A jirgin sama "fatalwa" (McDonnell Douglas F-4 fatalwa II): description, dalla-dalla, photos

Mutane da yawa fama da jirgin sama a sakamakon ta yin amfani da ko an manta da su matalauta quality, ko zama mai gaskiya labari, game da abin da ba su ma san waɗanda mutanen da suka yi ba dangane da jirgin sama. A karshen za a iya dangana a matsayin, misali, mu Il-2, da kuma da yawa daga baya American jirgin sama "fatalwa".

Zai yiwu mafi shahara daga duk American motoci na 1960-1980 inji, tare da sunan ga mutane da yawa da shekaru ya zama synonymous ga dukkan Amurka Air Force mayakan. Its haskaka ya Multi-aiki, wanda mu jirgin sama zanen kaya sun cimma kadan daga baya. A general, da jirgin saman "fatalwa" - babu kasa m alama ce da Cold War, fiye da da, misali, B-52-wake.

A musamman alama ce ta wannan dabara shi ne cewa za a iya tura sakonnin matsakaici-range makamai masu linzami a cikin bam bays na na'ura. Sha'awa, da m analogues, baya amfani da makamai na MiG-23, su ne karfi da reminiscent na zane da kuma cika halaye. The Sin a duk "wata takarda" halitta ya jirgin JH-7. The kama na - ba wai kawai a cikin bayyanar amma kuma a kusan m injuna da kuma ko radar. Ba mamaki, da "fatalwa" - jirgin sama, wanda image iya har yanzu za a gani a da yawa mujallu a kan batun makamai.

Fara na ci gaba

Harufan aikin fara a 1953, lokacin da Amurka Air Force gaggawa halarci yar alamar rashin aukuwa a filin wasa na supersonic m-tushen jirgin saman soja. Na farko shi ne mai kauri "McDonnell", amma aikin ba da cikakken sadu da bukatun na soja. Duk da haka, a kan tushen da wani samfur jirgin saman soja-m AH-1 da aka daga baya gina.

Duk da haka, da gazawar da "farko-mover" ne saboda ba su da wani gaza ra'ayi, amma a cikin gaba daya bita a shekarar 1955, da sharuddan na reference domin wani sabon jirgin sama: gaskiya cewa admiral a lokacin saukar da marmarin da a kan jirgin dako m m-tushen jirgin saman soja-interceptor iya kai M = 2, kawai m makamai masu linzami.

Af, wanda ya sanya cikin jirgin saman "fatalwa"? Mun riga mun ambata, "McDonnell". Tare da kwarewa, ta injiniyoyi sun iya haifar da wata na'ura da cewa ya cika dukan bukatun na abokin ciniki. A karshen zo ya zama haka nasara, cewa har yanzu tsaye a sabis a duniya.

A farko prototypes

Tuni a cikin tsakiyar lokacin rani na wannan shekara ta farko samfur, kaddamarda F4H-1F, kuma ya tashi a cikin shekaru uku da aka kafa. Ina zaune a controls na wani gwajin matukin Robert C. Little. A jirgin sama amfani da injuna J79-3A (2h6715 Sar), amma bayan na farko da jirgin na hamsin, an yanke shawarar canza su zuwa ga J79-GE-2. Bayan kadan karin lokaci, da karshen ma ya hanya zuwa model J79-GE-2A (2h7325 kgf). Saboda haka akwai wani jirgin sama "fatalwa" na biyu model.

A shekarar 1960, an sanya mai cikakkar gudun rikodin na 2583 km / h. Amma a nan Amirkawa tafi wani kananan fasaha zamba: a kwampreso jam'iyya ne allura a karkashin matsin cakuda ruwa da kuma ethanol, wanda a yarda da nagarta sosai sanyi injin turbin ruwan wukake da kuma hana su thermal halaka. Wannan canji da aka sanya F-4A, aka saki kawai 23 jirgin sama na wannan model.

Dukan su yi amfani na musamman ga jirgin gwajin, Amurka da aka samu da Air Force. Kullum, "fatalwa" - jirgin sama (ya photo ne a cikin labarin), a cikin abin da labaru sun ba kasa da dozin versions. Ganin cewa amfani da makamai tare da kawai da Amurka Shi ne mai gwada da gajeren lokaci, shi za a iya daukan wani Littãfi! Idan ba ka san abin da ya kama "fatalwa" (jirgin sama), shi za su iya gamsar da son sani, bayan karanta wannan labarin!

Fara na samarwa, gyara

A samar da wadannan inji aka fara a watan Disamba 1960. By 1967 th a Amurka Air Force sun kasance game da 637 da jirgin sama na wannan model. Daga bisani, a kan tushen da wadannan jinsunan da aka halitta da hankali. Yana aka baya samar babu kasa da 500 "tsabta" "Phantoms", wani yawan haihuwa jirgin sama (sai gwaji batches) da aka bata ne, a cikin sabon juyi.

Sha'awa, da yanke shawarar dauko "fatalwa" soma kamar yadda wani Multi-rawa jirgin saman soja da aka yi ne kawai a 1962. A fannoni da dama, wannan tattaunawa da aka nasaba da runs yayin tattaunawa game da rawar da nan gaba mota. Wasu designers miƙa nan da nan su yi shi tare da makings na wani analog ƙasa hari jirgin saman soja, yayin da wasu nace a kan wani zaɓi na samar da wani m jirgin saman soja fasaha, wanda a wannan lokaci da aka fi nema ta Amurka Air Force.

Fasaha kayan aiki da kuma makamai

Da nata irin zane - al'ada, a low-reshe, trapezoidal, halayyar ne gaban nadawa Consoles. Empennage share yi wa kara jure iska ya kwarara da kuma kara da maneuverability na jirgin sama.

Ba kamar da babban jirgin saman soja na shekara, da jirgin saman "fatalwa" yana da wani sosai raya mechanization, lamba na gyare-gyare suka a kan da UPS tsarin. Saboda haka, jirgin iya kasa a kan bene na wani jirgin sama m, yi amfani da birki ƙugiya. Yana iya yin tsayayya da saukowa inji yin la'akari har zuwa 17 ton. Hakika, cewa irin wannan landings suna samuwa ne kawai ga mafi gogaggen matukan jirgi, m ji ya jirgin sama.

The zane na na'ura model, radar aka yi amfani AN / APQ-120, da nufin amsar hadaddun AN / ASQ-26, AN / AJB-7 tsarin ne alhakin kewayawa da m jirgin sama don nuna da harin bom. Don sake saita ragargaza fatalwa jirgin F-4 yin amfani da kayan aiki lamba AN / ASQ-9L. Radar radiation gano maƙiyi radar samun AN / Apr-36/37 inji, ga ganowa REB-amsar hadaddun tsangwama AN / ALQ-71/72/87.

A abun da ke ciki na jirgin-F-4E kewayawa tsarin hada INS AN / ASN-63, resolver AN / ASN-46 da kuma rediyo altimeter altimeters AN / APN-155. Domin sadarwa, kewayawa da kuma ganewa tsarin yana da wani hadadden AN / ASQ-19 hada da wani transceiver TACAN.

Makamai. A tara nodes waje dakatar fatalwa jirgin F-4 na iya kawo wani iri-iri na makamai, ciki har da hudu SD matsakaici-kewayon AIM-7 "Sparrow". Akwai yiwuwar wani makamai a maharibai na fuselage, da jirgin sama kuma iya amfani da M61A1 model jirgin sama gun (ammonium 1,200 yadawa kowace gun). A kan jirgin akwai tubalan da auku da misali da bama-bamai, fesa tankuna Airborne na'urorin (VAP) a kan reshe suspensions.

A jirgin sama "fatalwa" (bayanai da cewa yana da wani photo a cikin labarin) ne iya kawo a kan jirgin biyu nukiliya ragargaza model: Mk43, Mk.57, Mk.61 ko Mk.28. Total nauyin yiwu makamai ne game da bakwai ton, amma tare da irin wannan loading inji iya dauka kashewa kawai idan da man fetur tankuna ba a cika bayansa. Wannan shi ne - daya daga cikin key shortcomings wannan model, wanda aka fi a fili bayyana a Vietnam inda Amurkawa gana da Soviet MiGs. Our jirgin sama towing yi dangane da nauyi da kuma hannu na kasance muhimmanci mafi girma.

Data a kan samar da

Release of "fatalwa" saduwa da bukatun da sojojin Amurka ya zuwa shekarar 1976 (a total na game da 4,000 jirgin sama da aka tsĩrar, kuma 1,300 tafi zuwa ga Navy ta bukatun). Bugu da kari, domin game da daya da rabi da dubu motoci tsĩrar don fitarwa. Amma a nan ya kamata a lura da cewa wasu daga cikin fitar dashi motocin da aka canjawa wuri kai tsaye daga Navy / Air Force.

Ba abin mamaki ba cewa jirgin saman F4 "fatalwa" ya zama daya daga cikin rare a kansu daga jet mayakan na cewa lokaci, kamar yadda kawai gudanar ya nuna fiye da dubu biyar guda. A karshe, daga 1971 zuwa 1980 a Japan gina 138 da jirgin sama, shi ne mai lasisi kwafin na American "fatalwa", ya bambanta daga asali version wasu canje-canje a cikin abun da ke ciki na makamai da kuma avionics.

fasaha halaye

A total wingspan ya 11,7 mita, da tsawon da fuselage - 19,2 m, matsakaicin tsawo na jiki da aka 5 mita, da reshe yanki na 49,2 murabba'in mita. Matsakaicin Take-kashe nauyi jeri daga 25 zuwa 26 ton. Blank jirgin F 4 "fatalwa" (ba tare da man fetur da kuma dakatar da makamai) auna 13.760 kg a ciki man fetur tankuna man fetur housed shida ton, hudu ton za a iya zuba a cikin dakatar da tankuna.

Motors da kuma jirgin halaye

Kamar yadda ikon shuka Turbojet amfani da biyu GE. Model ma sun biyu: J79-GE-8 (tare da wani matsakaicin dirka 7780 kgf), J79-GE-17 (mafi gogayya halayyar wanda ya 8120 kgf).

A lokacin, da jirgin saman "fatalwa", da fasaha halaye na waxanda suke a cikin labarin, ya zama wani labari da Amurka Air Force ga sosai dalilin cewa ta jirgin halaye su da kyau. Aircraft za a iya kara zuwa 2300 km / h, matsakaicin achievable yi dagawa tsawo da aka 16 zuwa 600 mita, hanzari hanzari - 220 m / s, range 2380 kilomita.

A tsawon titin jiragen sama kafin Take-kashe da aka 1340 mita, tare da braking laima ga mota ne gaba daya tsaya 950 mita. A jirgin sama dako, wanda amfani da ƙugiya, an American jirgin sama "fatalwa" zauna ga game 30-40 mita. Iyakar gudu obalodi cimma a lokacin m aiki, ya 6,0G.

A muhimmanci da kuma fama amfani

Amirkawa ne sosai m daga cikin jirgin sama "fatalwa" (halaye na wanda muka riga aka bayyana), kamar yadda sashi ne na wannan model na dogon lokaci ya kasance a farko wajen iska magabaci Air Force, kuma Navy. A farko da aka sani fama amfani da episode ya faru a kan Afrilu 2, 1965, a lokacin da yãƙi a Vietnam. Akwai jiragen sama na wannan model fuskanci MiG-17F, wanda aka tsĩrar zuwa Arewa Vietnam a cikin kasar.

Tun shekarar 1966, a cikin 'yan adawa ga aukuwa sun hannu da MiG-21F, kuma samar da Tarayyar Soviet. Air Force da Amurka Navy zaci cewa, "fatalwa" Za sauri lashe iska magabaci, tun da gefen da aka quite iko a kan-jirgin makamai, high quality-radar, kazalika da kyau hanzari da kuma cruise gudu. Duk wadannan yanayi ya sa rai ga sakamako mai kyau dogfighting.

Amfani ko rashin amfani

Amma a yi ya juya daga cewa a wani karo da wani maneuverability halaye na American jirage ba Popular. Suna da wani m kudi a kan reshe lissafta ga wani babban aiki kaya, da rawar da gyara ta hanyar obalodi ƙuntatawa (6.0 da 8.0 a MiG). An kuma gano cewa, American motoci karami juya kwana dan kadan ƙananan m handling. Dirka-to-nauyi makamai daga Soviet jirgin sama ya ma fi.

A abũbuwan amfãni hada da m hanzari (bambancin da MiG - game da bakwai seconds ga Amirkawa), da na'ura da za su sami tsawo da sauri, mu matukan jirgi suna sosai kimanta ganuwa daga Matuka jirgin ganima "Phantoms" da kuma kasancewar wani biyu ƙungiya memba. Last offloads mafi yawan pilot, kamar yadda kullum saka idanu da yankin na raya yammancin duniya da kuma iya yi wa kwamandan na barazana ta taso a can.

Sauran wurare na fama amfani

An yi imani da cewa mafi inganci ƙungiya daga Vietnam War zama wani matukin jirgi da kuma navigator S. Ritchie C. Bellevue, a yakin da asusun cewa, bisa ga Amirkawa kansu, akwai biyar K'abilan Biyetnam MiGs. Tun da marigayi 60-ies na model jirgin sama ya fara zuwa massively canjawa wuri zuwa Isra'ila masõya daga America. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na Israeli Air Force inji sun tabbatar da kansu sosai.

Amma ko da a can, a collisions tare Masar MiG-21, wanda suke a cikin kwalkwali na Soviet matukan jirgin, gano duk wannan drawbacks. Matsalar shi ne don haka mai girma cewa Israila sun kafa a cikin ƙasa a saki Faransa mayakan "Mirage", kuma wannan ba su ko yi ƙyãma, to sata ɓangare na fasaha takardun. A nan gaba, "Phantoms" da aka refocused don magance hari ƙalubalantar cewa jirgin sama na wannan model jimre ba tare da wani gunaguni.

Duk da haka, da matukan jirgin suka kasance ba daga wannan m tun "Phantoms" da aka yi amfani a matsayin hari motocin, dauke da wani m hasãra (up to 70% na rundunar motoci). Sa'an nan, shi ne saboda wannan al'amari ba high sana'a halaye na Masar matukan jirgin da kuma kyau basira na Soviet shiri na Soviet Sams guda.

Daga baya jirage da aka yi amfani da lokacin da rikici tsakanin Iran da kuma kasar Iraki (1980-1988 shekaru), amma a kalla wasu cikakkun bayanai na fama amfani a cikin wadanda shekaru har yanzu kasance ba a sani ba. Duk da haka, a lokacin da farko dogfight tsakanin jiragen sama da kuma jirage masu saukar ungulu, a lokacin da Mi-24 ya iya buga fitar Iraqi iska karfi farmaki da "fatalwa" linzami "iska-to-air."

Haka kuma an san cewa a 2012 da Air Force Syria harbe saukar da wani "fatalwa" Turkey, wanda karshen amfani da wani Scout.

Wasu masana a cikin filin na kayan aiki da kuma makamai yi imani cewa, jirgin "fatalwa" - US jirgin saman soja-m "uku" ƙarni, a lokacin na halitta tsanani smogshy gaba a lokacinsa. Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da ake bukata ga irin wannan ra'ayi shi ne, saboda model ya kasance mai nasara, da kuma wasu da halaye kasance rare da wannan rana.

Yau da irin wannan jirgin sama kasance a cikin Air Force: Misira (game da biyu da dozin motoci), Girkawa, akwai game da hamsin da sabunta hanyoyin "Phantoms", watau su ne ma a cikin Iran, amma kasar Iran jirgin sama baya zuwa 60 ga watan shekara na yi, kuma da yawan sauran serviceable inji unknown. Yana amfani da wannan nau'in jirgin sama Turkey, inda makamai da a kalla daya ɗari da hamsin sabunta hanyoyin "Phantoms", Koriya ta Kudu (game da hamsin), Japan (ɗaya da ɗari jirgin sama). Ya kamata a lura da cewa Japan amfani da samfurori da nasa yi, daga abin da muka ambata a sama.

zamani ra'ayoyi

Yau sauran USAF inji massively refurbished a mai tsanani buga drones, kazalika da rediyo-sarrafawa manufa tsara don horo iska karfi da iska tsaro crews lissafin. Amirkawa rubuta cewa na karshe "mutum" jirgin episode "fatalwa" ya faru a tsakiyar watan Afrilu 2013 (nufin wani jirgin a kan Amurka ƙasa). Kafin "karshe na Mohicans" An dauke da wata na'ura da wutsiya yawan 68-0599, sanya jirgin da tushe a cikin Mojave Desert Janairu 18, 1989, da kuma ba su tashi tun.

Amma yanzu da Amurka Ma'aikatar Tsaro predicts cewa nan da nan duk da "Phantoms", da yanzu a cikin ajiya za a cire daga kiyayewa taro kuma a sake gina. An sani cewa, kamar yadda na yau, tare da ajiya an cire akalla 316 motocin na da irin wannan.

Abin da za su yi tare da "fatalwa"?

American kamfani Bae Systems ke tsunduma a overhaul na jirgin sama da m canji a rediyo-sarrafawa manufa QF-4C. An sani cewa a ƙarshe dukan motocin za a mika wa 82nd rundujar soja masu dawaki raba rediyo-sarrafawa hari (m hari rundujar soja masu dawaki - ATRS). Ta dogara ne a Florida.

Bayyana a kan ta fuskar "robotic" jirgin sama zai iya zama da sauƙi rarrabe daga cikin saba, tun da ƙarewa na fuka-fuki da keel suna fentin a mai haske ja launi (za ka iya gani a cikin hoto na jirgin sama "fatalwa" na irin wannan labarin). Ya riga ya sani a game da kamar wata ɗari da umurni da a karkashin gini raka'a. M irin hira haka cewa inji za a iya amfani da fama.

Domin nuna fama damar da tuba "Phantoms" a watan Janairu 2008 a kan jirgin daya daga wadannan zanga-zanga jefa shi na farko sanya roka "iska-ƙasar". An yi imani da cewa a cikin canja UAV jirgin sama za a iya yadda ya kamata amfani da su kashe makiya iska tsaro wajen. Ko da yake da yadda ya dace da fasahar kanta, da asarar matukan jirgi a su churning ba zai auku, wanda zai ceci rayukan horar da matukan jirgi.

Mafi m, a cikin shekaru goma, da latest "fatalwa" to "mutum drive" za a karshe janye daga sabis a duk ƙasashe inda irin wannan inji ne har yanzu a sabis. Kuma a sa'an nan dubi almara inji iya zama ko dai a gidajen tarihi ko lokacin da ziyartar zaman jirgin sama tarin. A karshe, cikin hoton jirgin sama "fatalwa" za ka ko da yaushe a iya ganin a shafukan da wannan takarda.

Our matukan jirgi samu damar tantance ganima "Phantoms." Ba dole ne a ce cewa Soviet masana ya yi magana sosai daga wannan inji da dama Manuniya, musamman abin lura da] aukacin halin sana'a, m lantarki, sauƙi na saukowa da kuma aiki da matukin jirgi. Har ila yau, "foolproof" da aka kyau da-kafa a cikin jirgin sama na wannan model. Saboda haka, a cikin saukowa yanayin, ba shi yiwuwa da kaddamar da wani roka ko kuskure amfani da daban-daban da makamai. Alas, kamar wani lokacin da ya faru da mu MiG matukan jirgin, wanda, kasancewa gajiya, iya kawai ba je latsa ...