shine soja da kuma Pavel Pestel, wanda ya zama memba na "Union of Salvation", daga baya "Union of Welfare," kuma a karshe ya jagoranci a 1821 "Southern sirrin jama'a." Babban miscalculation cewa sanya Pestel Pavel Ivanovich, shi ne ya ba da shawara cewa, a cikin taron da nasarar tawayen kasar illa ma sha Allahu mulkin wucin gwamnatin. Wannan ra'ayin ya sa damuwa tsakanin 'yan daga cikin "Northern Society", kamar yadda a cikin' yan tawayen akwai da yawa daga waɗanda suka gan a ayyukansa da kuma sha'awar zama fir'auna, da kuma Napoleonic burinsu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa "Arewa" a wani sauri zuwa ga gama da "kudancin kasar", abin da kyakkyawan rage su overall m. Kuna hukunta daga takardun, a lokacin 1824 Pestel, la'akari da kansa fahimci da abokan aiki, ya dandana mai tsanani ciki da kuma ko don wani lokaci rasa sha'awa a cikin ayyukan "Southern Society".

"Southern Society": mahalarta

Bayan P. Pestel, membobin asiri jama'a, shirya tsakanin jami'an soja raka'a sa a kan ƙasa na zamani Ukraine, kasance da dama dozin sanannun soja a lokacin. A musamman, daga cikin shugabannin na "kudancin kasar" musamman dalĩli dadin S. Muraviev-Apostol, M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Davydov da gwarzo na Patriotic War of 1812, da shekara S. Volkonsky. Domin gudanar da wannan kungiyar da aka zabe a darektan, wanda, baya ga Pestel da Nikita Muraviev, ya kuma shiga cikin quartermaster-janar AP Yushnevsky.

Ayyuka da hukumomi domin ya fallasa ayyukan sirrin jama'a

A tarihin da Decembrist motsi, kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da wani conspiratorial al'ummu, akwai cin amanar da provocateurs. A musamman, mafi m kuskure ya sanya Pestel, wanda ya sanya wani m "Southern Society" ya zama ƙarƙashin - Captain Arkady Mayboroda. Last ba su da wani ilimi, kamar yadda evidenced da yawa nahawu kurakurai da suke ba a cikin denunciation rubuta a kan su Pestel, na kasance m. A cikin fall na 1825 Mayboroda sanya wani babban sharar gida na sojojin 'kudi. Tsoron sakamakon, ya gaya hukumomi game da kashedi game da fitina. Ko da a baya denunciation na maƙarƙashiya aka sanya a ba izini jami'in a Sherwood, wanda ko da kira zuwa Alexander da farko ya shaida da kuma aika zuwa wani wuri na sabis don Uku rajimanti Bug, har ba ya iya ci gaba da bayar da rahoton a kan manufofin da nufi na 'yan tawaye.

Shiri bore

A cikin kaka na 1825, a wata ganawa da Janar S. Volkonsky, Pestel aka gano hari "Southern Society" a watanni masu zuwa, mafi muhimmanci daga abin da yake da shiri na tawaye, shirya Janairu 1, 1826. Gaskiyar ita ce, a wannan rana kai su Vyatka rajimanti aka kamata ya yi ayyuka masu tsaro a hedkwatar da 2nd Army a Tulchin. Laifin da aka tsara hanya tilasta Maris zuwa St. Petersburg, samar da muhimmanci foodstuffs. Da aka zaci cewa su za a kama shugaban da shugaban ma'aikata na sojojin da kuma mayar da su St. Petersburg, inda suke goyan bayan sojojin raka'a jagorancin shugabannin Member States "Northern Society".

A sakamakon tawaye na Decembrists ga membobin "Southern Society"

'Yan mutane san cewa Pestel Pavel Ivanovich aka kama ko da a gaban events a majalisar dattijai Square, kuma mafi musamman, Disamba 13, 1825, a sakamakon denunciation Mayboroda. Yana daga baya aka tsare da kuma mika su ga kotu 37 mambobi na "Society na ta Kudu", kazalika da 61 mambobi ne na "Arewa Society" da kuma 26 mutane da alaka da "Society na Kudu Slavs". Da dama daga cikinsu aka yanke masa hukumcin daban-daban na mutuwa amma sai yafe, sai dai biyar: Pestel, Ryleeva, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovka da Muraviev-Apostol.

A yunkuri na Chernigov rajimanti

Bayan da zama sane da abubuwan da suka faru a majalisar dattijai Square, da kuma da yawa daga cikin shugabannin "Southern Society" da aka kama, da sauran free abokan aikinsu yanke shawarar rama. A musamman, Disamba 29 sanda na Chernigov rajimanti Kuzmin, Sukhinov, Soloviev da Schepillo farmaki su regimental kwamandojin kuma warware Muraviev-Apostol, wanda aka kulle a kauyen Trilesy. Kashegari, da 'yan tawaye kwace garin cornflowers da Motovilovka, wanda ya sanar da "Orthodox Catechism", wanda, da m ga addini sentiments daga cikin sojojin ya yi kokarin bayyana musu cewa zargin da Allahntakan fadar ikon - almarar, da kuma Rasha ya kamata mutane ku yi ɗã'ã kawai nufin Ubangiji, da kuma ba autocrat.

A 'yan kwanaki baya, ƙauyen da aka gudanar Ustymivka karo tsakanin' yan tawaye da kuma dakarun gwamnati. Bugu da ƙari, S. Muraviev-Manzo haramta sojoji zuwa wuta, suna begen cewa haka so da shugabannin suka samu kansu a daya gefen. A sakamakon da kisan kiyashin da aka yi masa rauni, da ɗan'uwansa kashe kansa, da kuma 6 da jami'an da kuma 895 da sojojin suka kama. Saboda haka, "Southern Society" ya daina wanzuwa, da kuma membobinta ko dai sun hallaka a jiki ko demoted da kõre su Siberia ko ga sojoji, da gudana yãƙi a cikin Caucasus.

Duk da cewa tawaye na Decembrists da babu nasara, shi nuni da Rasha Khalifai akan bukatar sake fasalin, wanda, duk da haka, a lokacin da dauki na Nicholas II ba a gudanar. A daidai wannan lokaci, shirin "Southern Society" da kuma "The kundin tsarin mulki" Muravyov ba impetus ga ci gaban Rasha da tsare-tsaren da ta sauya fasalin kungiyoyin neman sauyi, wanda, a ka'ida, da kuma haifar da 1917 juyin juya halin.