A tarihin ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta

Computers sun zama wata larura. Su ne a ko'ina: a cikin gidajensu, masana'antu, da ofisoshin da kuma motoci ... mu wani lokacin ba ma tunani, kamar yadda nisa a matsayin tarihi na ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta ne multifaceted da arziki a cikin tarihi kwanakin. Don kwanan wata, Akwai hudu zamaninsu na kwakwalwa.

A ƙarni na farko ya da wani ƙato (babbar ta yau nagartacce) na'ura. Fãce ga aikin na Jamus m Zuse (wato, ya halitta na farko kwamfuta a 1941, amma ayyukan da aka rasa), da m na yau da kwakwalwa ne a "Mark-1" (1943). Wannan na'ura da ake buƙata wata babbar zauren da kuma kunshi 800 km na igiyoyi, fiye da 3.300 dubu. Zango da kuma cinye don sarrafa kwamfuta daruruwan kilowatts na wutar lantarki. Mun yi amfani da wadannan kwakwalwa domin soja lissafin.

Amma shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa tarihi na kwamfuta tsara dabaru na bai fara da "Mark Na». Its kwanan watan farawa rubuta a shekarar 1946. Sa'an nan da kwamfuta za ta zama bisa ga lantarki injin shambura. Yana yana da irin wannan tsarin ENIAC. A size shi ne kusan kamar na farko, "Mark", amma featuring manyan iya aiki (fiye da sau dubu). The mota juya a kira su da wani ban sha'awa, mai iko, m, amma impractical. Domin gudanar da wani lissafi da ake bukata domin da yawa hours domin gudanar da wasu sharuddan sauyawa igiyoyi. The na'urar ne rago, da kuma ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta ci gaba da wani sabon ra'ayi - "lantarki" da zai iya aiki a kwamfuta. Base kwamfuta na ƙarni kunshi capacitors, resistors da lantarki injin shambura.

History of kwamfuta kayan aiki m samar fara a 1951, godiya ga SA Lebedev. Yana duk fara da SECM, wanda ya zama bayan completions BESM-2. A kadan daga baya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ne mafi iko kwamfuta a Turai da aka halitta da sunan M-20, wanda shi ne quite sau da yawa ya fita daga su tsarin da ake bukata don sabis wani babba ma'aikatan injiniyoyi.

Na biyu ƙarni na kwakwalwa fara tare da sabuwar dabara da kuma yin amfani da farko transistor. Daga wannan lokacin da tarihin fasahar kwamfuta fara samun wani mabanbanta gudun. Base kwamfuta zama bisa semiconductor abubuwa. A transistor ya a arba'in sau kwaikwayon na lantarki fitilu, m da kuma maras tsada. Shi ya zama zai yiwu a yi amfani da buga kewaye hukumar. A shekarar 1965, Digital Boats Company gabatar da wani m (!) Computer, da girma daga waxanda suke da dan kadan kasa capacious firiji. Yana da aka kira mu'ujiza PDP-8 da kuma ya daraja dubu 20. Dollars.

Duk da yake šaukuwa PDP-8, mamakin kowa da kowa tare da ya yi a lokaci guda fãra ci gaban da uku-tsara kwakwalwa (karshen 1960 - 70 years). Wannan shi ne saboda da ci gaba da kuma gwaji na farko hadedde kewaye (Yahaya Killebrew 1958). A cikin silicon wafer located transistors da su sadarwa. Yawan aiki - daga dubban daruruwan miliyoyin ayyukan da na biyu.

A shekarar 1968, littafin na farko Hadakar kewaye kwamfuta - IBM-360. A shekarar 1970, Intel gabatar ta Hadakar memory haihuwarka. A kowace shekara yi sassa karu a kalla sau biyu, da circuitry yanki ko ba su canja, ko dai ya zama karami. Wannan ya ba da wani impetus ga ci gaban tsara ta huɗu na kwakwalwa.

A shekarar 1970, kamfanin Intel (Marsciano Edward Hoff) gina farko analogue CPU manyan kwamfuta. A shekarar 1970 da ta ke sayarwa a karkashin sunan Intel-4004. Lokacin da size of 3 cm da aka m uku kwakwalwa "Mark II». A ci gaba da microprocessors tafi fairly da sauri, wanda a yarda don ƙirƙirar wani m kwamfuta inji cewa aka yi amfani da bugawa, sarrafa kwamfuta da simplifying lissafin kudi. Godiya ga mutane kamar S. kuma B. Jobs Wozniak (kafa na «Apple Computer») tarihi na ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta fara kusanci wadannan na'urorin ga sauki masu amfani. Yanzu talakawa mutane na iya yi don tsayar da yadda sauri kara yawan aiki, sabon shirye-shirye, da kuma more. By ƙarshen 70-ies da baza na sirri kwamfutar da ya samu wuce yarda da m yawa. Godiya ga aiki mataki da kuma a deft magudi da kasuwanci bukatu na manyan hukumomi, wani matashi American Bill Geyts ya samu nasarar recaptures for Microsoft ta dama wajen samar da software. Nasara ma'amaloli da kuma dace mallakar na software, ciki har da Windows, Microsoft sanya wani babba lokaci a kan wani gane shugaba a duniya da IT fasahar, kawar da baka-kishiya - Apple company.

A tsara ta huɗu an tasowa zuwa wannan rana. A tarihin ci gaban fasahar kwamfuta ci gaba. Zamani kwakwalwa ne daban-daban ne kawai a cewa mahara sarrafawa da ake amfani da wani bi da bayanai.