Yam-Zapolsky tayar da hankali - yarjejeniya tsakanin Rzeczpospolita da mulkin Rasha

Rasha da Poland sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe a tsakaninsu da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin wadannan rikice-rikicen wani ɓangare ne na Livonian War, yayin da bukatun da dama jihohi ya haɗu a cikin Baltic States.

Ta yaya Livonian War ya fara

A cikin 1558 Tsar Ivan da Tsakanin Ivan na Tsakiya ya kai hari kan yankin yankin Livonian. Ya so ya lashe lardunan Baltic a ƙasar Estonia da Latvia. A baya can, arna sun rayu a nan, kuma a karni na 13, masu zanga-zanga-Katolika sun isa nan. Sun kafa Wakilin Livonian, sun gina Riga da wasu manyan birni.

'Yan Salibiyya sun yi yaƙi da waɗanda suka kafirta, saboda sun sami izini daga Paparoma. Ga wa] annan, a ra'ayinsu, sun kasance Orthodox, wa] anda suka bayar da gudunmawa ga Golden Horde. Saboda haka, tare da litonian knights yi yaƙi Alexander Nevsky. Bayan haka, rikici ya zama dindindin kuma an katse shi kawai ta hanyar sharuddan armistice.

A lokacin da Grozny ya fara mulki, Rus ya haɗu da Moscow, ya watsar da Tartar kuma ya fara faɗuwa a gabas (kama Kazan da Astrakhan). Ivan IV yi imani da cewa raunana Livonian Order iya ba bayar da tsanani juriya.

Yakin farko na yaki ya yi nasara ga Rasha. Shugabannin sarki sun kama Dorpat, da Narva da wasu manyan biranen. Duk abin da ya canza lokacin da ikon makwabta ya shiga cikin rikici. Yana da aka Sweden, Rzeczpospolita (da siyasa jam'iyya na Poland da kuma Lithuania), da kuma Denmark (ga wani karami har). Tun daga wannan lokacin, Grozny ya kasance a cikin yanayin da ya dace.

Rashin ƙananan kasashe masu baƙar fata

Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru da yawa na yaki ya kasance tare da nasarar wucin gadi a cikin gwagwarmaya da Poland da Lithuania. Don haka, a 1564, sojojin Rasha sun kwace Polotsk (wani birni wanda Grozny yana da 'yancin kamar Ryurikovich). Duk da haka, shan kashi a cikin yakin Chashniki ya biyo baya.

Kasashen waje ba su da nasaba da ta'addanci tare da ta'addanci a cikin Rasha. Bayan da m mutuwa ta farko da matar Ivan Grozny ya zama m dangane da kewaye. Paranoia da jin tsoron cin amana sun haifar da rikici. Duk da yake a Moscow a kan giant grying pans gwamna da aka azabtarwa, da sojojin fama shan kashi bayan shan kashi.

A ƙarshe, a 1577, aka dawo Polotsk, kuma Swedes kama Narva. Sai dai saboda godiya da juriya da gaske, yana yiwuwa a dakatar da shigarwar kasashen waje. Kwalluna a cikin shekaru 1581-1582. Ba a amince da shi ba, Pskov, kuma Swedes ya sha wahala a wani asibiti a karkashin Nut. An yi yakin neman shekaru 24, kuma kasashen da suka ragu sun bukaci zaman lafiya.

Haɗin kungiyoyin wakilai

Mafi kyau Yam-Zapolsk amincewa da kuma shawarwari tsari aka nuna a cikin memoirs Antonio Possevino. Yana da Yesuit da kuma jami'in diplomasiyya. Ya wakilci bukatun cocin Katolika a tattaunawar tsakanin Poland da Rasha. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance babban sakatare ne kuma ya iya bayyana dukan bayanan wannan tsari.

Tattaunawar fara ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1581. Kuma an zabi wannan wurin wurin da wasu kalmomi daga Zapolsky Pit (saboda haka sunan). Yana kusa da iyakar Rasha da ke kusa da birnin Pskov, wanda Mashawarcin Turanci na Stefan Bathory ya kulla. Yam-Zapolsky zaman lafiya ya ƙare a cikin unguwa tare da kwanan nan na yaki.

Babu wani daga cikin sarakunan da ke wurin a tattaunawar. Bukatunsu da dama masu diplomasiya sun wakilta su. Daga Poles da Lithuania sun isa Braslav voevoda Janusz Zbarazhsky, Nesvizh da Oliks Prince Albrecht Radzvill da sakatare Miail Garaburda. Ivan da mummunan kuma bai damu da 'yan majalisa ba. Su ne Kashin voivode Dmitry Eletsky, gwamnan Kozelsky Roman Alferev, da kuma dattawan Nikita Vereshchagin. An kammala yunkurin Yam-Zapolsky ta hanyar maganganu na Jesuit Antonio Possevino.

Ayyuka a Livonia

Tattaunawar ya yi kusan wata guda. A ƙarshe, a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1582, aka kammala yarjejeniyar Yam-Zapol. Yanayinsa sun kasance da wuya ga Rasha, amma duk da haka ya dace da ainihin gaskiya.

Ivan IV ya ki dukan biranen da ya ci a Livonia. Akwai manyan wuraren birni daban-daban. A nan ne kawai karamin jerin misali: Alist, Volodymyr, Dorpat, Krusborg, Paide, Rivne, Tarvaz, Chestvin, da dai sauransu sun ba da su. Mafi yawan waɗannan sunaye sun zama tarihi. Yanzu waɗannan ƙauyuka sun karɓa a cikin harsunan ƙasashe - Latvian da Estonian. Sauran Livonia a wancan lokacin ne Sweden ta dauka (tare da yarjejeniyar ta sanya hannu cikin shekara daya).

Sauran sharuddan yarjejeniyar

Bugu da ƙari, yam-zapolsk amincewa ya bayyana asalin biranen, wanda a lokacin daban-daban kama da Ivan da mummunan a yankin Great Duchy na Lithuania. Sun kasance Velizh da Polotsk. Rasha tsar ya ki su (ko da yake wannan kawai ne kawai, saboda a wancan lokacin sun riga sun ci nasara da Stefan Bathory).

Yaren mutanen Poland ya yarda ya dawo da waɗannan biranen da kansa ya kama a Rasha. Waɗannan su ne Velikie Luki, Kholm, Nevel da Zavolochye. Yam-Zapolsky duniya ta ƙunshi wani labarin da ya ba da baya da kuma Pskov unguwa, shagaltar da shi a lokacin ta ƙarshe siege.

Kasashen da aka kama a Livonia da Sweden a lokacin da aka sa hannu a rubuce sun cire daga takarda. Duk da haka, Poles sun yi sanarwa cewa suna amfani da wadannan yankuna. Wannan shine cikar yarjejeniya Yam-Zapolsk. Ranar da aka sanya hannu ya janye a farkon takardun.

A rabo daga armistice

Duk da haka, kowa ya fahimci cewa wannan jinkiri ne kawai, kuma aikin soja ya daina dan lokaci kaɗan. An gwada Yam-Zapolsky tare da Poland don tsawon shekaru 10. A nan gaba, ana iya kara. Tarihi ya nuna cewa yarjejeniyar ta kasance mai dacewa har zuwa farkon Sakamakon matsaloli a Rasha. Bayan mutuwar Ivan da Mutu, dansa Fyodor da dukan magadansu, daular Rurikovichs ta tsaya. Rikici tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kare da'awar cewa ikon ya fara.

A lokaci guda, wani mai kuskure ya zo daga Commonwealth, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Tsarevich Dmitry, ɗan Ivan da Tsoro, wanda ya mutu a Uglich a 1591. Mai kasada suna Grigoriem Otrepevym. Ya kasance maigidan runaway. Ya taimaka wa Sarkin Poland, wanda shi kansa ya mamaye Rasha, wanda ya keta yunkurin Yam-Zapolsk. Shekarar da ya kewaye Smolensk, sa'an nan kuma ya rufe Moscow kwanan nan. A karshen, kasar Rasha mayakan fitar da Dogayen sanda, da kuma boyars zaba sarki Mikhail Romanov, wanda ya zama kafa wani sabon gidan sarauta daular cewa, yana mulkin shekara ɗari uku.