"Zadonshchina": da shekara halitta. Ancient Rasha adabi na XIV - XV ƙarni

A manufar wannan labarin - don samar da bayanai game da irin wannan girma Monuments na Old Rasha adabi, kamar yadda "Zadonshchina". Shekarar da aka kafa, marubucin, compositional da kuma m siffofin - duk wadannan tambayoyi, za mu tattauna tare da ku, kuma.

tarihi da yanayi

A 1380, wani taron cewa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rãyuwar ba kawai Rasha amma dukan duniya. Wannan yana nufin da yakin Kulikovo, a cikin abin da Tatars suka ci. Wannan taron da zarar kuma ga duk kore jita-jita game da invincibility na abokan gaba, da kuma Rasha iyakacin duniya bege na kuɓuta daga karkiyar shekaru masu yawa. Yana kuma yi aiki a matsayin na kafin lokaci domin daidaituwa na sarauta a kusa da cibiyar na Moscow, wanda alama farkon wata nan gaba a jihar. Saboda haka ba abin mamaki me ya sa ba da babbar nasara haka sau da yawa yayata a cikin wallafe-wallafen Monuments na zamanin da. Masu bincike sun ce Kulikovskiy sake zagayowar, wanda ya hada da samfurin ban sha'awa a gare mu.

"Zadonshchina": shekara ta kafa, janar bayanai

Mai girma abin tunawa daga adabi, sosai m halittar ... The undeniable hujja da amincin "Words ..." - duk wadannan halaye amfani da soja labarin mai taken "Zadonshchina". Da suka rubuta shi - a moot batu, kuma da kamar wuya a iya warware. Akwai shawarwari da cewa marubucin ya Sofony Ryazantsev. Wannan sunan na ƙayyade rubutu "Zadonshchina" da sauran ayyukan - "Tatsũniyõyi ne na Mamay". Sauran bayani a kan Ryazantsev wallafe-wallafen sukar ba. Amma da tunani zuwa da sunan da ya nuna cewa Sofony halitta wasu ba suke dashi wallafe-wallafen abin tunawa. Yana da aka shiryar da ba a sani ba marubucin, daga alkalami na wanda zo "Zadonshchina". Shekara na halittar soja ne ba tabbata daga labarin (wanda yake shi ne ba abin mamaki ba domin Old Rasha adabi). Yana nuna wannan: da samfurin ne mai kai tsaye mayar da martani ga abubuwan da suka faru, da kuma ta haka ne, halittar "Zadonshchina" dama a kan layi 80-90-ies na XIV karni.

Labarin gabatar shida lists. A farkon, suke dashi, malamai sun yi kwanan rana 1470 mi shekaru. Its sauran sunan - jerin Euphrosyne. Bambance-bambancen wakiltar wani akan rage wasu na farko lengthy rubutu sabili da haka siffofi da wani babban yawan kurakurai, hargitsi, omissions. Af, kawai Euphrasinia jerin amfani da sunan "Zadonshchina". Shekara kafa mafi daga baya version na labarin ma ba a shigar (game da XVII karni), kuma akwai wani samfurin labeled a matsayin "The Tale of ... Prince Dmitry Ivanovich". Haka ya shafi dukkan sauran bambance-bambancen karatu da wallafe-wallafen abin tunawa. Su ma m, amma ba da damar wallafe-wallafen sukar da sake gina asalin rubutu.

A abun da ke ciki da kuma mãkirci

A tasbihinsa na nasarar sojojin Rasha a kan abokan gaba - da wani mãkirci shaci yana da "Zadonshchina". Marubucin haka sane fa, tã wata a layi daya tare da "Word ...", amma tunani da babban abin tunawa ne bayyana ba makafi kwaikwayo da kuma m juxtaposition na baya da kuma yanzu (kuma ba a cikin ni'imar da karshen). The ambaci "Words ..." da ke sa shi a fili cewa kawai 'yan adawa ga shugabanni suka kai ga bala'i a ƙasa Rasha. Amma shi aka a baya, yanzu ya lashe nasara a kan invaders. Roll tare da "Word ..." same a matakin mutum hanyoyin (canja wurin a lokacin da ya riwaito daga daya Gwargwadon wuri zuwa wani), da kuma mãkirci abubuwa. Alal misali, Dmitry Donskoy a cikin hanyar sunshine kafin yaƙin - don haka yana magana "Zadonshchina". Mawallafin "Words ..." (ba zato ba tsammani, kuma mara) ya ambaci wani giciye a matsayin shu'umci.

Tale kunshi sassa biyu. Wadda ta gabãta daga gabatarwa, ta hanyar da marubucin kafa mai karatu zuwa ga wani na musamman, festive yanayi, kuma ya gaya masa da gaskiya manufofin bin halittar "Zadonshchina". A gabatarwar kuma jaddada kaffa labarin, ya furta cewa Moscow - kamar yadda na yanzu cibiyar na jihar - ne mai ci gaba Kiev, da dai sauransu A kashi na farko na aikin - .. A "tausayi." The riwayan siffanta da shan kashi na sojojin Rasha, zaman makoki da matattu ya'yan sarakuna da Boyarynya. Duk da haka, da yanayi bayar da shawarar: m "m" Za a rinjãye. Saboda haka shi ya faru a "yabo" a lokacin da abokan gaba dauki ga su dugadugansa, kuma rusichi samu arziki ganima.

art siffofin

Poetics "Zadonshchina" da aka fi mayar da m da ta kama tare da "Word ...". Mai karatu an fuskanci wannan anthropomorphic images, epithets cewa suna da fili folkloric asalin. A lokaci guda akwai manyan image na addini muhimmanci da kuma nassoshi kafirci da kuma wadanda ba babu. Wannan labarin ya bambanta muhimmanci daga praetexta. Aiki "Zadonshchina" ne sosai iri-irin a style. Saboda haka, tare da poetic matani ne, niƙaƙƙun gaɓãɓuwa cewa ne sosai kamar kasuwanci litattafan. Ya kamata kuma bayyana a na shekara-shekara, daki-daki, kusa da hankali ga lakabi na Prince.

"Zadonshchina" da kuma "Kalmar ..."

Kamar yadda aka ce, "Zadonshchina" m da cewa ya tabbatar da amincin "Kalman." A karshen ne ake tambayar ba kawai saboda kafin kwatsam samu na tunawa Musin-Pushkin, a 1795 "Word ..." Babu daya taba gani a idonku, amma kuma saboda m m darajar da waka. Wannan tashe da ra'ayin ƙirƙirãwa (da misalai). Ta nassoshi "Transdoniad" ya kawo ƙarshen sa da shawarwari, amma ... an nuna cewa shi ne "Kalman ..." An halicci wadannan misalin da ake zargin m tunawa. To, tambayar da asalin na biyu ayyuka na zamanin d rubuce-rubuce da kuma ba su cikakken warware.