A atomic tsakiya. m asirin

A zamani ra'ayin zarra, wanda shi ne mai tabbatar da ayyukan more masana kimiyya, theoreticians da masana kimiyya na karni na ashirin, ya yale mu mu mai babban mataki na yiwuwa ya yi hukunci da tsarin da kuma gaban a cikin abun da ke ciki na daban-daban na farko barbashi. A atomic tsakiya ne babban juzu'in tsakiya na m zarra. Yana da aka hada da protons da neutrons, tare ake magana a kai - da nucleons. Takaitacciyar zarra nauyi (99.95%) ne mai karfi a cikin zuciyar. Its size ne negligible, da kuma da wutar lantarki ne tabbatacce kuma shi ne mai mahara na da cikakkar cajin na daya electron.

Bisa ga yawan electrons, ko cajin atomic tsakiya za a iya hukunci a kan mutum Properties daga cikin kashi. Wannan lambar yayi dace ta serial number a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

Opening na wani atomic tsakiya shi ne abin yabo Rutherford (E. Rutherford), ya gwaje-gwajen a 1911, tare da wata-watsarwa barbashi kamar yadda suka wuce ta hanyar al'amarin yarda sosai m don bayyana yi zarra.

Ga wani akai aka dauka da atomic tsakiya na hydrogen, da kuma wani na farko barbashi, wanda shi ne tushen da nuclei daga sauran sinadaran abubuwa, samu a 1920 da sunan proton. Amma da proton-electron tsarin da zarra ya mai yawan shortcomings kuma bai bayyana yawa jiki mamaki.

A bayanin irin abun da ke ciki na core kimiyya na firamare barbashi zo kusa bayan da aka gano daga cikin neutron. A 1932 godu Dzh.Chedvik (J. Chadwick), B. Goyzenberg (W. Heisenberg) da kuma D. D. Ivanenko sun yi nuni da kasancewar a cikin core daga cikin barbashi tare da wani tsaka tsaki cajin. A gini kayan, wanda ya ƙunshi wata tsakiya ne protons da neutrons. Yawan nucleons kayyade taro yawan kashi.

Abubuwa da ciwon guda yawan protons a tsakiya (nukiliya cajin), kira a matsayin isotopes. IZOTON - wani abu da ciwon guda yawan neutrons. Abubuwa da wannan adadin nucleons - isobars.

Nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi presupposes karami bangaren "gini tubalan" for neutrons da protons. Quarks, gluons, mesons filayen qumshi tsarin - da atomic tsakiya. Bugu da ari bayanin irin hadaddun interrelationships barbashi kwakwalwa QCD.

Feminism lafazin faransanci matsalar core kwanciyar hankali, wanda aka hada da barbashi da ciwon babu wutar lantarki (neutrons) da kuma lallai cajin protons, masana kimiyya sun ƙarasa da cewa a cikin zuciyar akwai musamman da karfin nukiliya da ta bambanta daga electromagnetic kuma ta nauyi.

The sakamako daga cikin wadannan sojojin ne tsananin iyakance zuwa nesa, su ne short-fuska da kuma iyakance kananan kewayo.

Don cajin na nucleons karfin nukiliya nuna wani hefty 'yancin kai. Daidai da janyo hankalin cikakken daban-daban barbashi. Wannan sabon abu ne bayyananne a lokacin da gwada nauyin kuzari na madubi nuclei. Ne sunan da aka ba wa core tare da wannan adadin nucleons, shi ke kawai da yawan protons a daya yayi dace da yawan neutrons a cikin sauran kuma mataimakin versa. An misali iya zama tsakiya na helium da tritium (nauyi hydrogen).

Har ila yau, sabon abu mamaki faruwa a lokacin da samuwar nuclei. Idan muka lissafta da nauyin da zuciyar da kuma raba nauyi abubuwa a cikin abun da ke ciki, da taro na core zai zama kasa. Irin wannan sakamako ne bayyana ta a saki makamashi a aiwatar da kira na tsakiya, da ake kira da dauri da makamashi na atomic nuclei. Numerically, shi za a iya ƙaddara da kirga yawan aikin da ake bukata don yin tsagawa na tsakiya a cikin ta bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa (nucleons) ba tare da bayar da rahoton da su zuwa ga wasu sanadin motsi makamashi.

A wannan batun, manufar takamaiman nukiliya nauyin makamashi da aka gabatar. Yana da aka lasafta a cikin lamba m, da nucleon, cewa shi ne a kan talakawan 8 MeV / u. Tare da kara yawan nucleons auku rage dauri makamashi.

Kamar yadda wani mai rarrabẽwa ga zaman lafiyar na atomic nuclei yin amfani da rabo daga protons da neutrons.