A tsarin da volcanoes. Iri da iri eruptions. Mene ne wani aman wuta?

A zamanin d Romawa, kallon daga saman wani dutse a cikin sama gani baki hayaki da kuma wuta, ya yi ĩmãni da cewa kafin su ƙofar jahannama, ko a mallaki Vulcan - bautãwa na smithing da kuma wuta. A cikin girmamawa da wuta-numfashi dutsen da ake kira har yanzu volcanoes.

A wannan labarin, za mu je nan, abin da yake cikin tsarin da aman wuta, da kuma kalle ta bakin dutse.

Active da kuma dadaddun volcanoes

A duniya, da yawa volcanoes, duka biyu dormant da kuma aiki. Shigowa kowane daga cikinsu zai iya daukar kwanaki, watanni, da kuma ko shekara (misali, located a kan Hawaiian tarin tsiburai Kilauea aman wuta farka baya a 1983 kuma har yanzu yana da aikinsa ba ya hana). Bayan haka, volcanic craters iya daskare domin da yawa shekarun da suka gabata, to a sake tunatar da kanmu sabon saki.

Ko da yake, ba shakka, akwai ma'aunan kasa tsarin, wanda aikin sa a cikin m baya. Da yawa daga cikinsu a lokaci guda har yanzu riƙe da mazugi siffar, amma yadda daidai ne su shigowa, babu wani bayani. Wadannan volcanoes an dauke su sõmammu. Kamar yadda misali ne Dutsen Elbrus da Kazbek, na dogon lokaci rufe da haske glaciers. Kuma a cikin Crimea da Trans-Baikal yankin suna dauke da eroded da kuma halakar da volcanoes, duk sun rasa asalin siffar.

Mene ne volcanoes

Dangane da tsari, aiki da kuma wuri, a geomorphology (abin da ake kira kimiyya cewa nazarin da aka bayyana ma'aunan kasa tsarin) sun kasu mutum iri volcanoes.

A general sharuddan, da suka kasu kashi biyu main kungiyoyin: mikakke kuma tsakiyar. Ko da yake, ba shakka, wannan rabo sosai wajen, kamar yadda mafi yawan su mikakke tectonic crustal laifinsu.

Bugu da kari, bambanci yana thyroid da domed tsarin da aman wuta, kazalika da ake kira cinder Cones da stratovolcanoes. A cewar su aiki ne a tsare a matsayin aiki, dormant ko dadaddun, kuma a wuri - kamar yadda nazarin sasannin, submarine da subglacial.

Mene ne bambanci daga tsakiyar mikakke volcanoes

Ƙirgar (fasa) volcanoes, kamar yadda mai mulkin, ba ya tashi high sama da ƙasa - suna da wani nau'i na fasa. A tsarin da volcanoes na da irin wannan hada da dogon wadata tashoshi hade tare da zurfin tsaga ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi, daga abin da pours ruwa magma, wanda yana da wani basaltic abun da ke ciki. Yana shimfidawa fitar a duk inda kuma solidify, forming lawa gudana, erasing cikin gandun daji, ciko da rami, ya hallaka cikin kõgi, kuma kauyen.

Haka kuma, a lokacin da wani bam na wani mikakke shigowa a Duniya ta surface iya faruwa m rami da ciwon tsawon da dama dubun kilomita. Bugu da kari, tsarin eruptions tare fasa ado lebur shafts, lawa filayen, m kuma lebur fesa Cones, matuƙa, canza wuri mai faɗi. Af, babban bangaren Iceland ta topography - shi ne lawa plateaus sa a cikin wannan hanya.

Idan a magma abun da ke ciki shi ne mafi acidic (high silica ciki), sa'an nan a kusa da bakin extrusive volcanic girma (Ina nufin, matse) shafts ciwon sako-sako da tsarin.

A tsarin da tsakiyar-type volcanic

Vulcan tsakiyar irin - shi ne Tapered ma'aunan kasa samuwar wanda saman rawanin bakin dutse - wani sako da ciwon da siffar mazurari ko kofin. Shi ne, ba zato ba tsammani, sannu a hankali ya koma zuwa sama, kamar yadda tsiro volcanic yi da kanta, da kuma ta size iya zama daban-daban gaba daya da kuma auna a mita ko kilomita.

volcanic craters suna kafa a lokacin da wani shigowa da kuma iya zama ko da a kan gangara na volcanic duwãtsu, wanda idan aka kira su parasitic ko gefen.

Zurfi a cikin volcanic duwãtsu ne baki da wanda yakan up cikin bakin dutse, magma. Magma - a wuta zubi taro da ciwon zai fi dacewa a silicate abun da ke ciki. An haife shi a Duniya ta ɓawon burodi, inda ta mayar da hankali, kuma ya tafi a sama, a cikin nau'i na lawa daga zuba a bãyan ƙasa.

Shigowa, yawanci tare da saki lafiya SPRAY magma wanda ya samar da ash da gas wanda, sha'awa, 98% na ruwa. Sun hadu ne da wani iri-iri na impurities a cikin nau'i na flakes na volcanic ash da ƙura.

Abin da kayyade siffar volcanoes

A siffar da aman wuta ya dogara da abun da ke ciki da kuma danko na magma. Gudãna basalt magma Forms garkuwa (ko tabular) volcanoes. Sun yawanci suna da wani lebur siffar da kuma babban da'irar. Misalai wakiltar wadannan iri volcanoes, na iya zama wani yanki samuwar, located a kan Hawaiian Islands da aka sani a matsayin Mauna Loa.

Scoria Cones - ya fi na kowa da irin aman wuta. Suna kafa a lokacin da shigowa da manyan da wani ɓaɓɓake daga porous slag, wanda, da sharrin tara, gina a kusa da bakin dutse da mazugi, kuma sun samar da wani karamin sashi na gangaren hillsides. Wannan aman wuta shigowa kowane zama mafi girma. An misali zai a cikin ƙaho up a watan Disamba 2012 a Kamchatka aman wuta Flat Tolbachik.

Tsarin fasali na Dome da stratovolcanoes

Kuma sanannen Dutsen Etna, Dutsen Fuji da na Dutsen Vesuvius - misali ne na stratovolcanoes. Suna da ake kira laminates, kamar yadda suke kafa lokaci zuwa lokaci regurgitates lawa (danko sosai kuma cikin hanzari solidifying) da kuma pyroclastic abu, wanda yake shi ne cakuda zafi gas da kuma zafi ash duwatsu.

A sakamakon haka, da wadannan iri watsi da irin wannan eruptions da kaifi mazugi tare da concave gangara, da kuma a cikin abin da m shaida data. A lawa haka daga gare su ba wai kawai ta hanyar da primary bakin dutse, amma kuma daga fasa solidify yayin da a gangara kuma kafa Ribbed farfajiyoyi wanda bauta wa da goyon ba ma'aunan kasa samuwar.

Dome volcanoes an kafa ta wajen wani danko sosai granitic magma cewa ba gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu saukar da gangara, kuma solidifies a saman, kafa Dome wanda, kamar toshe kwalaba, sanƙarar vents da bouncers ƙarshe Skopje a ƙasa gas. Wani misali na wannan sabon abu zai iya zama Dome, wanda aka kafa a kan aman wuta St. Helens cewa Amurka arewa maso yammacin (da shi aka kafa a 1980).

Mene ne caldera

A sama-aka bayyana a tsakiyar volcanoes yawanci conical. Amma wani lokacin a lokacin volcanic eruptions na ganuwar da gine-gine sauka, kuma ta haka ne ya kafa caldera - wata babbar ciki da cewa za a iya isa zurfin mita dubbai na da diamita har zuwa 16 km.

Ku gaya baya, ka tuna cewa a cikin tsarin da volcanic bakin dutse mai babbar ɓangare a kan wanda yakan a lokacin da shigowa na zubi magma. Sa'ad da dukan magma ne a kan saman, akwai babban wõfintattu ciki da aman wuta. Shi ke daidai da shi da kuma iya kasa da tip da ganuwar volcanic duwãtsu, forming a surface kẽwayesu da ragowar na wreck m kotloobraznye rami tare da mun gwada lebur kasa.

The most zuwa ranar ne Toba caldera, located a tsibirin Sumatra (Indonesia) da kuma rufe gaba daya da ruwa. Kafa a wannan hanya lake yana da matukar ban sha'awa size: 100/30 km da kuma zurfin 500 m.

Mene ne fumarole

Volcanic craters, su gangara, ƙafa da kwasfa da sanyaya lawa gudana sau da yawa an rufe shi da fasa ko ramukan, wanda aka ja daga a magma narkar da zafi gas. Wadannan su ne ya kira fumaroles.

Yawancin lokaci a kan manyan ramuka girgije na lokacin farin ciki farin tururi, saboda magma ne, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, shi ya ƙunshi mai yawa da ruwa. Amma baya ta fumaroles ne tushen watsi da carbon dioxide, daban-daban oxides na sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen halides da sauran sinadarai da za su iya zama sosai a kawo hadari da mutane.

Af, volcanologists yi imani da cewa shigar a cikin tsarin da aman wuta fumaroles sa shi mafi aminci a matsayin gas neman hanyar fita kuma kada ku tara a cikin hanjinsu na dutsen, ta samar da wata kumfa cewa zai ƙarshe kore lawa zuwa surface.

Irin wannan aman wuta hada sanannen avachinsky, wanda shi ne ba da nisa daga Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Shan taba, swirling a kan shi, za a iya gani a kan wata hujja rana ga dubun kilomita.

Volcanic bama-bamai ana kuma hada a cikin tsarin da Duniya ta volcanoes

Idan dogon dormant aman wuta fashe, sa'an nan da bullowan ta vents tashi da ake kira volcanic bama-bamai. Sun kunshi Fused lawa kankara ko tarkace a cikin iska da kuma ƙarfafa iya auna da dama tons. Su siffar dogara a kan abin da irin abun da ke ciki lawa.

Alal misali, idan da ruwa da kuma lawa yana ba lokaci isa ya kwantar a cikin iska - wanda ya fadi a kasa volcanic bam jũya a cikin wani cake. A low danko basalt lawa juya a cikin iska, game da shi shan da Twisted siffar, ko ya zama kamar wani dogara sanda, ko wani pear. Danko sosai guda - andesite - lawa guda ne bayan fadowa burodi ɓawon burodi kamar (su ne zagaye ko polyhedral da kuma rufe fasa cibiyar sadarwa).

The girman da diamita na volcanic bama-bamai iya isa bakwai mita, da kuma akwai wadannan tsarin a kan gangara kusan duk volcanoes.

Iri volcanic eruptions

Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin littafin "Principles of Geology", wanda ya wadãtu da tsarin da kuma iri eruptions na volcanoes, Koronovskii NV, kowane irin volcanic Tsarin kafa ta daban-daban eruptions. 6-daban na tsaya fita daga gare su.

1. Hawaiian irin shigowa - watsi da sosai ruwa da kuma mobile lawa, wanda ya haifar da gagarumar garkuwa volcanoes da ciwon wani lebur siffar.
2. Stramboliansky irin - a saki wani karin danko sosai lawa cewa Firaministan daban-daban a cikin karfin fashewar abubuwa, haifar da wani ruwan tsufana na short form.
3. Plinian irin faye hali kwatsam iko fashewar wanda suna tare da watsi da babban adadin tephra (sako-sako da abu) da kuma bayyanar ta gudana.
4. Peleysky irin shigowa tare da samuwar avalanches da kuma iskar zafi zafi girgije, da kuma ci gaban da extrusive domes na danko sosai lawa.
5. Gas irin - shi ne kawai bullowan da wani ɓaɓɓake daga mazan kankara, wanda ake dangantawa da gas narkar da a magma, ko zafi fiye da kima a cikin tsarin da aman wuta ruwan karkashin kasa.
6. Shigowa zafi juyi. Yana da kama da high-zazzabi watsi da aerosol kunshi pumice guda, ma'adanai da kuma oblomochkov volcanic gilashi, kewaye da wani daina kai hare hare na gas haske. Wannan shigowa da aka tartsatsi a baya, amma ya dade da aka lura da mutane a wannan zamanin.

Lokacin da akwai mafi shahara volcanoes

Shekaru na volcanic eruptions iya watakila da ake danganta su da muhimmanci turakun a tarihin 'yan adam, domin shi ne lokacin da za a canza yanayin, halaka mai girma yawan mutane, kuma ko da ma share daga Duniya ta dukan wayewa (saboda, kamar yadda sakamakon da shigowa da giant aman wuta rasa Minoan wayewa a cikin 15 ko 16 c. BC. œ).

A 79 g na n. e. kusa Naples Vesuvius shigowa faru, bisne bakwai-mita Layer na ash na Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabia da Oplonti, abu don mutuwar dubban mutane.

A 1669, da dama eruptions Dutsen Etna, da kuma a 1766 - da aman wuta Mayon (Philippines) ya kai ga muguwar halaka da mutuwa ta lawa gudana dubban mutane.

A 1783 da aman wuta Laki, fashe a Iceland ya sa wani karu a zazzabi, wanda ya jagoranci a 1784 to amfanin gona da gazawar da kuma yunwa a Turai.

A aman wuta Tambora a kan Sumbawa tsibirin, falke up a 1815 bar domin na gaba shekara dukan duniya ba tare da wani lokacin rani, ragewan da yawan zafin jiki a duniya 2.5 ° C.

A shekarar 1991, da aman wuta da Philippine tsibirin Luzon su fashewa dan lokaci saukar da shi, duk da haka, tuni a 0,5 ° C.