Mene ne wani membrane? Tsarin da kuma aiki na membranes

Mene ne wani membrane? Wannan ra'ayi da ake amfani a daban-daban na rayuwa da kuma kimiyyar. Kuma a cikin kowane daga cikinsu, shi yana da daban-daban ma'anar. Amma, ko ta wani hanya, da yin amfani da wannan lokaci ake dangantawa da ma'anar kalmar. Fassara daga Latin "membrane" - a membrane.

Daban-daban fassarori da ra'ayi

A halin yanzu, manufar fasaha da kuma aikin injiniya yi amfani da lokacin magana game da wani bakin ciki fim ko wani farantin gyarawa a kan kewaye kamar yadda Microphones ko matsa lamba gauges.

A ilmin halitta, a membrane ake nufi na roba kwayoyin tsarin ba a kowane cell da kuma samar da kariya daga muhalli da tasirinsa aiki na muhalli. Yana tabbatar da mutuncin Kwayoyin da ake da hannu a tafiyar matakai na rayuwa tare da waje duniya.

Baya osmosis membrane

Daya daga cikin 'yan ƙirƙirãwa ne a baya da osmosis module, wanda ake amfani da ruwa tsarkakewa. Wannan tsari ne mai tube ciwon kasa da kuma wani murfi. Ciki da wannan bututu da kuma aka located kawai baya osmosis membrane, gaban wanda ya samar da wani ultrapure ruwa sami 'yanci daga daban-daban bacteriological samu da kuma nazarin halittu adibas. ruwa tsaftacewa inji dogara ne a kan minimizing da matattu sarari, a cikin abin da kwayoyin cuta na iya tara.

Wadannan kayayyaki da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a magani, ko ya zama mafi daidai, da suka samar da ga hemodialysis da ultrapure ruwa kayan aiki.

Matattarar accumulators da kuma fadada tankuna. su maye

Accumulators da kuma fadada tankuna - suna da na'urorin da ake amfani da rama ga wuce haddi da matsa lamba (girma) a cikin dumama na'urar.

Mene ne membrane a cikin wannan hali? Wannan kashi ne babban bangaren da irin wannan na'urar. Ana rinjayar da yi dace da kuma AMINCI na dukan tsarin. A siffar da membrane iya bambanta. Shi ne da diaphragm, ball da balan-balan. Idan wani manyan girma tanki, sa'an nan baya na karfe kasancẽwa memba an saka, a cikinsa akwai wani rami don venting iska. Dangane a filin wasa na amfani da na'urar da aka zaba abu ga yi na membrane. Alal misali, a fadada tankuna na dumama tsarin da babban rarrabẽwa ne thermal juriya da kuma karko matakin. A cikin hali na sanyi samar da ruwa a lokacin da zabar da membrane abu an shiryar da rarrabẽwa na tsauri elasticity.

Abin baƙin ciki, akwai wani abu da za a iya cinye duniya. Saboda haka, yana da hakkin zabi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da yanayi na dogon lokacin da aiki da na'urar da ingantaccen aiki. A mafi yawan lokuta, farantin an yi na halitta roba, wani roba butyl roba ko EPR.

Sauyawa yana cika ta hanyar detaching da membrane accumulator ko fadada jirgin ruwa daga tsarin. Da farko cire sukurori cewa rike da flange da gidaje. A wasu raka'a, akwai har yanzu a tsayarwa a kan nono yankin. Bayan da ya kawar da membrane za a iya sauƙi cire. By yin baya mataki ne Dole a saka wani sabon membrane.

polymeric membranes

A ra'ayi na "polymer membrane" da ake amfani a dama lokuta. Da fari dai, shi ne amfani da lokacin magana game da daya daga cikin na zamani da kuma ci-gaba a cikin sharuddan na practicality na yin rufi kayan. Irin wannan nau'in membranes kerarre da extrusion aikace-aikace Hanyar samar da babu voids a cikin abun da ke ciki na ƙãre abu. A abũbuwan amfãni daga cikin polymer samfurin za a iya dangana cikakkar ruwa juriya, tururi permeability, low nauyi, karko, low flammability, muhalli da lafiya.

Kalmar "polymer membrane" ne sau da yawa amfani lõkacin da ta je wa waɗanda riga aka ambata a sama da faranti na baya osmosis, kazalika da sauran iri membranes sanya daga kwayoyin polymers. Wannan micro- da ultrafiltration kayayyakin, membrane amfani a cikin nanofiltration. A amfani da polymeric membranes a cikin wannan mahallin ne babban Sannan ina kuma mafi girman iko da tsarin da kuma kaddarorin da kayan. Yana amfani da kananan bambancin sinadaran da fasaha masana'antu tsari.

A jikin tantanin. Sel - a naúrar na dukan abubuwa masu rai

An dade an san cewa ainihin tsarin naúrar ne mai cell wani mai rai kwayoyin. Yana wakiltar bambancin rabo daga cytoplasm, wanda aka kewaye da wani jikin tantanin. A kan aiwatar da juyin halitta, kamar yadda muka fa] a] iyãkõkin aiki, shi ya samu sassauci da kuma subtlety, kamar yadda mafi muhimmanci matakai a cikin jiki suke faruwa a cikin sel.

Cell membrane - a cell iyaka cewa wakiltar wata halitta shãmaki a tsakãnin ciki abinda ke ciki da kuma ta muhalli. Babban halayyar siffa daga cikin membrane ne semipermeable, da samar da salon salula fahimta daga danshi da kuma gina jiki da kuma cire bazuwar kayayyakin gare ta. Cell membrane - wannan shi ne babban tsarin bangaren cell kungiyar.

Historical facts alaka da samu da kuma nazari na jikin tantanin

A shekara ta 1925, Grendel da Gorder nasarar kafa wani gwaji su gane "inuwa" na ja jini Kwayoyin. Sai waɗanda suka a cikin shakka daga gwaje-gwajen, na farko don gane sia bilayer. Tabi'ai na aikin Danielle Dawson, Robertson, Nicholson a shekaru daban-daban aiki a kan halittar wani ruwa-mosaic model na membrane tsarin. A ƙarshe aka yi Singsheru a shekara ta 1972.

Babban ayyuka na jikin tantanin

• Rabuwa da ciki abinda ke ciki na cell daga waje yanayi gyara.
• Sauƙaƙe da tabbatarwa daga cikin haƙuri na da sinadaran abun da ke ciki a cikin cell.
• Regulation na rayuwa balance.
• Dangantaka tsakanin sel.
• Ƙararrawa aiki.
• A m aiki.

jini daina kai hare hare

Mene ne matattarar, da ake kira da jini daina kai hare hare? Wannan m cell bango, wanda ta hanyar da tsarin shi ne wani fim kauri daga 5-7 ultramicroscopic nanomillimetrov. Ya qunshi gina jiki mahadi, phospholipids, ruwa. A fim, kasancewa sosai na roba, mai kyau danshi sha da kuma yana da ikon mai da ta m gudun mutunci.

Jini membrane halin da duniya tsari. Its iyakar matsayin sa hannu a kan aiwatar da zabe permeability a derivation na cell tarkace. Hulda da makwabta abubuwa da kuma dogara kare da abinda ke ciki daga lalacewa, da matsanancin membrane ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da aka gyara na da sifar tantanin halitta.

Thin Layer, wanda wani lokacin rufe jikin tantanin na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta kira glycocalyx. Ya kunshi sunadaran da polysaccharides. A membrane a shuka Kwayoyin kare musamman saman bango, wanda kuma ya yi aikin support aiki da kuma kula da siffar. Yana da yafi kunshi fiber - insoluble polysaccharide.

Saboda haka, za mu iya cewa da zuciyar ayyuka ne m jikin tantanin sabuntawa, kariya da kuma hulda da ke makwabtaka da Kwayoyin.

tsarin fasali

Mene ne wani membrane? Wannan m harsashi, cikinsa da nisa ne 6-10 nanomillimetrov. Dalili na da tsarin ne sia bilayer da kuma sunadarai. Carbohydrates ana kuma samu a cikin membrane, amma suka asusu domin kawai 10% na membrane nauyi ne na wajibi. Amma su da ake bukata don a samu a glycolipids ko glycoproteins.

Idan muka magana game da rabo daga sunadaran da lipids, shi iya bambanta ƙwarai. A duk ya dogara a kan irin masana'anta. Alal misali, a myelin ƙunshi game da 20% gina jiki, da kuma a cikin mitochondria - game da 80%. A abun da ke ciki na membrane kai tsaye rinjayar da yawa. A mafi girma da gina jiki abun ciki, da hakan da yawa daga cikin kwasfa.

A iri-iri ayyuka na lipids

Kowane sia a cikin yanayi ne mai phospholipid, kafa da hulda da glycerol da sphingosine. Around da gawa densely shirya sia sunadarai membrane amma su ba su da wani m Layer. Wasu daga cikin su suna masu niyyar baftisma cikin wani Layer na lipids, yayin da wasu son gudu ta hanyar da shi. Kuma wannan shi ne saboda da gaban yankunan da suke da permeable ga ruwa.

A bayyane yake cewa abun da ke ciki na lipids a daban-daban membranes ba bazuwar, amma bayãnin hukuncin ga wannan sabon abu ya tukuna aka samu. A wani musamman harsashi iya ƙunsar har zuwa ɗaya da ɗari daban-daban na sia kwayoyin. Ka yi la'akari da abubuwan da zai iya rinjayen tabbatar da dalilin da sia abun da ke ciki na membrane kwayoyin.

• Da fari dai, sia cakuda dole ne dole su sami damar samar da barga bilayers a cikin abin da sunadaran iya aiki.
• Abu na biyu, lipids, ya kamata ya taimake dattako da sosai maras kyau membrane lamba tsakanin membranes ko takamaiman nauyin sunadaran.
• Abu na uku, lipids - bioregulators.
• Huxu, wasu lipids ne aiki mahalarta a cikin biosynthesis halayen.

matattarar sunadaran gina jiki

Sunadaran bauta wa da dama ayyuka. Wasu wasa da muhimmancin enzymes da kuma sauran -transportiruyut dadin jikina na abubuwa daga cikin yanayi a cikin cell da kuma mataimakin versa.

Tsari da kuma aiki na membrane ana shirya a irin wannan hanyar da cewa na game da sunadarai Alhlulbaiti ta hanyar da shi, rike dangantaka ta kusa. Amma gefe sunadaran daure su cikin membrane ba ma cika cunkus. Su yi aiki ne domin tabbatar da tsarin da harsashi, to sami kuma maida sakonni daga yanayi da kuma zama ham daban-daban halayen.

Abun da ke ciki na membrane aka wakilta farko bimolecular Layer. Yana tabbatar da ci gaba da shãmaki, kuma inji Properties daga cikin cell. A kan aiwatar da rayuwa take hakkin bilayer tsarin na iya faruwa, wanda results a cikin samuwar tsarin lahani ta hanyar hydrophilic pores. Bayan wannan, za a iya jirkita duk da ayyuka na jikin tantanin.

kaddarorin da harsashi

Properties na jikin tantanin saboda ta fluidity, saboda abin da shi ba shi da wani m tsarin. Lipids, ta memba, iya matsar da yardar kaina. Daya iya tsayar da jeri na bangaren na jikin tantanin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da bambanci na gina jiki da kuma sia yadudduka na qagaggun.

Yana tabbatar da polarity na jikin tantanin, cewa shi ne, ta m gefe yana da wani m cajin, da kuma ciki - babu. Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa harsashi yana da wani zabe m. Ta skips ciki, ban da ruwa, kawai wasu kungiyoyin na kwayoyin da ions narkar abubuwa.

Features na tsarin da jikin tantanin a tsire-tsire da dabbobi

A waje membrane da endoplasmic reticulum Kwayoyin suna da kakkarfan dangankata. Sau da yawa da harsashi surface an rufe da kara daban-daban protrusions folds microvilli. A jini membrane na dabba cell kwayoyin waje glycoprotein mai rufi Layer, kuma ya aikata wani tsoka mai amsa sigina yi sigina aiki. A shuka Kwayoyin waje na wannan harsashi ne wani lokacin farin ciki kuma a fili rarrabe a karkashin hange. Fiber daga wanda shi ne da za a hannu a cikin samuwar da goyon baya daga shuka nama na asalin, kamar itace.

A dabba Kwayoyin ma da waje Tsarin located waje na membrane. Sun yi musamman m. A matsayin misali, chitin, dauke a cikin rufi kwaro nama.

Bugu da kari ga cell, akwai wani kwayuka ko ciki membrane. Yana raba zuwa qware cell rufe compartments kira wasu gabbansa. Su kullum ayyana yanayi dole ne a kiyaye.

Bisa ta gabatar ba, ba za mu iya kammala da cewa, jikin tantanin tare da halaye da cewa tabbatar da muhimmancin a cikin aiki na dukan kwayoyin, yana da wani hadadden abun da ke ciki da kuma tsarin da wanda ya dogara a kan masu yawa ciki da waje dalilai. Lalacewar da fim zai iya kai wa ga cell mutuwa.

Saboda haka, tsari da kuma aiki na membrane dogara a kan fanni na kimiyya da masana'antu, a cikin abin da ra'ayi ne amfani. A cikin wani hali, wannan kashi ne wani harsashi ko bangare wanda yana da sassauci da kuma ake gyarawa a gefuna.