Ainihin Jadawalin ICB da kuma yawan zafin jiki ji

Koyo matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin ilimin kididdiga tsarin, wani m barbashi size ne rikitarwa, kuma mai girma yawan su. La'akari dabam kowane barbashi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba, duk da haka gabatar da ilimin kididdiga yawa: da talakawan gudu daga cikin barbashi, su maida hankali, da barbashi taro. Formula characterizing jihar na tsarin da microscopic sigogi, da ake kira da muhimman hakkokin Jadawalin kwayoyin sanadin motsi ka'idar gas (ICB).

A kadan game da talakawan gudu daga cikin barbashi

Tabbatas da gudu daga cikin barbashi aka za'ayi a karon farko gwaje. Da aka sani daga cikin manhaja gwajin Otto Shternom, a yarda don ƙirƙirar wani hoto na barbashi velocities. A gwajin bincika motsi na azurfa kwayoyin halitta a juyawa cylinders: na farko na kullum da kafuwa, sa'an nan a lõkacin da ta rotates a wani kusurwa gudu.

A sakamakon haka, an gano cewa, cikin kudi na azurfa kwayoyin wuce gudun sauti da kuma shi ne 500 m / s. Gaskiyar ita quite ban sha'awa, tun da irin wannan gudu na barbashi a abubuwa da mutum zuwa ga jin wuya.

m gas

Don ci gaba da karatu m kawai a cikin tsarin, da sigogi da ayyana kai tsaye ma'aunai na iya zama ta yin amfani da jiki na'urorin. Bugun da aka auna injin gwada sauri, amma da ra'ayin ne don hašawa da wani injin gwada sauri zuwa guda barbashi ne m. Kai tsaye mataki ne kawai macroscopic siga alaka motsi na barbashi.

Ka yi la'akari da gas matsa lamba. A matsa lamba a kan jirgin ruwa bango an halitta ta sãme gas kwayoyin ba a cikin jirgin ruwa. A peculiarity na gaseous Jihar al'amari - fairly manyan nisa tsakanin kananan barbashi da su hulda da juna. Wannan damar zuwa kai tsaye mataki da matsa lamba.

Duk wani tsarin na hulda da jikin ne halin da m makamashi da kuma sanadin motsi makamashi na motsi. Real gas - wani hadadden tsarin. A canzawa daga m makamashi sāke amfaninsa. Matsala za a iya warware ta gabatar da wani model, halayyar kaddarorin da m gas kai samame tafi haduwar hulda.

An manufa gas - a Jihar al'amarin a cikin abin da hulda da barbashi ne negligible, da m makamashi na hulda o ƙarin tabbatar da sifili. Yana iya kawai a yi la'akari da gagarumin sanadin motsi makamashi, wanda ya dogara a kan barbashi gudu.

Ideal Gas Matsa lamba

Gane da dangantakar dake tsakanin gas matsa lamba da kuma gudu daga cikin barbashi damar ta asali lissafi MKT manufa gas. A barbashi motsi a cikin wani jirgin ruwa, a karo da bango ta watsa wani bugun jini wanda darajar za a iya ƙaddara dangane II Newton ta shari'a ba:

• FΔt = 2m ₀ v _x

Canza barbashi lokacinta a na roba buga hade da canji na kwance bangaren na ta gudu. F - da karfi exerted da barbashi a kan garu ga wani taƙaitaccen lokaci t; m ₀ - taro na barbashi.

A surface S lokacin Δt yanki suna fuskantar duk gas barbashi motsi wajen surface da gudu v _x da kuma kamanta a cikin Silinda girma Sυ _x Δt. Lokacin da barbashi taro n daidai rabin kwayoyin motsa zuwa ga bango, rabi na biyu - a gaban shugabanci.

Bayan dauke da karo na barbashi, za mu iya rubuta Newton ta dokar domin karfi aiki a kan dandamali:

• FΔt = nm ₀ v _x ² SΔt

Tun da gas matsa lamba aka bayyana a matsayin rabo na da karfi aiki perpendicular zuwa surface, na karshe yanki za a iya rubuta:

• p = F: S = nm ₀ v _x ²

Wannan dangane da lissafi a matsayin asali ICB iya bayyana dukan tsarin, watau. K. The motsi kawai a daya shugabanci.

Maxwell rarraba

M m collisions na gas barbashi tare da ganuwar da juna gubar ga kafa wani ilimin kididdiga rarraba da barbashi gudu (makamashi). Shugabanci na gudu vectors ne daidai da m. Irin wannan rarraba da aka kira da Maxwell rarraba. A 1860, wannan abin kwaikwaya aka samu J. Maxwell karkashin ICB. Babban sigogi na rarraba dokar da aka kira gudun: tabbas yayi dace da iyakar darajar da kwana da kuma da nufin square _q v = √ 2> - da nufin square gudu daga cikin barbashi.

A karuwa a gas da zazzabi yayi dace da karuwa da gudu dabi'u.

Kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa duk velocities ne daidai, kuma su kayayyaki da wannan ma'anar, za a iya gani,

• 2> = x ^2> + y ^2> + z ^2> inda: x ^2> = 2> 3

Ainihin lissafi MKT da kaddarance dabi'u na gas matsa lamba daukan siffar:

• p = nm ₀ 2> 3.

Wannan dangantaka ne musamman a cewa da shi ya kira dangantakar tsakanin microscopic sigogi: gudun, taro na barbashi, barbashi yawa da kuma iskar gas matsa lamba a matsayin dukan.

Amfani da manufar sanadin motsi makamashi na barbashi, ainihin lissafi MKT za a iya sake rubutawa:

• p = 2nm ₀ 2> 6 = 2n k> 3

A gas matsa lamba ne kunnen doki da nufin darajar da sanadin motsi makamashi na ta barbashi.

da zazzabi

Sha'awa, domin m adadin gas a cikin rufaffiyar jirgin ruwa za a iya haɗa da gas matsa lamba da kuma da nufin darajar barbashi sanadin motsi makamashi. cikinsa da matsa lamba ji za a iya yi da aunawa da samar da makamashi na barbashi.

Yadda za a shiga? Abin da za a iya kwatanta ta da adadin sanadin motsi makamashi? Wannan awo ne da yawan zafin jiki.

Zazzabi - awo na thermal jihar abubuwa. Domin ta ji amfani da wani ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, tushen ayyuka da sa da thermal fadada da aiki m (wani barasa, Mercury) a karkashin dumama. Sikelin da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio kafa gwaje. Yawancin lokaci shi ba tags m zuwa matsayi da aiki m a wani jiki matakai abin da ke faruwa a lokacin thermal sãkẽwa jihar (ruwan zãfi, dab kankara). Daban-daban thermometers da daban-daban ma'auni. Alal misali, sikelin Celsius, Fahrenheit.

Universal zazzabi kewayon

More ban sha'awa cikin sharuddan da 'yancin kai na aiki Properties na jiki za a iya daukarsa a gas ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Su kewayon ba a dogara a kan irin gas amfani. A irin wannan na'urar iya bambanta hypothetically zafin jiki a da gas o ƙarin sifili matsa lamba. Lissafi nuna cewa wannan darajar yayi dace da -273,15 ° ^C. The zazzabi range (cikakkar zazzabi sikelin ko Kelvin sikelin) da aka gabatar a 1848 shekara. Domin babban batu na wannan sikelin dauki zeroth gas matsa lamba yiwu zazzabi. Scale naúrar tazara daidaita da naúrar darajar Celsius. Record asali lissafi amfani ILC zafin jiki ne mafi m in karatu gas tafiyar matakai.

Communication matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki

Empirically wanda zai iya tabbatar da gas matsa lamba ne kunnen doki da zazzabi. A lokaci guda samu cewa matsin lamba ne kai tsaye na gwargwado ga taro na barbashi:

• P = nkT,

inda T - cikakkar zazzabi, k-akai daidai 1,38 • 10 ^-23 J / K.

Da muhimman hakkokin darajar da ciwon m darajar domin duk gas, da ake kira Boltzmann m.

Gwama matsa lamba dogara da yawan zafin jiki da kuma iskar gas ICB asali lissafi za a iya rubuta:

• to> = 3kT: 2

A nufin darajar da sanadin motsi makamashi na iskar gas kwayoyin motsi ne na gwargwado ga ta da yawan zafin jiki. Wannan ne, da yawan zafin jiki ne da wani ma'auni na sanadin motsi makamashi na barbashi motsi.