Subsystem na al'umma kuma su gyara

A ra'ayi na "al'umma" ne m da bambance bambancen. Shi ne bil'adama a matsayin dukan, da kuma wani mataki a cikin ci gaban (misali, da m zamantakewa, da gurguzu, da dai sauransu) Society - wata kungiya mutane, wanda ya tashi saboda da wayo, m, sun shirya hadin gwiwa. Its mambobi ba sadarwa don haka mai zurfi da kuma kusa, misali, a lokacin da wani fatan al'umma.

Society ne wani rukuni na jama'a na wani jihar (misali, Faransa) ko wani fanni na bukatun (misali, kama kifi masu goyon baya). Duk da haka, a cikin za'a fadada ma'anarta shi tana nufin wani ɓangare na duniya, a cikin tsarin juyin halitta ware daga yanayi, amma ci gaba da dangantaka ta kusa da ita.

Society ne halin da siffofin ƙungiya daga mutane ko kungiyoyi, su hulda dangantaka. Yana dogara ne a kan wannan directional moriyar kayyade a cikin kwangila, gunduma ko sauran kayan bushe. Society, da bambanci ga al'umma, kasa tasiri a kan canji na hali ainihi. Sau da yawa, ta wannan suka nufi Sphere dake tsakanin mutum da kuma jiha.

Society da zamantakewa gami - a gaskiya sosai kama Concepts. A wani ma'ana ba za mu iya ce cewa al'umma - wannan ne ya kafa duk dangantakar da cewa bayyana a cikin da shi. Yana da wuya, amma a shirye tsarin, wanda aka halin:

• A fadi da dama subsystems (yankunan) da kuma zamantakewa kungiyoyin.
• Connections, dangantaka, da kuma wasu siffofin da hulda tsakanin mambobin, shan wuri ciki da waje cikin rufaffiyar tsarin.
• Kai isar, watau ikon haifar da wani yanayi da hadin gwiwa mataki.
• Alternative ci gaba, kuzarin kawo cikas, rashin daukar cikakken hali.
• Nonlinearity (unpredictability) raya kasa.

Bugu da kari, kamar wani mai jiwuwa tsarin, jama'a halin da mutunci. An ba kawai Naira Miliyan Xari da abubuwa ne mafi matakai kan iyaka da kuma yiwuwa na da tsarin abubuwa, ciki har da duk dangantaka da cewa kawo mutane tare.

Tsarin tsarin da jama'a ya nuna cewa manufar za a iya raba karami da aka gyara, da ake kira "subsystem" al'umma ko iyãwarsa.

• A tattalin arziki Sphere hada a cikakken duk dangantaka cewa tashi a cikin tsari na halitta, da kuma rarraba amfani da kayan dukiya. Gaskiya ko misali na tattalin arziki subsystem al'umma iya zama da ci gaban da wani mai ko zinariya mine, da samar da wani kaya.
• The siyasa subsystem - da totality of dangantakar iri kamar jiha-jama'a, jihar-ƙungiya, da dai sauransu Wani misali na (al'amari) a subsystem al'umma dauke majalisu aiki, gudanar da jama'a kamfen, referenda, kazalika da administrative ayyuka na jihar.
• Social subsystem - dangantaka tsakanin azuzuwan, da al'ummai, addinai, daban-daban shekaru, masu sana'a da sauran yadudduka. Facts: aure, amfanin.
• A ruhaniya Sphere - dangantaka cewa an haife kuma ci gaba a cikin aiwatar da samar ruhaniya dabi'u, su ajiya, da popularization. Misalai na ruhaniya subsystem al'umma: da ayyukan cibiyoyin bincike, al'adu cibiyoyin addinai, da kungiyoyin.
• The tambaya a yau ke tsunduma a cikin binciken na al'umma falsafa. Ta gani wannan ra'ayi a matsayin hadin kai da dama abubuwa, sassa, aka gyara. Dukkan su suna da nasaba, da kuma interdependent, ba zai iya zama a matsayin mai raba dauki kashi (ko Sphere). Yana da wadannan interactions da kuma dangantaka sa jama'a da cikakken tsarin da cewa shi ne daban-daban daga wasu (misali, nazarin halittu) da yawa fiye da hadaddun.