A catalytic aiki sunadarai: misalai. Babban ayyuka na sunadaran

Sunadaran suna da sauƙi abin da ke faruwa gudanar da mahadi wanda da macromolecular tsarin. A kwayoyin daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ne nerazvetvlyayuschimsya polymer. Sunadaran suna gina daga amino acid 20. Su ne tsarin kwayoyin m naúrar - monomer. All aka gyara su ne juna gina jiki polypeptide, a cikin wasu kalmomi - wani urea, a mahaɗin a tsawon isa. A wannan yanayin, da kwayoyin nauyi iya Range daga 'yan dubu har zuwa miliyoyin atomic barbashi.

Abin da zai iya zama mai gina jiki

Don sanin da babban aiki na gina jiki, shi wajibi ne su fahimci tsarin da wadannan abubuwa. A lokacin akwai biyu iri na wannan muhimmanci mutum bangaren: fibrous da globular. Bambanta su, yafi saboda da bambanci a cikin tsarin da sunadari.

Globular abu ne da narkewa ba kawai a cikin ruwa amma kuma a gishiri mafita. Kamar haka irin wannan sunadari yana da wani mai siffar zobe siffar. Irin wannan mai kyau solubility iya zama da sauƙi bayyana wuri na cajin amino acid sharan, wanda aka kewaye da wani hydration harsashi, a kan surface na globule. Wannan shi ne abin da bada irin wannan kyau da lambobi tare da daban-daban kaushi. Ya kamata a lura da cewa gyara a globular kungiyar hada da dukan enzymes, kazalika da kusan dukan ilimin aiki da sunadarai.

Game da fibrous abubuwa, su kwayoyin da fibrous tsarin. A catalytic aiki sunadarai yana da muhimmanci sosai. Saboda haka yana da wuya su yi tunanin ta yi ba tare da adjuvants. Fibrillar sunadarai ba ta soke wani gishiri mafita, ko dai a cikin talakawa ruwa. Su kwayoyin ana shirya a layi daya a cikin polypeptide sarƙoƙi. Irin wannan abubuwa suna da hannu a cikin samuwar wasu daga cikin tsarin da abubuwa na connective nama. Yana Elastin, keratin, collagen.

A musamman kungiyar na hadaddun sunadarai, wanda sun hada da ba wai kawai cikin amino acid amma kuma da nucleic acid, carbohydrates da sauran abubuwa. Dukan waɗannan da aka gyara taka muhimmiyar rawa. Na musamman muhimmancin ne catalytic aiki da sunadarai. Bugu da kari, irin wannan abubuwa ne da shirin na numfashi pigments, hormones, kazalika da dogara da kariya ga wani kwayoyin. Biosynthesis na gina jiki ne da za'ayi a kan ribosome. Wannan tsari ne m da watsa shirye-shirye tushen nucleic acid.

A catalytic aiki sunadaran

Catalysis na daban-daban sinadaran abubuwa - shi ne mafi muhimmanci aiki da sunadarai. Similar matakai suna da za'ayi ta enzymes. Shin sunadaran da suke da takamaiman catalytic Properties. Kowace daga cikin wadannan abubuwa na iya kawo daya ko dama irin wannan halayen. Enzymes tsara da tsakiyan nonon aiwatar da hadaddun kwayoyin, kuma su kira. A wani hanya, da dauki ake kira catabolism da anabolism. A catalytic aiki sunadarai ba da kuma ya shafi gyaran DNA kwafi da RNA kira matrix.

Mene ne catalysis

Riga ta 2013, masana kimiyya sun sami kadan fiye da 5000 enzymes. Wadannan abubuwa suna iya tasiri cikin shakka daga kusan dukkan biochemical halayen. Don zama mafi bayyana catalytic aiki sunadarai, shi wajibi ne don gane da abin da yake catalysis. Tare da Greek da harshen da wannan ra'ayi da aka fassara a matsayin "cessation". Catalysis wani canji a kwarara gudu daga wani sunadarai dauki. Wannan ya faru a karkashin mataki na wasu mahadi. Enzymes aiki a matsayin mai kara kuzari da sunadarai. Misalai na wannan sabon abu da ake samu kullum a rayuwar yau da kullum. Kamar wani mutum ba ya lura.

MISALI catalytic aiki

Don gane yadda mataki na enzyme, shi ne ya cancanci a duba 'yan misalai. Saboda haka, abin da yake cikin catalytic aiki da sunadarai. misalai:

1. A lokacin photosynthesis ribulezobifosfatkarboksilaza catalysis samar kam na CO _2.
2. Hydrogen peroxide aka cleaved zuwa oxygen da kuma ruwa.
3. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA.
4. Amylase ne m cleaves sitaci zuwa maltose.
5. Wulãkanci daga carbonic acid: CO ₂ + H ₂ Ya + HCO ₃ ⁺ H.

A catalytic aiki sunadarai ne don hanzarta wani sinadaran canje. Yana da dangantaka da irin wannan halayen kira, Lalacewar jamiái, mutum kwayoyin halitta ko canja wurin electrons daga daya bangaren zuwa wani.

kai aiki

M ayyuka na kowane cell dole ne a kiyaye ta daban-daban abubuwa wanda ba kawai don su yi abu, amma kuma a irin makamashi. Halittu ayyuka sun hada da sunadaran da kai. Wadannan aka gyara an kawota a cikin cell duk muhimmin al'amari, saboda membranes an gina na dama yadudduka na lipids. A nan ne kuma akwai wani iri-iri da sunadarai. A wannan yanayin, da hydrophilic yankuna duk mayar da hankali a kan surface kuma wutsiyoyi - a cikin kauri daga cikin membrane. Wannan tsarin ba da damar su shiga cikin Kwayoyin yana da muhimmanci sosai abubuwa - ions Alkali karafa, amino acid da kuma sugars. Sunadaran da aka canjawa wuri dukkan wadannan aka gyara a cikin Kwayoyin ga su abinci mai gina jiki. Alal misali, haemoglobin transports oxygen.

tsoka mai amsa sigina

Babban aiki na gina jiki ba kawai samar da ikon sel masu rai, amma kuma taimaka wajen gane sakonni cewa zo daga waje yanayi da kuma makwabta Kwayoyin. A mafi daukan hankali misali na wannan sabon abu - da acetylcholine tsoka mai amsa sigina, wanda aka located a kan membrane na game da interneural lambobi. A tsari da kanta ne da muhimmanci sosai. Sunadaran yi tsoka mai amsa sigina aiki kuma su hulda da acetylcholine aka nuna a wani takamaiman hanya. A sakamakon haka, a cikin cell daukar kwayar cutar sigina. Duk da haka, bayan wani lokaci, da neurotransmitter dole ne a cire. Kawai a cikin wannan harka, da cell za su iya karɓan sabuwar sigina. An wannan aiki da aka yi da daya daga cikin enzymes - atsetilholtnesteraza cewa ya yi aikin tsagawa up gidrolizatsetilholina choline da acetate.

m

Na rigakafi da tsarin na wani rai kasancewa iya amsa to da ya faru na waje barbashi a cikin jiki. A wannan yanayin, da furotin da aka kunna m aiki. A cikin jiki, akwai wani ci gaban da babban adadin lymphocytes, wanda suke iya lalata da pathogenic kwayoyin cuta, macromolecules, da kuma sauran ciwon daji Kwayoyin. Daya daga cikin wadannan kungiyoyi na abubuwa gaba tsara takamaiman sunadaran - immunoglobulins. Yana da wani kasafi daga cikin wadannan abubuwa a cikin jini. A immunoglobulins gane waje barbashi da kuma samar da wata takamaiman hadaddun sosai musamman halaka mataki. Saboda haka za'ayi m aiki na gina jiki.

tsarin

gina jiki aiki a wani cell ke kada a gane shi ga wani mutum. Wasu abubuwa su ne mafi yawa tsarin muhimmanci. Wadannan sunadarai samar da inji karfin da mutum tsokoki a kwayoyin. Da farko, yana da collagen. Wannan shi ne babban bangaren na extracellular matrix na connective nama a cikin rai da jiki.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa collagen sa game da 25% na jimlar nauyin sunadaran. Kira na wannan bangaren na faruwa a fibroblasts. Wadannan su ne ainihin sel wani connective nama. Asalinsu kafa procollagen. Wannan abu ne mai precursor da aka chemically bi da, wadda ta ƙunshi a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydroxyproline zuwa proline sharan gona, da kuma gidrksilina lysine sharan. Collagen da aka samar a cikin nau'i na uku peptide, sarƙoƙi da juya a cikin wani karkace.

Yana ba dukan ayyukan da sunadarai. Biology - quite wani hadadden kimiyya, wanda ba ka damar gano da kuma gane da yawa abubuwan dake faruwa a cikin jikin mutum. Kowane aiki na gina jiki taka musamman rawa. Saboda haka, a cikin na roba kyallen takarda, kamar huhu, da jini jirgin ruwa ganuwar da kuma fata yana da Elastin. Wannan gina jiki shi ne iya budewa sa'an nan dawo da asali siffar.

motor gina jiki

Tsoka ƙanƙancewa - wani tsari a cikin abin da na yi hira da makamashi adana a cikin nau'i na ATP kwayoyin a macroergic pyrophosphate Hadin, wato a cikin inji aiki. A wannan yanayin, da aiki na gina jiki a cikin cell aiki myosin da actin. Kowace daga cikinsu yana da halaye.

Myosin yana da wani sabon abu da tsarin. Wannan gina jiki kunshi filamentary isasshe tsawon rabo - wutsiya, kazalika da dama globular kawunansu. Myosin aka saki, yawanci a cikin wani nau'i na hexamer. Wannan bangaren yana kafa more gaba daya m polypeptide sarƙoƙi, kowanne daga abin yana da wani kwayoyin nauyi na 200 dubbai, da kuma 4 sarƙoƙi wanda kwayoyin nauyi ne kawai 20 dubu.

Actin ne globular gina jiki wanda yana da ikon polymerize. A lokacin da wannan abu Forms isasshe tsawon tsarin, wanda ake kira F-actin. Kawai a cikin irin wannan jiha bangaren iya a al'ada hulɗa tare da myosin.

Misalai na babban ayyuka na sunadaran

Kowane biyu a cikin sel wani rai gabar faruwa daban-daban matakai wanda ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da sunadarai. Wani misali na tsoka mai amsa sigina aiki irin wannan abubuwa na iya zama wani sako Kwayoyin adrenoceptor Accession adrenaline. Lokacin da fallasa zuwa haske bazuwar na rhodopsin. Wannan sabon abu yana farawa da dauki, kuma suka jũya Wand.

Game da tsarin fasali, misali mafi kyau a wannan yanayin na iya zama sakamako na collagen. Wannan abu yana ba da connective nama na mafi elasticity.

An misali na kai aiki na haemoglobin aka dauke oxygen a kusa da rai da jiki.

a ƙarshe

Wannan shi ne duk da asali nazarin halittu ayyuka na sunadaran. Kowane daga cikinsu yana da muhimmanci sosai ga kwayoyin halittar. A wannan takamaiman aikin da aka yi daidai gina jiki. Babu irin wannan gyara zai iya sa malfunctions na wasu gabobin da kuma tsarin a cikin jiki.