Ancient Haikali. Abubuwa na zamanin d gine

Ancient Greek gine ne daya daga cikin fi na m al'adunmu na baya. Ta aza harsashin ginin da Turai gine-gine, ma'adanin na ginin. Babban alama ne cewa gine na zamanin d Girka sa addini overtones, kuma an halitta don hadaya ga gumakan, miƙa su kyautai da kuma rike da taro ayyuka a wannan fagen.

Labarin ginin art masana tarihi na zamanin d wayewa ne zuwa kashi biyar lokaci: tsaoho, Early Classic, Classic, Hellenistic kuma Roman mamayar. Next za mu tattauna kowane daga cikinsu, kazalika da shahara haikali gina ta zamanin da Girkawa, a more daki-daki.

tsaoho lokaci

Duration tsaoho lokaci: daga 7 a. BC. e. har lokacin da Athenian lawgiver Solon da siyasa (game da 590 BC. e.). A 7-6 ƙarni. BC. e. Girka gine nuna mafi m al'amurran al'umma. A sakamakon da Greek polis ya kara ci gaban of Democratic Forces, kuma wannan ya haddasa wani siga gwagwarmaya da mutane da Elite na aristocrats. A wannan lokacin, da Haikalin, wanda aka gina kusa da siyasa, ya zama wata babbar jama'a gini - vault aljihun da dukiyar da jama'a bikin a lokaci guda. A sakamakon m bi kafa babban abubuwa na zamanin d gine - da oda (m tsarin da ta nuna da wuri da kuma dangantaka ginshikan) da kuma entablature (zoba).

Features na Ibada na tsaoho lokaci

A tsaoho lokaci na m zamanin gine-gine Homer tashi da sassafe irin dutse yi, da ake kira "Haikalin antah". A gaban gefe yana da wani portico, da gefen bangon kafa ta tsinkaya (Antes) da kuma biyu ta tsakiyar ginshikan. Don wadanda musamman da dangantaka Athens taskar a Delphi (hoton sama) ya gina na Paris marmara. Kiyasta kwanan wata na yi - 510-480 shekaru. BC. e. Ginin da aka excavated da kuma kerata a 1903-1906 shekaru.

Next akwai wani canji ginshikan tururuwa, kuma akwai wani sabon zamanin da haikali - prostyle. Ya na da wani bude portico. Bugu da ari, Bugu da kari na hudu mafi ginshikan a gefen, kusa da ƙofar taskar (amphiprostyle), shi ne mataki na farko wajen gina wani da ake kira peripetra - gaba daya bude a duk bangarorin na cikin Haikali. Ko da yake wadannan iri sun samo asali a lokaci guda, da karshen duk da haka wãyi gari marinjãya.

Yana da babban dakin a kowane gini - zamanin d wuri mai tsarki na Haikali (bagaden) cewa housed a girmama sassaka da wani abin bautãwa ko aljanna. Yana da aka kira "nave".

Farkon Classic lokaci

A farkon gargajiya lokaci, wanda dade daga 590 zuwa 470 shekaru. BC. e., tsoho gine hankali fid da kanta daga waje trends, da aka jera daga Misira da kuma Asia. Kamar zanen da sassaka, ya zama daya daga cikin mafi daukan hankali manifestations na bil'adama da mulkin demokra] al'adun gargajiya Girka.

A rabbai na haikalin ginin a lokacin wannan zamani, akwai wani m domin da proportionality na da ikon yinsa, da kuma yawan ginshikan, kazalika da sauran sassa na ginin. Duk wannan ya ba da gine na farkon gargajiya lokaci ƙarfi ne, kuma kyakkyawa. Kafa wani sabon nau'in coci - Doric, wanda ya samu tartsatsi a nan gaba.

Ancient Ibada na Girka farkon gargajiya lokaci: Hera a Olympia, da Apollo a Delphi, Zeus a Athens, Pallas Athena a game. Aegina (hoton sama). Abin lura shi ne cewa a cikin Sicily da kuma Italiya, matashi Monuments na sau more, sa'an nan ya ta fi Greek mazauna. A musamman, da Haikalin Poseidon a Paestum. Kada ka manta game da daya daga cikin bakwai abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya - Haikalin Atamis a Afisa, wanda aka ƙone Gyrostat.

Haikalin Poseidon a Paestum

Wannan gine ne da aka sani tunawa Greek Sahaban ma kira haikali Hera II. Zai yiwu, zai iya yiwuwa a yi la'akari da mafi yawan iko da karfi yi Doric alaka 5 BC. e. A cikin gintsẽwa, mai sauki bayyanar, ya bayyana ra'ayin da jaruntakar gwagwarmaya da mutane 'yancin kai daga invading Farisa. An tsira da sama na ginshikan, da na ciki da kuma na waje biyu-tiered colonnade, tanã fita a kan m-akai. Kamar yadda mafi tsoho Ibada na area (da Poseidon) shi ne gina na da wuya crystalline farar ƙasa. Sama an bi da tare da wani bakin ciki Layer da farar ƙasa. A gine-gine, akwai wani manufa na tsari. Property yana da ban sha'awa girma: 60 m tsawo da kuma 24 m m.

Haikalin Hera II aka located in Italy (40 km kudu-maso-gabas daga Salerno). Yanzu shi ne bude domin yawon bude ido. Its ƙofar ne daraja 4 ko 6 Tarayyar Turai (ya hada da ziyarar da archaeological Museum a Paestum).

Haikalin Atamis a Afisa

A haikalin da aka gane a matsayin daya daga cikin bakwai abubuwan al'ajabi cewa wanzu a cikin tarihin duniya. An ayi a kan ƙasa na zamani garin Selcuk (Turkey). A yi shi ne rikitarwa da kuma ban tausayi tarihi.

a wannan wuri, da farko, kuma mafi m gini da aka gina a tsakiyar cikin 6th karni. BC. e., da kuma a 356 shi ƙone Herostrat. Ba da da ewa, tsoho haikali gina a cikin wannan tsari, amma a cikin na uku karni, shi ya sa sake lalacewa, wannan lokaci da Goths. A 4th karni. Wuri Mai Tsarki na farko rufe sa'an nan rushe dangane da sana'a na wani sabon addini - Kiristanci da kuma haramta na arna kwastan da kuma kungiyoyin asiri. Gina a shafin na coci, duk da haka, kuma ya tsaya ba dade.

A cewar mythology, Atamis lissafta twin yar'uwar Apollo. Ta kasance tana kula dukan abubuwa masu rai a duniya (dabbobi, da shuke-shuke), ya kula da su da kuma kare. Faufau kada ku bar hankali, ta kuma mutane, bada farin ciki a aure da kuma albarka ga haifi zuriya. A daba na aljanna a Afisa ya wanzu tun a tarihi mai nisa. A girmamawa 'yan kasarta da gina babbar haikali (tsawon 105 m, nisa na 52 m, da tsawo daga cikin ginshikan 127 shigar a takwas layuka, daidai da 18 m). Ya bayar da kudi ga Lydian sarki. Construction da aka za'ayi na dogon lokaci, da kuma a lokacin wannan lokaci canja da dama gine-ginen. The shi ne gina haikalin da tsarki da fari marmara, da kuma mutum-mutumi na aljanna sanya na hauren giwa da zinariya. Ya kasance mai aiki da kuma kudi tsakiyar birnin, a cikin wannan addini bikin. Wannan tsoho haikali ba a mallakar da birni hukumomi da kuma ya cika a karkashin iko da koleji na firistoci. A halin yanzu, daya kawai kerata shafi za a iya gani a shafin na cikin Haikali. A Miniaturk Park (Turkey), za ka iya duba a model na cikin Haikali (hoton sama).

Gargajiya lokaci gine

Gargajiya lokaci, wanda dade daga 470 388 shekara. BC. e. - wannan shi ne heyday na jihar, da zamanin mulkin demokra] iyya da kuma mafi girman daga. A Athens mafi kyau sana'a suna flocking duk a kan Girka. Hanyoyi na ci gaba da gine-gine suna inseparably nasaba da sunan mafi girma sculptor na zamanin d duniya - Phidias. A shahararren dan siyasa da kuma Pericles ya kayyade a manyan-sikelin da m ci gaban shirin na Acropolis. A karkashin shugabanci na Phidias a rabi na biyu na 5th karni BC. e. Yana daya daga cikin mafi m yi ayyukan for wanda ƙarshe akwai wani cikakken tsarin gine-gine gungu, jagorancin - da Parthenon. Acropolis na Athens da aka sannan suka yi wa ado da sculptures na master, da kuma almajiransa.

A general, gine na gargajiya lokaci na ci gaba da mamaye Doric style Ibada. Duk da haka, ya zama da sauki ta samar da kuma bolder a kumshin jirgin sama. A hankali gabatar a cikin yin amfani da ionic da Corinthian style. A Girka kanta, da Ibada ne daraja, m da haske. Musamman hankali ne ya biya zuwa rabbai da kayan. Gine-ginen amfani da farin marmara, yana da sauki ga m aiki. Daya daga cikin mafi ƙwarai Monuments daga waɗanda sau ne Haikalin Theseus, located in Athens. Wannan shi ne wani Firayim misali na yadda Doric style aka tausasa a Attica.

A lokaci guda a cikin Sicily ta cigaba da haskakawa Doric style, ban imbin Tsarin.

Parthenon

Acropolis na Rocky Hill wakiltar 156 m ga tsawo tare da wani lebur saman, da ciwon tsawon game da 300 m da nisa daga 170 m nan yakan babban abin tunawa tsoho gine -. Babba Parthenon. Da haikalin da aka sadaukar da Patroness na dukan na Attica da kuma Athens a musamman budurwa-allahiya Athena. Yana da aka gina a 447-438 shekaru. Callicrates m na aikin, halitta da tsoho Greek m Iktinos kuma richly ado karkashin kulawa da sculptor Phidias. Yanzu Haikali ne a kango, shi ne rayayye a karkashin maimaitawa.

Parthenon - ne daɗaɗɗe Haikali, wanda yake shi ne Doric peripetr da abubuwa na ionic style. An ayi a kan uku marmara matakai da tsawo na game da 1.5 m kan dukkan bangarorin da haikalin kewaye da wani colonnade :. 8 ginshikan a kan facade ginin da kuma 17 a kowane gefe.

The abu daga wanda aka gina Wuri Mai Tsarki - pentiliysky marmara. Masonry ya bushe, watau. E. Yi ba tare da yin amfani da turmi ko ciminti bonding.

Haikalin Zeus

Haikalin wasannin Zeus kasance daya daga cikin mafi girmama a zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Wannan ginin, wanda shi ne mai gaskiya misali na Doric domin, ma, nasa ne da na gargajiya da zamani. Haikali aza a lokacin gasar wasannin Olympics ta 52, amma yi an kammala kawai tsakanin 472-456 shekaru. BC. e. All guda Phidias.

Shi ne mai classic periptera da 13 ginshikan tare da ginin da kuma 6 - domin ta nisa. Haikali gina na coquina farar ƙasa tsĩrar da Poros. tsarin tsawo ya kai 22 m, nisa - 27 m, da kuma tsawon -. 64 m Bayani game da bayyanar ya zama samuwa ta hanyar 1875 rami da za'ayi a karkashin shugabanci na Jamus tarihi E. Curtius. Ciki da haikalin da aka located har yanzu daya daga cikin bakwai abubuwan al'ajabi a tarihin duniya - shi ne halitta ta Phidias hrisoelefantinnaya mutum-mutumi na Zeus, wanda tsayinsa wuce 10 m.

Haikalin Zeus, tare da wasu da dama a Olympia da aka hallaka a cikin umurnin na Sarkin sarakuna Theodosius II, a matsayin shaida na wani arna addini da kuma hadisai. The tsira saura karshe aka binne shi a juji na wata girgizar kasa 522 da kuma 551 BC. e. Excavated da wani ɓaɓɓake daga cikin haikali an adana yafi a cikin tarihi a wurin Museum of Olympia, wasu - a cikin Paris LOUVRE.

Haikalin wuta bautãwa Hephaestus

Ancient Haikali da na gargajiya lokaci, sadaukar da Hephaestus, kiyaye su a kwatanta da sauran kyau. Yana da aka gina yiwuwa a lokacin tsakanin 449 da kuma 415 da shekaru. BC. e. Sanctuary wakiltar yi Doric. Domin bayani game da m ba su tsira, mai yiwuwa, shi ya guda m cewa aka tsunduma a cikin erection daga cikin Haikalin Ares a Agora a Cape Sounion, kuma Nemesis a Ramnunte.

A tsarin da aka ba halaka su a lokacin samuwar addinin kirista. Bugu da ƙari, cikin Haikali ya yi amfani da matsayin Orthodox Church shi. St. George daga 17th karni zuwa 1834. Sa'an nan, ya aka bayar da matsayi na wani National Monument.

Hellenistic lokaci

A lokacin daga 338 zuwa 180 shekaru. BC. e. Greek gine an fara rasa da halayyar tsarki na iyawa. Ta kasance a ƙarƙashin rinjayar nishaɗi da ƙawa, tsinkãyi Girka daga Gabas. Sculptors, painters da kuma gine-ginen ne mafi damuwa game da ginin da yadda ya kamata, da ƙawa. An ji ko'ina predilection for Corinthian style. Gina farar hula hali na ginin - gidaje, manyan gidãje, da dai sauransu ...

Known Ibada Girka Helenawa lokaci kishin Winged Athena (a Tegea) Zeus (a Nemea). Akwai da yawa grand da na marmari gine-gine a wannan lokaci a Asiya Ƙananan. A musamman, da babbar haikali a Militas, F. Didimskogo (hoton sama).

Roman Empire lokaci

Samar A Great Empire kawo ƙarshen litattafansu kuma Greek dimokuradiyya. A lokacin Hellenistic Greek art shige ta karshe lokaci na ci gaba. Akuma ƙarƙashin ikon Roma, Girka rasa ta tsohon yawa, da kuma gine-gine aiki da aka kusan gaba daya watsi da su. Duk da haka, da artists taru a madawwami gari, ya kawo hadisin da ya art da kuma gudummawar da beautification na Roman gine. A wannan lokacin (180-90 shekaru. BC. E.) Greek art kusan shigar da Roman.