Alkama - abin da yake da shi? A tsirrai a rayuwar mutum

Mu daga yara saba da wannan hatsi da amfanin gona kamar alkama. Mene ne alkama, kowa ya san yadda da cewa ba tare da yana da wuya su yi tunanin rage cin abinci na zamani mutum. Yau za mu zurfafa su ilimi da ganye, a kusa look at ra'ayi, namo hanyoyin, Properties, kuma mafi.

Janar halaye

Alkama, photos da cewa lalle ne saba wa kowa da kowa, shi ne wani daya- ko shekaru biyu irin hatsi. Gari samu daga alkama, amfani ga yin burodi breads da haske samar da wani abinci. Vata gari samar ke ciyar da dabbobi da kuma kaji. Bugu da kari, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan da suka suna ƙara amfani da masana'antu albarkatun kasa. Wonderful shuka alkama ne manyan hatsi da amfanin gona a kasashe da dama, kuma shi ne mai key matsakaitan abinci a arewacin kasar Sin, wasu yankunan na Indiya da kuma Japan, a mafi yawan kasashen na yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da kuma Arewacin Afrika, kazalika a kan filayen South America.

Babban m na alkama ne da kasar Sin, da kuma na biyu wuri ne shagaltar da Amurka. Suna bi da irin wannan babbar kasashen da suke samar: Indiya, Rasha, Faransa, Canada, Ukraine, Turkey, Kazakhstan. A hatsi na alkama ne wani muhimmin aikin gona da ciniki da kasashen duniya, shi lissafinsu kusan 60% na hatsi fitarwa. Babban alkama m America. An bi ta Canada, Faransa, da Australia da kuma Argentina. Babban shigo ne Rasha, China, Japan, Misira, Brazil, Poland, Italiya, Korea, Iraqi da kuma Morocco.

alkama iri lamba a cikin dubbai kuma suna da wani m hadaddun rarrabuwa, amma biyu main iri - wuya da kuma taushi. Soft iri kasu kashi krasnozernye da Belozernaya. Kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka suna girma a gumi yankuna. Durum alkama diluted a wani bushe sauyin yanayi, misali, a wuraren da steppe predominates. A Australia kuma Yammacin Turai kagaggun samar da taushi iri. A yankuna kamar Amurka, Canada, Arewacin Afrika, yammacin Asiya, Argentina da kuma kasashe na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet - yafi wuya iri.

ilmin halitta

Muna ci gaba da samun Masana a shuka alkama. Mene ne alkama daga nazarin halittu ra'ayi? Wannan shi ne na gaba tambaya cewa da daraja amsa. Kamar sauran hatsi, alkama bambaro zangarniya yana da wani m nodes da internodes. Ganye ne mai sauki, mikakke, biyu-jere, gaba. Kowace daga cikinsu ta tafi daga kumburi, da kuma kunshi wani daina kai hare hare, wanda yake rufe overlying interstitial kamar wancan narkewar tube uzoy da kuma dogon farantin. A iyakar tsakanin farantin karfe kuma cikin farji ne uku outgrowth: filmy harshenka, tsammãninsu, shi ne m zuwa da kara, da kuma biyu daga rufe fingerlike shafuka.

Top interstitial, wanda kuma ake kira peduncle, Inflorescence bears - a fili karu. Yana hada da wani lankwasa tsakiyar axis da tsawaita daga ta sauki Inflorescence - spikelets cewa fuskanci fadi gefe axis. A kowane spikelet jeri daga biyu zuwa biyar a cikin shaye gefe na furanni, wanda aka rufe da ƙananan gefe na biyu na kunnen flakes. Bugu da ƙari kuma, kowane biyu kare flower bracts - gwada da m ƙananan kuma wani babba bakin ciki flakes. Wasu irin alkama ƙananan launi sikelin ƙare da dogon kashin baya. Irin wannan iri suna kira spinous.

Flowers alkama, yawanci bisexual. Suna da uku stamens da pistil dauke da biyu feathery stigmas. A kasa na kirtani ne located 2-3 kananan flowered fina-finan (lodikuly) yin ayyuka na perianth. A lokacin flowering lodikuly kumbura kuma turawa da Sikeli kewaye da flower. Alkama ne yawanci kai pollinating shuka, amma akwai nau'in da giciye-pollinated. Bayan hadi, kwai tsiro daga wani karamin wuya 'ya'yan - a weevil, wanda aka gudanar a saboda spikelet flowering ma'auni.

Hatsi, ko kamar yadda shi ne ake kira weevil - pericarp, kafa daga kwai bango wanda aka inseparably da alaka da wata guda iri dauke da amfrayo da kuma endosperm. A tayi aka located a tushe na hatsi gefe, da ya hada da plumule, radicle da kuma m da endosperm reshaped cotyledon - garkuwa. Lokacin da tayi tsiro, da kashin baya na samar da primary tushen tsarin, gemmule - "adult" Tushen shuka da kuma ta m gabobin da kuma garkuwa asirce enzymes ga narkewa daga cikin endosperm da kuma gudanar da gina jiki ga shoot, farkon zuwa lokaci ci gaba. Sabõda haka, ka rayuwa fara matasa alkama. Photo, nuna a kasa, zai taimaka wajen kara fahimtar tsarin da ta hatsi.

Hatsi sown a cikin ƙasa, garwaya da danshi, ta kumbura, kuma ta kumbura. Gemmule tayi tushen da kuma girma da kuma mika zahiri bi da bi zuwa ƙasa, kuma zuwa sama. A kan ƙasa surface, daga farko kumburi culm kafa daga plumule, mika adventitious Tushen cewa reshe fita da kuma samar da mochkovuyu tushen tsarin. A wurin da kara motsa zuwa ga tushen da ake kira da tushen wuyansa. Kawai sama da cervix, da ƙananan kara nodes ne kusa da juna. Daga cikin axils na ganye suna tasowa gefen harbe. Wannan tsari shine ake kira tillering alkama.

A lokacin da aka bayyana matakai, da shuka da aka kira germination. Sa'an nan ya zo da saki lokaci a tube - sauri elongation rauno. Bayan ta ne earing - da samuwar inflorescences. A lokacin earing, internode sa kunne 8-10 santimita sama da topsheet.

Hatsi ya kai karshe girman da amfrayo da kuma kunshi wani ruwa endosperm. A farko da endosperm m. Tare da karuwa a sitaci abun ciki, shi ya zama fari. Wannan mataki da aka kira lactic ripeness. Hatsi danshi raguwa sannu a hankali da abinda ke ciki ya zama kamar wani m kullu. Wannan mataki da aka kira da kakin zuma ripeness. Daga qarshe, a lokacin da cikakken ripened hatsi (cikakke a zahiri), ya zama da wuya.

Properties

Saboda haka, mun rigaya mun gani abin da alkama. Mene ne m da kuma taushi iri, mun kuma sani. Yanzu bari mu magana game da kaddarorin cewa yin wannan al'ada ya samu irin wannan fadi da aikace-aikace. Soft, da wuya iri, a daya hannun, suna da yawa a cikin na kowa, da kuma a kan sauran - da yawan muhimman hakkokin bambance-bambance da cewa ya kamata ka shakka la'akari da lokacin da yin amfani da gari. A cewar masana tarihi, bambanci tsakanin biyu main iri na alkama hatsi da aka sani da tsoho Helenawa da Romawa, kuma watakila ma a farkon wayewa.

Gari samu ta hanyar wani m alkama da softer da kuma gwada da manyan hatsi sitaci, shi yana da lafiya, ya yi fumfuna daidaito, kuma ya ƙunshi wasu Alkama garwaya da kasa da ruwa. Wannan irin gari ya samu aikace-aikace a cikin yin burodi confectionery. Burodi ne ba kyau, saboda daga wannan gari kayayyakin da sauri taurara da kuma crumble mugun. A wuraren da girma da taushi gari predominates yawanci burodi gasa daga cakuda gida iri da kuma taushi shigo m.

The gari samu daga durum alkama, yana da kananan da kuma m sitaci granule, wani m texture, da kuma halin da mai girma abun ciki na Alkama. Wannan abinci da ake kira "karfi" saboda shi garwaya da ruwa da yawa a kuma ake amfani a cikin yin burodi gurasa. Shi ne kuma m samfurin na durum alkama taliya.

fanni na aikace-aikace

The darajar alkama a rayuwar mutum ya kasance kullum muhimmanci. Tare da karuwa a cikin abinci na mutane raba nama da sauran wadanda ba hatsi abinci, da adadin alkama ta cinye su da wasu hatsi da ake phased fita. Alkama da aka ma amfani a baje a matsayin abincin dabbobi. Bugu da ƙari, ta milling ingancin kusan babu sakamako a kan sinadirai masu darajar. A Amirka, misali, ga abinci ya fara amfani da dukan hatsi, ko da yake a baya amfani nika sharar gida.

Vata gari samar ciyar da shanu a tsufa. Vata da wani babban abun ciki na cellulose da aka ciyar da shanu, da dawakai, da kuma low - kaji da kuma aladu. Alkama bran ne ko da yaushe mai daraja a matsayin sinadirai masu kari da rage cin abinci na tumakinka da ciki shanu. A baya can aka ba su a matsayin dawakai, saboda da laxative Properties. Aladu ne mafi kyau kananan bran, wanda dauke da germs, kuma manne ga su gari. Mafi yadda ya kamata amfani da su tare da kifi abinci, madara da-kayayyakin da yayyanke sharar gida, kamar yadda wani ƙari a ciyar da hatsi. A kaji, musamman broilers, da yin amfani da milling sharar gida kwanan rage, saboda da girma shahararsa na nizkovoloknistyh da abincin sojoji.

Daga cikin furotin dauke a cikin alkama hatsi, da aka fara samu sodium glutamate. Yana da wani abu wanda kara habaka da dandano na kayayyakin. A Japan, sodium glutamate an yi amfani da ko'ina a samar da soya biredi. Yanzu, duk da haka, shi koya yadda za a fita daga cikin wannan waken soya.

Har kwanan nan, da aiyuka nazari na alkama da aka yi niyya, yafi a inganta ta sinadirai Properties. Laboratory karatu sun gano cewa, alkama Alkama iya zama albarkatun kasa domin samar da robobi, zaruruwa da adhesives. Matsalar shi ne cewa wadannan kayayyakin an samu m, kuma suna da zuciya mai narkewa a cikin ruwa, sabili da haka ba ya wakiltar wani kasuwanci darajar.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan da aka samu a hali don rage amfani da abinci, wanda rãyar sha'awa a cikin binciken na wadanda ba na gargajiya hanyoyi na yin amfani da alkama. Saboda haka, daga cikin gari amfani da musamman magani, sun koyi su samu "nan take" abinci-kamar a cikin bayyanar semolina, Alkama sa high gina jiki hatsi ga sauri karin kumallo, alkama sitaci da ake amfani da su ƙarfafa takarda. Kuma alkama ɗigon maniyyi, amfani da kaddarorin wadda aka tabbatar, da kuma duk ya fara ci raw.

M da kuma danko sosai Properties na gari da aka yi amfani da masana'antu. Gari da aka yi amfani da matsayin ƙari ga hakowa ruwaye amfani da man fetur. Kuma hakar zinariya daga cikin bayani, shi hidima a matsayin flocculating wakili. Bugu da ƙari, cikin gari amfani a yi na gypsum jirgin ga mafi nauyin ma'adinai sassa da takarda, da kuma hidima a matsayin filler for adhesives, mai hana ruwa plywood. Kuma wannan shi ne kawai ya fi na kowa hanyoyin da za a yi amfani da garin alkama a cikin masana'antar.

rarrabuwa

Daga wani tattalin arziki da ra'ayi, da darajar ne da nisa daga dukan alkama. The darajar dogara a kan shuka iri. Mafi riba, sabili da haka da na kowa ne uku jinsunan alkama: bazara / m / da na kowa, tukuru, da kuma plotnokolosaya / Dwarf. Nau'i na farko da aka girma a duniya da kuma ne, yafi amfani a cikin yin burodi masana'antu. A hatsi na biyu da irin da aka yi amfani da don samar da taliya, domin suna da arziki a cikin Alkama. Wannan mix na sunadarai, Forms m taro wanda ya haɗu da kullu da kuma rike cikinta kumfa na carbon dioxide. Godiya ga maras alkama, da kullu ta fito, da kuma burodi ne m. Amma ga kulob din da alkama, da gari sanya daga gare shi, da ake amfani da mafi yawa na yin burodi fumfuna.

Summer alkama da aka bred a cikin most yawa. Ta glumes da tsefe-kamar tsarin kawai a saman. Lower Sikeli flowering beardless. Solomin irin alkama ne yawanci m. Na Dwarf alkama vulgaris daban-daban elongated, sako-sako da ko karami, dorsoventrally mĩƙe kunnuwa. A rarrabe durum alkama, mai kaifi ne ridges zubar tare da dukan tsawon na kunne flakes. Bugu da kari, shi ne yawanci awned lemmas ma'auni. Solomin durum alkama, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba cikakken.

Alkama iri kasu kashi bazara da kuma hunturu. Spring alkama da aka girma fiye a yankuna da sosai matsananci hunturu. An sown a cikin bazara. Winter alkama da aka shuka a fall da kuma girbe da wadannan rani. Wannan ne ya fi kowa irin, kamar yadda shi zai fara zuwa ci gaba da hunturu alkama, kiyaye da taki da sauri da kuma bada mafi girma da ake samu.

Kare Mahalli

Alkama tsiro da kyau a fadi da kewayon yanayin damina, da kuma sake kusan dukan aikin gona da yankunan, sai dai cewa na yammacin sahara. Saboda haka, namo na alkama ɓullo da kusan ko'ina. Bisa ga juriya ga sanyi, ta yi hasarar kawai sha'ir, dankali da kuma wasu forage ciyawa. Heat ga alkama ne ma ba ji tsoro, sai dai idan an hada da high zafi. A karshen harka, da hatsi suna fama da cututtuka daban-daban, wanda rage riba na namo.

Duk da cewa wannan al'ada iya wuya girma a ko'ina, akwai biyu main zones, inda alkama da aka girma musamman m. Na farko shi ne tsakanin 30 da 55 digiri arewa latitud, da kuma na biyu - tsakanin 25 da 40 digiri kudu latitud. Shekara-shekara hazo a cikin wadannan yankunan Averages daga 300 zuwa 1100 mm. A ganiya ruwan sama mai kyau girbi na 250-1000 mm a kowace shekara. alkama girma ya auku a cikin zazzabi kewayon daga 3 zuwa 32 digiri. Saboda ma farkon shuka, da seedlings iya samun rashin lafiya, ko kamar yadda saboda latti (a cikin hali na hunturu alkama).

Spring alkama mafi yawa ana shuka daga watan Maris zuwa Mayu, duk ya dogara gida yanayin yanayi. Harvest fara tsabtace lokacin da hatsi danshi saukad da zuwa 13%. Spring alkama cikakken ore a game da 100 sanyi-free kwana. Idan ka cire shi a gabãnin haka, za ka yi haquri, bushewa. A mafi girma tsaftacewa fraught da asarar girma, kamar yadda overripe hatsi fara dakushewa zuwa ga ƙasa.

Winter alkama da aka girma fiye da dukan for fodder. Lokacin da jimloli isa wani tsawon 15-20 cm, dabbõbin fara ranar da alkama filin. Idan na gaba shekara da wannan filin da aka shirya don tattara iri, dabbõbin aka tsaya na tsawon mika mulki da shuka a tube. A wasu sassa na Amurka ta alkama da aka shuka tare da hunturu amfanin gona legumes kuma kafin flowering mowing for silage da kuma hay.

aiki

Alkama hatsi yana da wani brownish harsashi cewa a lokacin da nika ba bran arziki a cikin furotin, bitamin da kuma cellulose. Karkashin cover located aleurone Layer kunshi lafiya granules. Tayi kwance a gindin hatsi, shi ne mai arziki a cikin mai, sunadaran da kuma ma'adinai abubuwa. Komai - bakin ciki-film sel da endosperm, wanda suna cike da sitaci hatsi da kuma Alkama kullu imparts danko.

A lokacin da nika - da aiki a kan samu na garin alkama, matsalar ta taso daga raba sitaci da kuma Alkama daga sauran hatsi aka gyara. Gaskiyar ita ce, domin na kumshe gari zama m da sauri darkens, amma saboda aleurone Layer da ta samu a brownish tint. Tsarkakewa kafa gari millers Vata - bran da lafiya bran (Muchka). Su jeri daga 15 zuwa 18% by nauyi na mai ladabi hatsi.

Sinadaran gari

Alkama, photos na wanda yawanci wakilci a fakitoci na gari, shi ne mai matukar muhimmanci da hatsi. Yana ƙunshi babban adadin bitamin (B kungiyar, choline, PP, E, da H), kazalika da macro- da microelements (alli, potassium, magnesium, sodium, da baƙin ƙarfe, phosphorus, aluminum, titanium, chlorine, nickel, da kuza, molybdenum, chromium, boron, tutiya, selenium, da sauransu). Saboda haka, da alkama, da kyau da kuma lahanin da za a yi la'akari a bit a kasa ya ƙunshi kusan dukan ma'adinai abubuwa bukata domin rayuwa na jikin mutum.

gari iri

The gari ta kasu maki. Bari mu bincika kowane daga cikinsu.

A mafi girma sa. Shi ne fari a launi da kuma ake amfani da yin gari na mafi girma sa kayayyakin. A karshen sami lafiya porosity da kyau girma. Gari ne cikakke ga ƙwayoyi, yisti da kullu.

Da farko sa. Yana iya zama duka fari da kuma yellowish. Yana lafiya dace domin yin pancakes, Rolls, da wuri da kuma sauran gasa kaya. ba da shawarar for high quality-confectionery da burodi a kayayyakin, irin gari.

Biyu daraja. Shi yana da yellowish ko grayish inuwa. Daga shi dai itace Fluffy da porous irin kek. Yi amfani da gari na biyu sa yafi na fari burodi da kuma pastries nesdobnoe. A mafi yadu amfani na biyu daraja gari da aka toya cikin da wuri da kuma cookies.

Semolina. Light cream foda, dauke da wani babban kaso na Alkama. Amfani domin yin yisti kullu dauke da wani yawa na sukari da kuma kitse. Dace shiri na yin burodi.

Fuskar bangon waya. Yana yana da wani gwada da manyan, wadanda ba uniform barbashi. Yana yana da babban danshi iya aiki da kuma ikon saharoobrazuyuschey. Mafi yawa amfani da burodi tebur iri.

Amfanin da kuma illolin

Mun riga mun ga abin da alkama. Mene ne abinci, mu ma sani. Ya zauna kawai don gane da amfani da kuma cutarwa Properties na gari da kanta.

Gari taimaka wajen bugun sama metabolism, stimulates kwakwalwa, da kuma samar da estrogen, kare zuciya da jijiyoyin jini tsarin, rage hadarin na gallstones, kazalika da taimakawa wajen lura da osteoporosis da kuma Alzheimer ta cutar. Abubuwa ba a cikin abun da ke ciki na gari, laushi kumburi tafiyar matakai a cikin jikin mutum, hana samuwar free radicals a cikinta, da kuma kare shi daga wasu cututtuka. Gari taimaka a lura da mashako da kuma asma.

Alkama, wanda shi ne undeniable amfanin, yana da wasu disadvantages. Babban hasara na gari ne ta caloric abun ciki. Bugu da kari, shi na iya kara matsa lamba da kuma haifar da rashin lafiyan halayen.