Bututun: bututun Rasha

Rasha mai bututun - daya daga cikin key aka gyara na man fetur da makamashi ga tattalin arziki. A ranar, da Rasha Federation aiki wani Babbar cibiyar sadarwar mai bututun, gas bututun da man bututun mai sãɓãwar launukansa a muhimmanci. Bututun kai links a mafi yawan batutuwa na tarayya, da kuma hidima ga fitarwa na hydrocarbons da su Kalam.

rarrabuwa na bututun

Bututun an rarraba bisa ga dalili:

• Local Haša abubuwa a cikin kiwon kifi, man fetur da kuma iskar gas ajiya wurare, matatun mai.
• Regional conduits da tsawon da dama dubun kilomita. Oilfields daura wa uban tashar, da abubuwa man loading (loading) a kan ruwa ko dogo, babban bututun.
• Tsatso - bututun, wanda shi ne a kan 50 km, da sarewa diamita daga 200 mm zuwa 1400 mm da kuma sama. A nesa da abin da kayayyakin za a iya kawota a wannan bututun, a cikin daruruwan ko dubban kilomita. Famfo yana da za'ayi ba daya kwampreso tashar da mahara, spaced tare da hanya na bututun. Dangane da pumped mai, da babban bututun da aka kira bututun (danyen mai yin famfo) da samfurin (mai), baki da man fetur, wani fetur, kananzir, da sauransu.

Akwati Lines ake sarrafa ci gaba, ba za su iya zama wani yanzu-yanzu tasha a gaggawa, na yau da kullum ana gyara ko sauyawa na sassa.

A ci gaba da mai bututun a Rasha

A tarihin ci gaban da bututun a Rasha ne inherently da nasaba da ci gaban da masana'antun man fetur. A 1901, jihar samar da kusan rabin jimlar duniya mai samar. Tare da kara kundin na raw kayan aka ƙara tada tambaya ta sufuri. tattalin arziki yiwuwa na gina bututun an tabbatar don rage workload da Railways da kuma rage kudin da sufuri.

A farko Rasha akwati bututun da total tsawon na 1147 km aka gina a nuna na XIX da XX ƙarni da alaka filayen a cikin kusanci Baku man matatun mai. A shirin gina na farko samfurin bututun mallakar DI Mendeleev. A shirin da aka aiwatar a shekarar 1906. A bututun tsawon na 831 km, 200 mm bututu da kuma 13th kwampreso tashoshin shi ne mafi girma a duniya a lokacin da kawota kananzir daga Baku zuwa Batumi don fitarwa.

A prewar shekaru, babban gudana daga man fetur da kuma man kayayyakin da suke cikin Caspian Sea, da Caucasus da Volga tasa. Yana da aka samu izini a Grozny-Tuapse mai bututun (649 km, 273 mm diamita), Ishimbai-Ufa (169 km, 300 mm) da kuma samfurin Mangyshlak - Samara da Ust-Balik - Almetyevsk.

Wani sabon zagaye na ci gaba da Rasha mai bututun (sai Tarayyar Soviet) tsiwirwirinsu a cikin post-yaki shekaru. Yana peaked a cikin tsawon m ci gaba da hakar ma'adinai da kuma aiki na man fetur a Volga-Urals Basin da kuma ci gaban adibas a Siberia. bututun na babba tsawon har zuwa 1200 mm diamita an gina. Godiya ga wasu daga cikinsu (misali, Surgut - Polotsk), Siberian man fara a tsĩrar da tsakiyar yankunan na Rasha, Belarus da kuma Baltic Amirka.

Abũbuwan amfãni daga bututun kai

A mafi m ci gaban da man fetur da kuma iskar gas bututun Rasha samu a cikin biyu da rabi na XX karni. Yau, girma da kuma musamman nauyi na hawa hydrocarbon bututun ne ya rika displaces ruwa hanyoyi da layin dogo da sufuri da man fetur da kuma man kayayyakin. Babban abũbuwan amfãni daga man fetur da kuma iskar gas bututun ne:

• A gagarumin kewayon yin famfo, matsala-free aiki, wani gagarumin bandwidth, m hasarori.
• A fadi danko kewayon mai pumped.
• Barga aiki a daban-daban climatic zones.
• Yiwuwar gina bututun a cikin kusan dukkan yankunan.
• A babban matakin mechanization a yi.
• Aiki da kai tsarin na iko da fasaha matakai.

Babban hasara na bututun kai an dauke su isasshe manyan zuba jari a yi zamani.

The most Rasha mai bututun

1. Baku - Novorossiysk - bututun tsotso Caspian mai zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Novorossiysk.
2. Balakhani - Black City - shi ne na farko Rasha mai bututun sa a cikin aiki a 1878. Akwati bututun ya haɗu Balakhani kama kifi a kan da Absheron Larabawa da kuma refining iya aiki a cikin kusanci da Baku.
3. Baltic bututun cibiyar sadarwa. Design damar - 74 ton miliyan na man fetur a kowace shekara. Yana haɗu da tashar jirgin ruwa na Primorsk daga filayen man fetur a Yammacin Siberia da kuma Ural-Volga yankin.
4. Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean - wani bututun a haɗa Siberian filayen da wani mai tashar jiragen ruwa Kozmino kusa Nakhodka. bututun sadarwarka - OJSC "AK" Transneft ". Length na 4188 km ya sa ya yiwu don fitarwa Rasha da man fetur zuwa Asia-Pacific da kuma Amurka kasuwanni.
5. The man bututun "Druzhba" - duniya most tsarin na babban bututun, gina for man fetur da kuma man fetur kayayyakin a cikin gurguzu kasashen Gabashin Turai. Yanzu shi sarrafa don fitarwa zuwa Turai.
6. Grozny - Tuapse - na farko Rasha akwati bututun matsakaici diamita, gina a cikin farkon karni na ashirin ga shari Caucasian mai zuwa Black Sea Coast.
7. A Caspian bututun Consortium (CPC) bututun haɗu da filin a yammacin Kazakhstan zuwa m a kan Black Sea Coast kusa Novorossiysk.
8. Murmansk bututun da damar 80 ton miliyan ya haɗu filayen man fetur a Yammacin Siberia da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa na Murmansk.
9. Surgut - Polotsk - man bututun haxe Yammacin Siberia da Belarus da kuma sa'an nan da Baltic kasashe da Poland.
10. A musamman mai tsanani babban mai bututun Uzen - Atyrau - Samara.

Export via mai bututun

A halin yanzu, da Rasha, da man bututun asusu na 84% na fitarwa daga kasar na man fetur. Sauran 13% ne dogo da sufuri da kuma 3% - mai ruwa-ruwa da kuma kogin kai. OJSC "AK" Transneft "- kadai sadarwarka na man bututun a Rasha. Yana lissafinsu 97% na hawa mai samar a cikin kasar. A tsawon bututun tsarin da kamfanin -. More fiye da 217 kilomita dubu, wanda ta haɗu da babban yankuna samar da man fetur a Rasha da kuma tallace-tallace kasuwanni a Turai. 46.7 thous. Km na jimlar kai tsarin alaka mai bututun da 19,3 thous. Km ne a cikin bututun.

Main mai bututun a Rasha, suna da hannu a cikin fitarwa na:

• A Baltic bututun iya aiki - 74 ton miliyan a kowace shekara.
• A bututun tsarin "Druzhba". Daya daga cikin rassan da bututun da ke zuwa Poland, na biyu - a Slovakia. Total iya aiki - ton miliyan 90.
• Black Sea mai bututun - 43 ton miliyan.

A mafi alamar yankin domin ci gaban Rasha man fetur ne Gabas Siberian, saboda brisk girma a man amfani a kasar Sin.