Ajiye na carbohydrate na dabba. Shin carbohydrate ne a glycogen kwayoyin halitta ko sitaci? Mene ne carbohydrate mai adadi na kwayoyin dabbobin da aka kira?

All biochemical aiki na dabba Kwayoyin za a iya takaita a biyu fi'ilai: "kantin sayar" da "bayar wa". Ƙananan kwayoyin halitta, yawancin hanyoyin da ake kira da kuma ajiyar kwayoyin halittu zasu ci gaba da raba su da kuma kashe su. Bayanin yana da sauƙi: girma da kuma "gina" jikinka, kana buƙatar mai yawa kayan filastik kuma, ba shakka, makamashi. Babban kayan gini na tantanin halitta shine furotin, kuma babban abin da ke samar da makamashi shine glycogen.

Ana dauke da carbohydrate mai adana, wanda aka ajiye a cikin hanta hanta da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar dabbobi duka: duka dabbobi da mutane. Nazarin abubuwan da suka mallaka za su damu da wannan aikin.

Abin da kuma inda muka adana

A matakin na dabba Kwayoyin gudanar da mahadi an hada da tara a cikin tsarin raka'a - wasu gabbansa. Sunadarai suna hada a ribosomes, lipids da carbohydrates - a cikin tashoshin wani sassauki endoplasmic reticulum. A cikin jikin dabbobi masu rarrafe, ƙwayoyin kayan kwayoyin sun haɗu a tsoka da ƙwayar cuta, hanta, sashin jiki mai laushi da omentum. Abun carbohydrate na dabba shine glycogen, wanda aka hada daga glucose da ke cikin jini.

An kafa shi a matsayin samfurin kwashe kayan abinci, wanda ya hada, da farko, sitaci kayan lambu: gurasa, dankali, shinkafa. Wadannan abubuwa sun rabu a cikin rami na bakin ciki, ciki, kuma a cikin duodenum. Yana da shi ne cewa babban lalata ya auku. Glucose mai saurin yana ɗauka cikin jinin jini na nau'in ƙananan ƙwayar zuciya sa'an nan kuma ya ɗauki jini da hanta da kuma hanta, inda aka hada da carbohydrate mai adana dabbobi da mutane.

Menene glycogen

Ko da yake akwai wani ɓangare na kalmar "glycos" a cikin sunan abu, wanda ke nufin "mai dadi" a cikin harshen Helenanci, ba shi da ɗanɗano. Mafi mahimmanci, wannan sunan yana nuna cewa yana da wani ɓangaren ƙwayoyin carbohydrates masu dauke da glucose, waɗanda suke da dadi sosai ga dandano. Glycogen yana da bayyanar furotin marar tsabta. Yana da hydrophilic kuma yana samar da wani maganin colloidal kama da madara. Yin amfani da carbohydrate a cikin kwayar dabba, polysaccharide na daukar nauyin hydrolysis a cikin yanayi mai guba a wasu matakai. Abubuwan da ke hulɗa da ruwa sune dextrins, kara - maltose kuma, a karshe, glucose. Kasancewa da polymer, glycogen yana da bayyanar wata cakudaccen nau'ikan sassan kwayoyin halitta daban-daban.

Biochemical Properties

Mun tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa glycogen mai amfani ne na carbohydrate na tantanin halitta. Wasu abubuwa masu tsabta irin wannan suna ɗauke da su a cikin cytoplasm na hepatocytes, leukocytes da myocytes biyu matakai daban-daban. Na farko: zubar da ciki, wanda zai haifar da sakin kwayoyin glucose da kuma na biyu - assimilation, wanda ya wuce yawan glucose zuwa madauran polymer - glycogen. Yana tarawa cikin jiki kuma yana da amfani da makamashi da aka yi amfani da shi wajen aiwatar da ayyuka masu muhimmanci na dabbobi da mutane.

Ta yaya aka hada sitaci

Ka tuna cewa, daga ra'ayi na sinadaran, shi ne babban magungunan kwayoyin halitta - wani polymer wanda monomers su ne maye gurbin α-d glucose. Domin a haɗa su ta hanyar glycosidic bonds, kunnawa, wato, "shingle" na sigma shaidu na hexose carbon kwarangwal, ya zama dole. Ana samun wannan a cikin abin da ake kira hexokinase dauki. An hada da carbohydrate na dabba daga glucose-6-phosphate. Wannan abu ne samfurin ilimin hexokinase. Harshen enzyme wanda ya haɓaka tsarin da ke sama ya ƙunshi cikin kwayoyin kwayoyin koda, mucosa na ƙananan hanji da hanta na dabbobi da mutane.

Tsarin glycogen

Kamar yadda muka riga muka bayyana, yawancin carbohydrate da aka tanadar a cikin shagon dabbobi shine sita-glycogen. Nazarin ilimin biochemical ya samo asali cewa ba zai iya ɓoyewa ba tare da yin amfani da wani enzyme ba - phosphorylase. Yana aiki a matsakaicin acidic a gaban kwayoyin phosphate inorganic. Harshen enzyme kanta yana aiki a ƙarƙashin rinjayar hormone na pancreas - glucagon. Kasancewarsa a cikin jini yana nuna cewa matakin glucose a ciki yana da ƙasa. Sabili da haka, jikin dabba yana tattara kayan albarkatun carbohydrate-glycogen don farawa, don samun ƙarin ɓangaren glucose.

An kira wannan tsari glycogenolysis. Masana binciken ƙwararru sun gano cewa hormones na damuwa - epinephrine da norepinephrine, wadanda suka samo asali - sunyi glycogenolysis.

Hanta da kuma rawar da ya taka a cikin metabolism na carbohydrates

A cikin ilmin halitta, wannan mummunan glandan dabbobi da ake kira mammals an kira shi ne tsire-tsire biochemical. Lalle ne, shi ne sosai enzymatic halayen da tabbatar da musayar al'amarin da makamashi, watau metabolism. Kamar yadda aka rigaya aka sani, carbohydrate mai ajiyewa a cikin kwayar halitta shine glycogen. Cigabanta ya riki sauri zuwa jinin jini tare da glucose, babban tushen makamashi ga dukan dabbobi masu shayarwa da mutane.

An yi amfani da sitacin dabba wanda ya ɓace a cikin kwayoyin su ta hanyar cin abinci mai cin abinci: dankali, gurasa, shinkafa. Duk waɗannan samfurori sun narkewa a cikin wuri mai narkewa, kuma sakamakon glucose ya shiga cikin jini, kuma daga ciki zuwa cikin kwayoyin, musamman ma tsokaran kwarangwal da hanta. Sun hada da sitaci dabba a karkashin aikin glucopyrophosphorylase enzyme.

Wace matakai ke faruwa a cikin tsokoki mai ƙwanƙwara

Kamar yadda a cikin hanta, a cikin myocytes - ƙwayoyin tsoka, sitaciyar dabba ta tara. Tun da yawancin tsoka yafi girma da hanta, haɗin glycogen cikin su yana da yawa. A lokacin motsa jiki, sitaci dabba ya fara raba. Lactic acid, wanda ya samo asali daga glycolysis, ya shiga cikin jini kuma an kai shi zuwa hanta da kwayoyin koda. A cikinsu, daga kowane nau'i na kwayoyin lactic acid, an hada kwayar glucose guda daya, wanda aka canza zuwa wani polysaccharide ajiya. Hakan ya faru tare da amfani da makamashi ATP. Saboda haka, carbohydrate mai adadi na kwayar dabba shine glycogen, haɗarin myocytes, hepatocytes, kwayoyin halitta na ƙwayar kodan, da na myocardium da kwayoyin huhu.

Matsayin ilimin enzymes a cikin metabolism na dabba sitaci

Kamar yadda aka kafa a baya, ana amfani da carbohydrate mai adadi na kwayoyin dabbobi glycogen. Dangane da hanyoyi guda biyu da suka shafi kwakwalwa ta hanyar gyare-gyare: gurɓatawa da kira, yana kuma shiga cikin wadannan halayen. Canjin canji na glucose a cikin glycogen kuma mene ne zai yiwu ne kawai tare da haɗuwa da tsarin ƙaddamar da ƙwayar cuta a cikin wadannan halayen. Ya haɗa da haɗari ga glycogenogenesis, kamar: phosphoglucomutase (canza glucose-6-phosphate zuwa glucose-1-phosphate) da UDP-glucopyrophosphorylase (tabbatar da rashin fahimtar glycogen kira). Sakamakon gyaran kafa ya faru ne a gaban glycogen phosphorylase da wasu sauran enzymes guda biyu wadanda suka ketare rassan gefen cikin sassan glycogen. Tsarin dukkanin enzymes da ke sama suna aiki kawai a musayar glycogen a cikin kwayar dabbaccen kwayar halitta, don haka amsar daidai ga tambayoyin gwajin: madadin carbohydrate a cikin kwayar halitta shine: 1. Brain, 2 Glycogen? - Za a yi wata sanarwa a karkashin lambar 2.

Rashin ciwon gurguntaccen gwaninta da sakamakonta

Bisa ga abubuwan da ke sama, mun gano cewa carbohydrate mai ajiyewa a cikin kwayar halitta shine glycogen. Rashin haɗin musayarsa zai iya haifar da nau'i biyu. Na farko - kurakurai da abinci da salon rayuwa, na biyu - nakasar jiki ta jiki a cikin aikin sashin jiki na jiki. Hanya na enzymes da ke da alaka da shi, yana da alhaki don kawar da sitacin dabba, kuma don samuwa daga glucose cikin jini. Saboda haka pathologies bayyana yadda a cikin halayen da roba metabolism, da kuma samar da makamashi. An kira su glycogenoses. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama, adadin carbohydrate a cikin kwayar halitta shine glycogen, haɗuwa da farko a cikin hanta da kuma tsokoki na ƙwan zuma. Saboda haka, akwai nau'i biyu na ciwo: tsoka da hanta etiology. Ƙungiyar farko ta ƙunshi cutar Mc-Ardl. Mai haƙuri ba ya samar da enzyme phosphorylase. Wannan ya haifar da bayyanar da fitsari na chromoprotein - myoglobin, wanda aka saki a yayin aiki mai nauyi. A sakamakon haka, akwai lalacewa da tsoka da tsoka da kuma bayyanar yanayi mai banƙyama.

Don hanta ciwo hada Gierke ta cutar. Yana faruwa mafi sau da yawa, farawa tare da jariri. A cikin marasa lafiya a cikin hanta Kwayoyin, babu wani enzyme wanda yake canja wurin samfurin farko na glycogen a cikin glucose, saboda haka ana iya ganin ƙaramin sukari (hypoglycemia) a cikin jinin mai haƙuri, kuma acetone ya bayyana a cikin fitsari, wanda ke haifar da maye gurbin kwayar.

A cikin wannan labarin munyi la'akari da hanyoyin da aka yi na musayar sitacin dabba - glycogen, wanda ke faruwa a cikin kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta.