Mene ne phenotype? Concept, da asali siffofin hulda da genotype

The kalmar "phenotype" ne na Greek asalin da fassara (a zahiri) "gano", "Ni". Mene ne m muhimmancin wannan ra'ayi?

Mene ne phenotype? definition

Karkashin hadaddun phenotype ya kamata a fahimci cewa halaye ne muhimmi ga mutum a wani mataki na ci gaba. Wannan sa aka kafa a kan tushen da genotype. Domin diploid kwayoyin halin da magana daga rinjaye kwayoyin halittu. Domin sanin daidai da abin da phenotype ya kamata a magana game da hade da ciki da kuma na waje siffofin na jiki, wanda aka samu a kan aiwatar da mutum bunƙasa (yanayin halitta na juya).

Overview

Duk da fairly daidai definition na abin da wani phenotype, ta ra'ayi yana mai yawan shakka. Mafi yawa daga cikin Tsarin da kwayoyin da aka sauya ta da kwayoyin abu ba a samu a bayyanar da jiki. A lokaci guda su ne ɓangare na phenotype. An misali zai zama da phenotype na mutum jini. A wannan batun, a cewar wasu mawallafa, da definition kamata hada da waɗannan halaye waɗanda cewa za a iya samu tare da yin amfani da bincike, kiwon lafiya da kuma fasaha hanyoyin. A mafi m iya ƙunsar kara fadada samu hali, kuma idan ya cancanta, da tasiri a kan yanayi da kwayoyin, da sauran kwayoyin. Saboda haka, misali, masu saro da kuma dam beavers za a iya dauka domin su phenotype.

key Features

Kayyade cewa wani phenotype, za mu iya magana game da wani "sunã gaggãwa" kayyade bayanai saduwa da muhalli dalilai. A lokacin da ka farko m kamata a yi la'akari biyu halaye:

1. Dimensionality na phenotype. Wannan alamar na nuni da adadin destinations, "kau", abin da ya bayyana yawan muhalli dalilai.
2. Na biyu alamar nuna ji na ƙwarai phenotype ga muhalli. Sunan wannan mataki - kewayo.

Tare, wadannan halaye bayar da shawarar da richness kuma iri-iri na phenotypes. A hadaddiyar sa na mutum halaye, da mafi m fasali, da kuma m su ne daga genotype, don haka shi ne aukaka. Alal misali, lokacin da idan aka kwatanta da phenotype na kwayoyin cuta, roundworm, rana, mutumin, "dũkiya" a cikin sarkar ƙaruwa. Wannan yana nufin cewa mutum phenotype aukaka.

tarihi bayanai

A 1909, Vilgelm Iogansen (Danish masanin kimiyyar) karo na farko - a tare da tare da manufar genotype - phenotype samarwa definition. Wannan yarda rarrabe tsakanin gadar hali na da sakamakon da aiwatar. A ra'ayin na da bambance-bambance za a iya gano a cikin ayyukansu na Mendel, kuma Weismann. A karshen ne daban-daban daga somatic da kuma haihuwa Kwayoyin a kwayar kwayoyin. A sakamakon kafa na iyayentaka chromosomes kunshe ne a cikin cell tsakiya. Chromosomes kawo hadaddun kwayoyin halittu da halayyar ga wani musamman nau'in a general da kuma musamman daga wani kwayoyin. A genes na samar da bayani game da sunadarai da cewa za a iya hada, da kuma sunadaren da cewa a zahiri ayyana da kuma tsara da kira. Abin da idan wannan ya faru? Lokacin da yanayin halitta na juya kunna genes da waɗanda hada sunadaran da suka shigar wanda ke aiki. A sakamakon haka ne samuwar da kuma ci gaban duk kaddarorin da kuma halaye na da kwayoyin, constituting ta phenotype. A wasu kalmomin, mun samu wani "samfurin" na aiwatar da kwayoyin shirin dauke a cikin genotype.

Tasiri na waje yanayi a kan ci gaban da halaye na mutum

Ya kamata a lura da cewa genotype ne ba musamman factor cewa kayyade phenotype. A sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na tara samuwar mutum siffofin zai dogara ne a kan rundunar yanayi, da cewa shi ne daga waje dalilai. A yanayi daban-daban phenotypes ana sharply tsayayya. Alal misali, jinsunan malam "arashniya" a shekara samar biyu zuriyarsa. Wadanda mutane, wanda ya samar daga overwintered pupae (spring), su ne sosai daban-daban daga wadanda cewa ya bayyana a lokacin rani. Yana kuma iya bambanta, kuma phenotype da shuka. Alal misali, a cikin wani fili bushy Pine itatuwa, kuma a cikin gandun daji - tsayi da kuma siririn. A ruwa buttercup leaf siffar dogara a inda shi ya rataya - a iska ko a cikin ruwa.

Da dangantakar phenotypes da genotypes

Ability don canza, wanda aka bayar da wani kayyade shirin, da ake kira da kudi na dauki. Matsayin mai mulkin, da mafi bambanta da yanayin a cikin abin da ya yi kawaici view, da fadi da kullum. A cikin akwati inda yanayi ne sosai daban-daban daga abin da ta saba da irin take hakki ya faru a cikin ci gaban da kwayoyin, kuma suka mutu. The alamun phenotype ba ko da yaushe nuna recessive alleles. Amma suna da ceto kuma iya matsa wa zuriya. Wadannan data sa shi yiwuwa a fi fahimtar juyin halitta. A zabin yanayi ya shafi kawai phenotypes zuriya kuma daukar kwayar cutar da suke kara genotypes a cikin yawan. The hulda ba a iyakance ga dangantakar recessive da rinjaye alleles - da yawa genes hulɗa tare da juna.