A mafi kyau ayyukan Bulgakov: jerin da kuma taƙaitaccen bayyani

Mihail Afanasevich Bulgakov, wanda mafi kyau ayyukansu aka gabatar a wannan labarin a cikin wallafe-wallafen rayuwa da Tarayyar Soviet sun shagaltar da wani zama ruwan dare matsayi. Feeling magaji ga wallafe-wallafen al'adar cikin karni na 19th, ya kasance daidai da baƙon da kuma zamantakewa da labarun almara, da kuma shuka da akidar kwaminisanci a cikin 1930s, da kuma ruhu na avant-garde experimentation, halayyar da Rasha adabi na 1920s. Marubuci sharply satirical, akasin bukatun na yin katsalandan, Zagayawar wani mummunan hali zuwa gina wani sabon al'umma da kuma juyin juya halin a Tarayyar Soviet.

Features marubucin Weltanschauung

Bulgakov ayyukan nuna zama na gaba na ilimi a cikin sau tarihi dismantling na totalitarian gwamnatin zata ci gargajiya halin kirki da kuma al'adu dabi'u. Wannan matsayi ya daraja da yawa zuwa ga mawallafin, ya rubuce-rubucen da aka ba a yarda a buga su. A mahimmin juzu'in da al'adunmu na wannan marubuci zo mana ne kawai ta hanyar da shekarun da suka gabata bayan mutuwarsa.

Mun bayar da ku da wadannan jerin daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan Bulgakov:

- da litattafan "The White Guard", "Maigida, kuma Margarita", "Notes marigayin.

- labarin: "Diaboliad", "The Fatal Qwai", "Heart of a Dog".

- cikin play "Ivan Vasilievich".

The labari "The White Guard" (shekaru na halitta - 1922-1924)

Jerin "mafi kyau ayyukan Bulgakov ta" bude "The White Guard". A farkon labari Bulgakov bayyana abubuwa da suka shafi ƙarshen 1918, watau lokacin da yakin basasa. A mataki na samfurin faruwa a Kiev, mafi daidai, a cikin gidan, inda a wancan lokacin ya rayu da marubuci ta iyali. Prototypes tsakanin abokai, danginku, da idon sani ne Bulgakov kusan duk haruffa. A rubuce-rubucen daga cikin ayyukan ba tsira, amma duk da wannan, magoya da labari, wadannan da rabo daga cikin heroes of prototypes a tabbatar da gaskiya da kuma na samarwa Mihailom Afanasevichem events.

A kashi na farko na littafin "The White Guard" (Mikhail Bulgakov) da aka buga a shekara ta 1925 a wani mujallar da ake kira "Rasha". Cikakken aikin da aka buga a Faransa bayan shekaru biyu. Ra'ayin masu sukar ba sunyi baki daya - da Soviet gefe ba zai iya yarda da daukakan da aji makiya marubuci kuma mai ƙaura - biyayya ga hukuma.

A shekarar 1923 Bulgakov rubuta cewa haifar da irin wannan samfurin da cewa "sama zã ta kasance zafi ...". "The White Guard" (Mikhail Bulgakov) daga baya aiki a matsayin wani tushe ga sanannen play "kwãnukan turbines." Akwai kuma wata yawan adaptations.

Tale "Diaboliad" (1923)

Ci gaba da bayyana cikin shahararrun aiki Bulgakov. Wadannan sun hada da labari "Diaboliad". A labarin game da yadda tagwayen hasãra magatakarda, marubuci ya bayyana madawwami jigo na "karamin mutum", wanda ya kasance a azabtar da ba komai haqqinsa inji na Soviet ikon, a cikin tunanin Korotkov, akawu, hade da shaidan, mai hallakarwa. Sallame daga aiki, iya jimre da matsalolin da ba komai haqqinsa aljannu ma'aikaci ƙarshe ke mahaukaci ne. A aikin da aka buga a farko 1924 a anthology "Nadra".

A labarin "The Fatal Qwai" (shekara ta kafa - 1924)

Bulgakov ayyukan hada da labari da kuma "The Fatal Qwai". Abubuwan dake faruwa a shi a 1928. Vladimir Ipatievich Peaches, wani m dabbobi gano wani sabon abu musamman: da ja ɓangare na haske bakan yana da wani stimulating sakamako a kan tãyuna - suka fara girma da sauri da kuma isa size, da yawa ya fi girma fiye da "ainihin." Akwai daya ne kawai drawback - da data aka musamman halin da karin mutunci kuma ikon radiyo.

Daya gona, karkashin jagorancin wani mutum da sunan karshe Rock, ya yanke shawarar yin amfani da da sabuwar dabara Persikov mayar da yawan dabbobinsu kaji bayan Rasha wuce a kan kaza annoba. Ya daukan kamara-ciyarwa wani farfesa, amma bisa ga kuskure maimakon kaza don samun shi kada, maciji da jimina qwai. Dabbobi masu rarrafe hatched daga gare su, kullum haifa - suna motsi zuwa Moscow, sweeping tafi da kome a cikin hanyar.

A mãkirci na wannan aikin Makamantan bayanai da "abinci daga cikin abũbuwan bautãwa" - wani labari da HG Wells, rubuta ta da shi a cikin shekara ta 1904. A da shi, masana kimiyya ƙirƙira foda da cewa yana sa gagarumin ci gaban da shuke-shuke da dabbobi. A sakamakon gwaje-gwajen a Ingila akwai giant wasps kuma berayen, kuma daga baya da kaji, da dama shuke-shuke, kazalika da tseren Refayawa.

Prototypes da kuma karbuwa daga cikin labarin "The Fatal Qwai"

Bisa ga mashãwarta philologist B. Sokolova, prototypes Persikov a kira Aleksandra Gurvicha, sanannen masanin halitta, kuma Vladimir Lenin.

Sergey Lomkin cire dogara ne a kan 1995 film na wannan sunan ayyukansu, ciki har da irin wannan heroes akwai kuma ayyukan "The Master kuma Margarita" kamar yadda Voland (Mikhail Kozakov) da kuma cat Behemoth (Roman Madyanov). Oleg Yankovsky brilliantly taka rawar da Farfesa Persikov.

Labari "Heart of a Dog" (1925)

Domin da farko lokacin da wannan labarin da aka buga a London da kuma Frankfurt a 1968. A Tarayyar Soviet shi ne rarraba a samizdat, kuma kawai a shekarar 1987, da hukuma ɗaba'ar.

The aiki, wanda aka rubuta wa Bulgakov Mihail ( "Heart of a Dog"), yana da wadannan mãkirci. Abubuwan dake faruwa a 1924. Filipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky, wani mashawarta likita cinma m sakamakon a rejuvenation kuma yi ciki, ciki musamman gwaji - don yin wani aiki to dashi a adam kare pituitary. Bezdomny kare kwan fitila da ake amfani a matsayin gwajin dabba, kuma Clim Chugunkin barawo wanda ya mutu a cikin yaki, shi ne wani sashin jiki bayarwa.

A Ball hankali ya fara fada ulu, ya miƙa wata gabar jiki, akwai wani mutum fuska da kuma murya. Farfesa na Transfiguration zai yi, duk da haka, mai zafi nadama game da cikakke.

Lokacin gudanar da wani bincike a cikin Apartment na Mikhail Bulgakov a 1926 an kwace rubutum "Heart of a Dog" da kuma mayar da shi ne kawai bayan da wani request ga shi Gorky.

Prototypes da wani karbuwa "Heart of a Dog"

Mutane da yawa masu bincike kerawa Bulgakov dauki ra'ayin cewa marubuci Zagayawar a cikin wannan littafi na Lenin (Transfiguration), Stalin (bukukuwa), Zinoviev (mataimakin Zaina) da kuma Trotsky (Bormental). An yi ĩmãni, haka ma, cewa Bulgakov annabta taro danniya da ya faru a cikin 1930s.

Alberto Lattuada, Italiyanci fim darektan, a 1976, ya ɗauki littafin na wannan sunan fim, a cikin abin da Transfiguration farfesa Max von Sydow taka. Special shahararsa, duk da haka, wannan fim karbuwa ba da, da bambanci ga wurin hutawa hoto na darektan Vladimir Bortko, da aka buga a 1988.

The labari "The Master kuma Margarita" (1929-1940 shekaru)

Farce, satire, asiri, kirkirarren labari, misali, romance, labari ... Wani lokaci yana alama cewa samfurin, wanda halitta Mikhail Bulgakov ta "Master kuma Margarita", hadawa duk wadannan nau'o'i.

Shaiɗan a cikin sunan Woland mulki a cikin duniya tare da daya kawai da aka sani zuwa gare shi a raga, tsayawa daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a daban-daban kauyuka da garuruwa. Da zarar, a lokacin bazara da cikakken watã, ya sami kansa a Moscow na 1930s - wani lokaci da kuma wurin da ba wanda ya yi ĩmãni da ba Allah ne ba, Shai an, suka ƙaryata game da wanzuwar Yesu Kristi.

Duk waɗanda suka zo a cikin lamba tare da Woland, bi da suka cancanta azãba sabõda peculiar zuwa kowane daga cikin wadannan zunuban: buguwa, cin hanci da rashawa, zari, son kai, ƙarya, rashin tunani, rudeness, da dai sauransu

Create wani labari game da Buntus Bilatus, da Jagora shi ne a cikin wani mahaukaci mafaka, inda ya koro da mutuncin zargi daga 'yan'uwanmu marubuta. Margaret, ya farka, kawai yin mafarki game da yadda za a sami Jagora da kuma mayar da ita zuwa gare shi. Azazello ba ta fatan cewa wannan mafarki zai zo gaskiya, amma wannan yarinya yana zuwa da daya sabis don Woland.

tarihi ayyukansu

The asali version of labari na dauke da cikakken jiki bayanin Woland, aka sanya a kan goma sha biyar handwritten shafukan da aka halitta Mikhail Bulgakov. "Jagora, kuma Margarita", don haka yana da tarihi. Na farko, da Master kira Astaroth. A cikin 1930s a cikin Soviet jaridu da kuma aikin jarida bayan Maxim Gorky aka gyarawa da sunan "Master".

A cewar Elena Sergeevna, da gwauruwa ta gaske na marubuci, Bulgakov kafin mutuwarsa ce wadannan kalmomi game da labari "The Master kuma Margarita": "Domin su sani ... sani."

A aikin da aka ba da aka buga har bayan mutuwarsa. Yana farko zo da haske kawai a shekarar 1966, watau shekaru 26 bayan rasuwar ta mahalicci, a wani taqaitaccen version, tare da takardar kudi. The labari nan da nan tsiwirwirinsu shahararsa a cikin Soviet kawo dukkan, zuwa mutuža cewa hukuma bazawa a shekarar 1973. Kofe Aka sake buga shi ayyukan hannu, kuma ta haka ne rarraba. Elena gudanar ya ci gaba da rubutun ga dukan waɗannan shekaru.

Mai girma shahararsa dadin yawa wasanni dangane da ayyukan tsĩrar Valeriem Belyakovichem da kuma Yuri Lyubimov, shi ma aka yi fim da Alexander Petrovic, kuma Andzheya Vaydy da kuma TV jerin Vladimir Bortko da Yuriya Kary.

"Theatrical labari" ko "Bayanan kula da matattu mutum" (1936-1937 shekaru)

Bulgakov Mihail Afanasevich rubuta ayyukansu har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1940. A littafin "Theatrical labari" zauna ba a kare ba. Yana a madadin Sergei Leontyevich Maksudova, a wasu marubuci, ya gaya labarin da marubuci ta duniya da gidan wasan kwaikwayo Backstage.

Nuwamba 26, 1936 ya fara aiki a kan wani littafi. Bulgakov a kan na farko shafi na rubutun da biyu sunayen: "Theatrical labari" da kuma "Notes marigayin." A karshen da aka ja layi a ƙarƙashinsu sau biyu su.

Kamar yadda mafi masu bincike, da labari - mafi m dabba Bulgakov. Yana da aka halitta a wannan numfashi, ba tare da almara, wacce ta duba mana da gyare-gyare. da marubuci matar tuna cewa, yayin da ta hidima abincin dare, jiran mijinta samu daga dare na Bolshoi wasan kwaikwayo, sai ya zauna a tebur da kuma rubuta 'yan shafukan da wannan aiki, sa'an nan, bayyana ta, shafa hannunsa daga mata.

A play "Ivan" (1936)

Mafi shahara halittun hada da ba wai kawai litattafan da labarun, amma kuma taka Bulgakov. Daya daga cikinsu, "Ivan", ya miƙa zuwa ga hankali. Mãkirci ta gaba. Nikolay Timofeev, wani injiniya yi a Moscow, a ya Apartment wani lokaci inji. Lokacin da ginin sarrafa Bunsha ya zo da shi, sai ya jũya da key, da garun vuya tsakanin Apartments. Found barawo George Miloslavsky, zaune a Shpak Apartment na maƙwabcinsa. An m buɗe wani portal zuwa Moscow a cikin kwanaki na 16th karni. Ivan Grozny, firgita, rushes a cikin halin yanzu, da kuma Miloslavsky Bunsha da kuma samun da baya a lokacin.

Wannan labarin ya fara a 1933 a lokacin da Mr Mikhail amince da rubuta "fun play" tare da music zauren. Da farko, da rubutu kira daban, "ni'ima", shi ya tafi a kwaminisanci gaba lokaci na'ura, da kuma Ivan Grozny bayyana a cikin daya kawai episode.

Wannan halitta, kazalika da sauran guda na Bulgakov (jerin za a iya ci gaba), a lokacin da yake rayuwa da aka ba da aka buga da kuma aka ba sa up har 1965. Leonid Gaidai a shekarar 1973 dangane da ayyukan yi da ya shahara movie kira "Ivan Vasilyevich Canje-canje zama".

Wannan shi ne kawai na asali halittun da cewa sanya Mikhail Bulgakov. Ayyukan da wannan marubuci ba iyakance zuwa sama. Ci gaba da nazarin kerawa Bulgakov za a iya sa da kuma sauransu.