A farko taro na sirri kwamfuta. A tarihin na sirri kwamfuta

The kwamfuta ya zama wani ɓangare na da yawa rayuwar mutane. Amma da zarar da PC ya m ko na'urar, shi ne samuwa saboda da high kudin da sirrin fasahar. Duk da haka, a kan lokaci, da muka samu da initiators na da canji na sirri kwamfuta cikin wani m na'urar. Godiya ga wanda PC ya zama m ga mai fadi da kewayon magoya na dijital fasaha, kazalika da talakawa 'yan ƙasa, waɗanda suka alama iya da kyau yi ba tare da shi? Wanne kwakwalwa da aka dauke su ta farko a yawan irin wannan yanke shawara?

Sharudda ga farko wuri

Active tattaunawa game wanda shi ne na farko taro-samar sirri kwamfuta, kada su gushe ba wannan rana. Muhawara a cikin ni'imar wani iri cewa ya yi da samfurin, wanda ya zama yadu replicated inji mai kwakwalwa ne sosai daban-daban.

Masana sun yi imani da key rarrabẽwa, wanda shi ne iya bayyana batun, da tarihin asali cewa daidai da takamaiman lokaci nuni da wani samfurin ga taro kasuwar. Wannan shi ne, a kwamfuta ya zama used to da sauran sayar (ƙarshe zama taro) - da kuma ya kamata, bisa ga wannan hanya, na farko da za a gani. Saboda haka, mu Babban burin - don gano da dacewa tarihi data.

A farko PC

Lokacin da akwai, a gaskiya, na farko PC - ko taro ko mutum? Game da wannan batu tattaunawa ne kusan mafi m fiye da a cikin al'amarin tare da definition daga waɗanda kwamfutar da cewa sun samu matsayi na wani mika wuyansu yadu replicated. Daban-daban versions, nuna wasu daga wanda aka saki na farko PC, har ma sai, ya bayyana a abin jihar. Saboda haka, akwai shaida cewa a shekarar 1968, injiniya daga Omsk, Arseniy Anatolevich Gorohov, ya jadadda mallaka a kwamfuta na'urar, tsarin ne sosai kama da zamani PC. Yana ba duba tsarin naúrar tare da wani data m, kazalika da lantarki ga m ayyuka motherboard da video katin RAM. Duk da haka, da sabuwar dabara aka ba su tafi ba a cikin samarwa.

A farko PC daga Apple

Aka gudanar da view, a cikin abin da na farko da cikakken fledged PC aka ƙirƙira tukuna a Amurka - wato, ta hanyar kokarin Steve Jobs da Steve Wozniak, suka miƙa duniya wani m ra'ayi PC karkashin Apple iri a shekarar 1976.

A farko kwakwalwa Apple bukatar gagarumin hardware tarawa - mahalli, duba, keyboard. Amma a gaskiya da kayan aiki da suka iya da kyau aiki. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1977 da kasuwar da aka kaddamar Apple II kwamfuta, an babbaka su. Wadannan na'urori, kamar yadda da yawa IT-kwararru da kuma masu goyon baya da kwamfuta tarihi, shi ne quite m da matsayi na taro. Abin da ake nufi? Gaskiyar cewa Apple PC samfurin a 1976 - shi ne, watakila, shi ne na farko taro na sirri kwamfuta. Bi jim kadan matsayi samuwa ga mai fadi da kewayon masu amfani sayi Apple II kwamfuta.

A farko PC daga IBM

Amma a game da ra'ayi na aiki sakamakon a wani iri-iri na counter. Daga gare su akwai waɗanda suke nufin kalubalantar Apple gasar matsayi a cikin bangare na fitarwa a kasuwa kamar yadda irin wannan a PC, cikakken staffed. An sani cewa a shekarar 1975 - da akwai na'urorin daga Apple, IBM ya gudanar ya nuna a kwamfuta model na 5100. Yana da halin da kasancewar wani raba duba, a data m, kazalika da keyboard, sabili da haka quite m, an yi ĩmãni ga masu goyon baya na kwamfuta tarihi, da halin sirri. Duk da haka, farashin - fiye da 20 dala dubu apiece -. A 'yan dozin American Hakkin ne mai yiwuwa ba da gudummawar da cewa shi ne na farko taro na sirri kwamfuta.

IBM PC da sharudda ga "taro"

A shekarar 1981, IBM kaddamar da wani disproportionately mafi araha fiye da 5100 model, amma a lokaci guda aikin, da kuma mafi muhimmanci, da ciwon quite m ra'ayi na'urar da cewa ya karbi sunan IBM PC. M nasara devaysa yarda kwararru da yawa da kuma magoya na lantarki ne halin da taro kamar yadda na farko sirri kwamfuta. Abin da irin muhawara kai proponents na irin wannan kima?

Da farko, sai su kira sake tunani da sharudda kamar yadda irin wannan "taro". Hakika, Apple ya na'urar ne a tarihi gaba da yawa m mafita cikin sharuddan manufar araha PC kasuwar tayi. Duk da haka, da IBM PC zama musamman rayayye watsa ta hanyar gaskiya,: mai amfani da sayen wani PC, za a iya gyara shi a cikin bangare na maye gurbin wani iri-iri gyara - processor, memory, wuya tafiyarwa. Maroki na zaune a yanki da kuma sauran na'urori na iya zama wani iri. Apple ya kwakwalwa, bi da bi, shi ne rufaffiyar dandali. Haka kuma shi ne idan da software al'amari. Da tsarin aiki na sirri kwamfuta IBM PC ra'ayi zai iya zama wani. Bi da bi, a kan Apple na'urar da aka sanya a cikin general hali, wani mallakar tajirai tsarin aiki.

biyu Concepts

Saboda haka, da littattafai na "tari" kamar yadda shafi kwamfuta kayan aiki kasuwar za a iya gane a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Computers daga Apple dace da shi, bisa la'akari da cewa da a saki na farko na'urorin daga cikin iri inji mai kwakwalwa sun zama araha fadi da kewayon masu amfani. Da yake jawabi na US kasuwar - wani dan kasa da wani talakawan albashi. IBM ya miƙa Amurka da baya duniya kasuwar na'urar da, baicin affordability, za a iya da yardar kaina modified, kofe a ganewa. PC software, da m IBM gine-gine, za a iya halitta da kowa kuma ya san yadda ga mutum.

To, domin amsa babban tambaya da labarin za mu iya a hanyoyi biyu. Idan muka magana game da lokacin da kuma wanda ya raya na farko taro na sirri kwamfuta, a ka'ida, za mu iya da kyau kira kamfanin Apple da na'urar da wannan sunan a 1976 fara, da kasuwar. Amma mun san cewa, akwai wasu sharudda na taro, kamar gaskiya, da duk wani developer na hardware aka gyara ko software. Su, bi da bi, yayi dace da samfurin na kamfanin IBM. Saboda haka, amsa tambaya daga lokacin da suka ci gaba na farko taro na sirri kwamfuta, mu ce - taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan, IBM, kuma ta IBM PC 1981 samfurin na shekara.

A fassarar da kalmar "sirri kwamfuta"

Akwai bambance-bambance a cikin fassarar da kalmar "sirri kwamfuta" da kuma rakiyar bambanci versions, nuna da magabaci daga wani iri cikin sharuddan da PC kasuwar. Mene ne ra'ayi na masana a kan wannan batu?

Wasu daga cikin masana sun nuna cewa, ainihin Kalmar "sirri kwamfuta" wanzu da da ewa kafin a can aka dauke Soup daga Apple da kuma IBM. A cewar wasu rahotanni, shi aka fara amfani dangane da na'urar Programma 101, bayar da Italian kamfanin Olivetti - sake, to da batun na ƙasar asalin na farko inji mai kwakwalwa. A ci gaba daga wannan al'amari, da primacy na da wani daga cikin American brands - Apple ko IBM ba daidai ba.

Duk da haka, akwai muhawara game da abubuwan da rinjayi taro rarraba da kalmar "sirri kwamfuta". Ga versions diverge zahiri synchronous rarraba da ra'ayinta game da IBM da kuma Apple Championship a cikin bangare na fitarwa na'urorin a kan kasuwar samuwa ga mai fadi da kewayon masu amfani. Kwatanta su halaccinta, mai yiwuwa ma ba zai aiki daidai.

A farko m kwakwalwa daga Apple: Bayani dalla-dalla

Amma baya ga tarihi na PC. Mun ƙaddara cewa daya daga cikin fassarori da "salla" da kalmar na farko PC maroki za a iya daukan Apple. Yana da ban sha'awa ga karatu da halaye na na'urorin da cewa Amurka kamfani sa a kasuwa a shekarar 1976 da kuma 1977. A farko Apple kwamfuta da aka sanye take da wani MOS 6502, wanda ya yi aiki a mita na 1 MHz. A PC aka samu 4K na RAM, wanda da taimakon ƙarin allon kayan wutan za a iya ƙara zuwa 48 KB. Kusan wannan halaye sun kasance a Apple II.

A farko kwamfuta daga Apple: yiwuwar

Abin da za a iya yi a kan na farko PC daga Apple? Yana iya ze cewa Game da sarrafawa kamar sirri kwamfutar da suna fadin adadi mita.

Duk da haka, wani alama yi ya isa ga ci gaban shirye-shirye, kazalika ga wasanni - a gaskiya, na farko kasuwanci aikace-aikace na dace da irin suka, kamar yadda muka gani da wasu masana tarihi da kuma kwararru, rubuta musamman domin Apple II. Kwamfuta wasanni, godiya ga PC daga Apple, sun zama available, don haka da fadi da kewayon masu amfani.

IBM PC: Features

Features IBM PC, saki a 1981, kamar haka. PC aka sanye take da wani Intel 8088 processor Gudun a mita na 4,77 MHz. A cikin kwamfuta za a iya saita zuwa 640 KB na RAM. IBM BASIC-gudanar PC ko PC-DOS aiki tsarin.

Yana iya lura da cewa, a matsayin wata hanya ga adanar bayanai a IBM PC aka yi amfani da yafi a cikin floppy faifai da diamita na 5,25 inci. Daga baya da shi ya tafi sayarwa PC tare da fayafayan. Duk da haka, da IBM PC aka zarar warware matsalar tare da dangane zuwa kwamfuta ta hard disk ta bayarwa a raba module ga shi, ta hanyar abin da shi yiwuwa a samar da iko. Saboda haka masu amfani da za su iya a yanzu connect to your PC fayafai da damar 10 MB.

IBM PC model ya tabbatar da nasarar da manufar samarwa da Amurka kamfanin da aka rayayye kofe - biyu mai son da kuma babban kasuwanci. Relevant yanke shawara aka kira "IBM PC Dace", da cewa shi ne mai jituwa tare da asali dandali. Wannan kalma zama dacewa da wannan rana.

Bisa manufar IBM sun fi daban-daban azuzuwan na sirri kwamfutar - "Kwamfyutocin cinya", alewa sanduna, kwamfyutocin. Kwararru da yawa sun gaskata cewa gine ne ma ta hannu da na'urorin, a general, yayi dace da dandamali, kamar yadda suka dauke CPU, memory, video aiki raka'a da kuma ajiya.

Hakika, duka biyu brands - Apple da kuma IBM, sun sanya babbar gudummawa wajen ci gaban da kwamfuta masana'antu. A kalla sosai, kowane gasar Concepts kansu ba nuna yawa a cikin duniya PC kasuwar. Da muhimman hakkokin yanayi na biyu dandamali ne qaddara su tasiri cewa za a iya gano ya zuwa yanzu - kusan duk manyan segments na kwamfuta kayan aiki da dijital da na'urorin.

a ci gaba Concepts

Dukansu Concepts - bude da kuma rufe, samarwa da IBM da kuma Apple ya, zama haka dacewa har yanzu. A wannan yanayin, wani babban taro, bisa ga masana, halin da kawai wannan dandali daga IBM - ta nagarta na gaskiya, da aka ambata a sama.

akwai wani lokaci "IBM PC-jituwa kwamfuta" a kan zamani kwamfuta kasuwar. Wannan ba ya nufin cewa shi ne dole sake ta IBM. Duk da haka, shi ne daidai da ra'ayi da cewa ta miƙa a 1981. Hakika, yana bayyana a kan kasuwar mai fadi da dama iri sirri kwamfutar, amma cikin sharuddan na zuwa wani dandali da za su iya ko ta yaya za a classified a matsayin dacewa Concepts daga IBM PC.

Apple ya dandali rike matsayi na rufaffiyar. Hakazalika, halin da ake ciki tare da sauran ~ angarorin da na kasuwa, inda iri ne ba - musamman a fagen mobile na'urori. Wayoyin salula na zamani da Allunan daga Apple - iPhone, iPad halin da rufaffiyar dandali.

Yana iya lura da cewa su main gasa da aka dauke su wani bude ra'ayi dangane da yin amfani da Android tsarin aiki daga Google. Saboda haka, adawa tsakanin bude da kuma rufe dandamali ne a zahiri canjawa wuri zuwa PC kasuwar ma a cikin kashi na mobile lantarki.