Abin da yake a cikin ruwa: daga wani daga cikin kwayoyin da kwayoyin halitta

Ruwa - babban bangare ne na duk rayuwa a Duniya. Shi ne kuma mazauninsu for kwayoyin, da kuma babban kashi a cikin tsarin, da kuma, saboda haka, tushen rai. Ana amfani da a duk yankuna na masana'antu. Saboda haka, tunanin da suke zaune tare da wani rashin ruwa ne da wuya sosai.

Wannan bangare na ruwa

All ne Masani game da cewa ruwa da aka hada da hydrogen da oxygen. Yana da gaske ne. Amma ban da wadannan biyu abubuwa, da ruwa a cikin abun da ke ciki shi ne har yanzu wata babbar kaya na sinadaran aka gyara.

Mene ne ruwa?

Ta canza halayyar, yayin wucewa da ruwa sake zagayowar: danshin, sandaro da kuma hazo samar precipitates. A lokacin hanya na wadannan abubuwan da ruwa ya gana da wani iri-iri mahadi kwayoyin halitta, karafa, gas, haifar da ruwa da aka supplemented da daban-daban abubuwa.

Da abubuwa da cewa yin sama da ruwa, zuwa kashi 6 Categories:

1. Ions. Wadannan sun hada da: cations na Na, K, MG, Ca, anions: CL, HCO _3, da kuma SO _4. Wadannan aka gyara a ruwa ne mafi girma, idan aka kwatanta da sauran yawa. The ruwa da suka zo daga ƙasa yadudduka, halitta ma'adanai, kankara, kazalika da abubuwa na lalata kayayyakin da masana'antu da ayyukan.
2. Narkar da gas: oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide da sauransu. The adadin kowane gas a ruwa dogara a kan ta zazzabi.
3. Gina jiki. Cif daga cikinsu akwai phosphorus da nitrogen da cewa shigar daga hazo ruwa, da kuma aikin gona da sharar gida da ruwa.
4. Gano abubuwa. Akwai game da 30 jinsin. Manuniya na ruwa a cikin abun da ke ciki ne sosai kananan da kuma jeri daga 0.1 zuwa 1 microgram da lita. Wadannan sun hada da: bromine, selenium, jan, tutiya, da dai sauransu ...
5. Organic abubuwa narkewa a cikin ruwa, da kuma nitrogen-dauke da abubuwa. Wannan alcohols, carbohydrates, aldehydes, phenols, peptides da sauransu.
6. Gubobi. Wannan shi ne yafi nauyi karafa da kuma man fetur kayayyakin.

The ruwa kwayoyin

Saboda haka, daga abin da kwayoyin ne ruwa?

Ruwa maras muhimmanci dabara - H ₂ O. Kuma ya nuna cewa ruwa kwayoyin kunshi hydrogen da oxygen kwayoyin halitta. Tsakanin su kafa wani barga dangantaka.

Mass kwayoyin ne 18,016 g / mol, inda hydrogen lissafinsu 11.19%, da kuma oxygen - 88,81%.

The ruwa kwayoyin ne iyakacin duniya saboda ba ta da musamman cibiyar kusa da sun mayar da hankali tabbatacce kuma korau zargin, kuma yana da biyu oppositely cajin zura sandunan ɗaukarsa.

Ruwa da aka hada da kwayoyin halitta, da kwana tsakanin wanda dabam dangane da tara jihar na ruwa. Saboda haka, a lokacin da shi ne a Jihar gas, da kwana tsakanin hydrogen da oxygen ne ^{game da} 104, a cikin m jihar - ^{game da} 109. A cikin wadannan Figures, kazalika da nisa tsakanin aka gyara halarta rinjayi kwayoyin halitta.

kwayoyin tsarin

A baya can, shi da aka A lokacin, na da kwayoyin halitta shi ne ruwa. Shin hydrogen , kuma oxygen. Gagarumar rawar daukawa oxygen. Around wannan kashi ya barnatar da cajin electrons da protons gaskiya ma cajin sun mayar da hankali a kusa da hydrogen atoms. Wannan rabo daga sandunan da kwayoyin rinjayar da yanayin da kwayoyin bond - shi ne iyakacin duniya.

Tun da biyu hydrogen atoms ne guda cajin, cewa, daidai da, suka motsa daga juna. Wannan rinjayar da kwana kafa tsakanin oxygen da kuma hydrogen atoms, shi ne ^game 104.5. Saboda kishiyar sandunan da ruwa guda daya a kira dipole. Wannan dukiyar kayyade ta m halaye na kwayoyin.

Kamar yadda ruwa kwayoyin kama a sarari? Don sanin ko siffar na DNA, da alaka da madaidaiciya Lines atoms cibiyoyin, inda volumetric adadi looms - tetrahedron. Irin wannan shi ne tsarin da ruwa.

A siffar da ruwa kwayoyin ne iya bambanta dangane da jihar tari. Domin gaseous jihar ne halin da kwana tsakanin oxygen da kuma hydrogen atoms to ^{game da} 104,27 to m jihar - ^game 109,5 ga ruwa - ^game 105,03.

Wadanda kwayoyin da cewa sun dauki ruwa, ya zauna a wani ƙarfi a sarari, da kuma su bawo an rufe ta electron girgije a cikin nau'i na abũbuwan rufi. Irin ruwa kwayoyin, dauke a cikin jirgin sama idan aka kwatanta da X-dimbin yawa chromosome, abin da hidima ga yaduwar kwayoyin bayanai, sabili da haka ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa wani sabon rai. Daga irin wannan tsari chromosomes dauki misalin ruwa da kuma yadda wani rai Madogararsa.

A sarari na da kwayoyin da shi ya dubi kamar kewaya alwatika, a tetrahedron. Wannan siffar sosai barga da kuma dabam ne kawai saboda na ruwa rinjayar waje jiki dalilai.

Mene ne ruwa? Na sunadaran, wanda aka rinjayi Van der Waals sojojin, hydrogen shaidu obrazovyvaniyu. A wannan alaka tsakanin oxygen da kuma hydrogen kwayoyin suna kafa m bazuwar shirkinku, kuma gungu. A farko - a tarwatsettsun tsarin, na biyu - da umarnin abõkan tãrayya.

A cikin saba Jihar ruwa shirkinku adadin ne 60%, da gungu - 40%.

Tsakanin m ruwa kwayoyin iya zama da samuwar hydrogen gadoji, wanda taimakawa ga samuwar daban-daban Tsarin - gungu.

Gungu ne iya hulɗa tare da juna ta hanyar hydrogen shaidu, wanda ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa Tsarin sabon tsari - hexagons.

A lantarki tsarin da kwayoyin da na ruwa

Kwayoyin halitta - wannan shi ne abin da yake a cikin ruwa, da kuma kowane zarra na da lantarki tsarin. Saboda haka, mai hoto dabara na lantarki matakan ne kamar haka: ₈ Yã 1s ² 2s ² 2p ⁴ ₁ ¹ N 1s.

Lokacin da wani tsari na kafa ruwa kwayoyin faruwa overlapping electron girgije, biyu oxygen unpaired electron zoba da daya unpaired electron hydrogen. A sakamakon haka, da zoba kwana da aka kafa tsakanin kwayoyin halitta a ^{game da} 104.

Jiki Jihar ruwa

Kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da ruwa kwayoyin - a dipole, kuma wannan al'amari rinjayar da sabon abu kaddarorin al'amarin. Wata irin wannan dukiya ne cewa ruwa zai iya zama ba ta halitta a jihohi uku: ruwa, m da tururi.

The mulki daga jihar zuwa wani saboda da wadannan matakai:

1. Tafasa - daga ruwa zuwa tururi.
2. Sandaro - su tururi zuwa wani ruwa (ruwan sama).
3. Crystallization - a lokacin da ruwa ke canza kama zuwa kankara.
4. Narkewa - kankara narkewa tsari da kuma samun ruwa.
5. Sublimation - hira da kankara a cikin tururi.
6. Desublimation - backlash sublimation, wato, da mi} a mulki tururi to kankara.

Daga jihar na ruwa ya dogara da tsarin da ta kwayoyin raga.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka, zamu iya cewa ruwa - mai rikitarwa kwayoyin halitta da sauki tsarin, wanda zai iya bambanta dangane da yanayin. Kuma ya bayyana, daga abin da yake da ruwa kwayoyin.