Yadda za a gina mota a Moscow da inda aka tsara shi don gina sababbin tashoshi

Construction na Metro a birnin Moscow da aka shirya a cikin marigayi 19th karni. A shekara ta 1875, an sanar da wani ra'ayi game da kafa wani layin da ke gudana daga tashar jirgin kasa na Kursk ta wurin titin Pushkin da Lubyanka zuwa Maryina Grove. Duk da haka, a waɗannan shekaru ba a fara gina wannan gini ba. Bisa ga bayanin hukuma, an watsar da shi saboda rashin tattalin arziki.

Lokacin da juyin juya halin ya faru a kasar kuma yakin basasa ya fadi, ba su tuna da wannan ra'ayin ba. A wannan fitowar a 1923, sabuwar ikon matasa-USSR-ta dawo.

A yau, Moscow Metro yana daya daga cikin mafi kyau kuma abin dogara a duniya. Bugu da} ari, mutane da yawa sun san irin wahalar da masu ginawa suka yi don samar da hanyar jirgin kasa zuwa farkon fararen jiragen farko.

Tsayar da yanke shawara na tarihi

A lokacin rani watan Agustan 1923, an gudanar da wani taro na Presidium na Soviet Moscow, inda aka yanke shawarar sake ci gaba da tattaunawa da kamfanonin kasashen waje akan gina ginin Moscow Metro. Kamfanin dillancin labarai na LB Kamenev ya sanar da wannan kuduri. Saboda haka, ra'ayin da aka yi, ta hanyar rushewar juyin juya hali da yaƙe-yaƙe, an ci gaba da ci gaba.

Tuni wata daya bayan wannan taro na tarihi, majalisar dokokin Moscow ta yanke shawara ta kafa wani sashen musamman a gundumar Railway na birnin, wanda suka kira Metropolitan. A wannan lokacin, ma'aikacinsa kawai shine injiniya K. S. Myshenkov. Ayyukansa shi ne tattara bayanai game da ayyukan da aka yi kafin yaki.

Gudanar da ayyukan farko

A cikin 1924, tawagar daga Soviet Moscow ta ziyarci Turai. Babbar manufarsa ita ce ta jawo hankalin abokan kasashen waje don tsara ƙirar farko a cikin USSR. Duk da haka, tattaunawar ta ƙare a gazawar. Jami'an kasashen waje ba zasu iya samun bashi na banki ba.

Sai dai a shekarar 1928 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Moscow ta gudanar da shawarwari game da kafa kamfanin haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya kamata a gina jirgin karkashin kasa. An yi amfani da ƙaddamar da ra'ayin da ake gina gine-ginen da yawancin jayayya game da tsarin tattalin arziki na aikin. Duk da haka, ba su dade ba. A 1930, LM Kaganovich, dan takarar Stalin, ya zama sakatare na kwamitin jam'iyyar ta Moscow. Yana da wani abu kuma ya motsa batun a ƙasa. Ba don kome ba ne cewa Moscow Metro, wanda aka bude a 1935, an labafta shi bayan shi.

Maganin matsalar sufuri

Idan a farkon wanzuwar ƙananan Soviet, hukumomi sun fi tsammanin harajin harajin haraji da kaya, to, a yayin da babban birnin ya karu, sai ya zama da wuya ga mazauna su motsa garin. A sakamakon kwanakin 06.01.1931 a Moscow an samu sauyin kai. An katange hanyar zirga-zirga a cikin birnin ta hanyar fataucin mota. Wannan ya haifar da jagorancin shugabancin babban birnin kasar zuwa aikin gina jirgin kasa na gaggawa.

Tuni a watan Agustan 1931 an kafa sabuwar ƙungiya, Metrostroy. An ba ta dama don karɓar kayan aiki da kayan aiki na farko. Shugaban na Metrostroi ya nada injiniya na Railways P. P. Rotert. Bugu da} ari, an kafa ma'aikatan sabuwar kungiyar, wanda ya ha] a da masu fasaha da kuma aikin injiniya. Su ne kwararrun kasashen waje daga Jamus, Austria, Amurka da Faransa. LM Kaganovich ta kula da sabon shiri.

Shirya matsala

Ga bangare na farko na gwajin haɗin kai, wani sashi wanda ya fara a Rusakov Street, 13. an zaba. Ta yaya tsarin metro ya gina a cikin wannan yankin? An gudanar da gas ɗin a hanya ta Parisiya, wato, tare da rami a zurfin zurfin. A wannan karkashin kasa vault karfafa tare da quarry dutse. A farkon aikin, injiniyoyi ba su yi amfani da hanyar Berlin ba, bisa ga abin da ya wajaba a farko don ƙetare rami. A tsakiyar gari, inda aka yi babban gine-gine da magunguna mai tsanani, ba a yarda ba.

Idan an warware wannan matsala ta sauƙi, to, don dogon lokaci da rikici da ke kewaye da matsalar, abin da ya kamata ya kasance jirgin karkashin kasa, ba a rage ba. Yadda za a gina sabon haɗin kai: tare da dandamali na tsibirin ko tare da dandamali na gefe? A farkon layout, wanda aka karɓa a London da Paris, ya zama dole don ƙarin hankali game da tsarin zane-zane. Amma irin wa] annan hanyoyin sun fi dacewa da zirga-zirga. Yanayin da aka yi a Berlin ya kasance mai rahusa kuma yana da sauki don ginawa.

Yaya tsarin metro ya gina a karshen? Sojojin Soviet sun gabatar da manufar samar da tashoshi uku da lambobi biyu masu buɗewa. Ga kowane dandamali a gefen hanyar da aka bayar a nan.

Fasaha zane na farko jirgin karkashin kasa Lines hada da fiye da dubu cikakken Bayani rubutu da kuma zane. Bayan binciken cikakken bayani, Cibiyar ta Moscow ta Jam'iyyar ta amince da ita a ranar 13 ga Agustan 1933.

Yanayin matsananci

Da yake yanke shawara game da gina jirgin karkashin kasa na Moscow, hukumomi basu tsammanin cewa masu ginin za su shawo kan matsalolin da yawa. Gaskiyar ita ce, yanayin da za a gina masana'anta ba su da kyau. Yadda za a gina wani jirgin karkashin kasa a Moscow? Rufi Tunnels an shirya ga tashar tsallaka layi Olkhovka, Neglinka, Rybinki da kuri'a na sauran kananan qarqashinsu. Mista Metrostroevtsi ya farfado da zaman lafiya, sabili da haka, a cikin tururuwan suka rusa hanzari, wadanda suka hada da yashi, yumbu da ruwa. Sun lalata kayan aiki na kasa kuma sun wanke harsashin gidajen a kusa.

Sashi na mataki na farko, wucewa daga "Sokolniki" zuwa "Komsomolskaya", kazalika daga "Library. Lenin "zuwa" Park of Al'adu ", metrostroevtsy aka gina a hanyar bude. A wannan yanayin, kafin aikin da suke yi don matsawa da data kasance data a kan yankunan da na sadarwa, don gudanar da tram Lines da kuma shigar da musamman goyon bayan tsaye a kusa da ginin. Har ila yau matsalar ta kasance a cikin gaskiyar cewa majalisar dokokin Moscow ta haramta dakatar da gine-gine a cikin gine-gine daga wutar lantarki, gas da ruwa. Babu izinin dakatar da zirga-zirga a titunan birnin.

Yaya tsarin metro ya gina a cikin irin waɗannan yanayi? Domin ya cancanta da kuma lokacin da za a yi dukan aikin da aka tsara, dole ne ka je zuwa wasu hanyoyi. Don haka, don magance matsalolin, masu gina gada sunyi amfani da fasaha na daskarewa. A saboda wannan dalili ya zama dole don rawar da wasu rijiyoyi, ta hanyar da aka fara amfani da wani bayani mai sanyi na gishiri chloride. A sakamakon haka, an yi wa kankara kwalban kafa, wanda ya haɓaka da hankali kuma ya haɗu tare don samar da bango mai ruwa. Daga baya an yi amfani da wannan fasaha domin gina gine-gine na Stalinist.

Matsalar ma'aikata

Matsanancin yanayi wanda ya wajaba a gina, ya buƙaci zaɓi na ma'aikata mai matukar dacewa. Duk da haka, babban ɓangare na masu aikin injiniya da injiniyoyi sun wakilci ƙananan jiragen kasa da masu aikin hakar ma'adinai. Sun kasance mutanen da ba su taɓa shiga cikin ginin ba. Bugu da ƙari, 80% na ma'aikata sun sauko cikin mine a karon farko a rayuwar su.

Dangane da rashin aikin ginin ma'aikata na metrostroevtsev ya kasance manoma da ma'aikata masu yawa. Sun dauki ma'aikata da ma'aikata daga masana'antu da tsire-tsire. Duk wadannan mutane sun zo Moscow daga sassa daban-daban na kasar, suna sarrafa sababbin sababbin ayyukan da suka riga su a yanzu. Tsofaffin 'yan shakatawa, masu yin launi da masu kwaskwarima sun halarci taron, sun saurari laccoci da aka tsara don su, kuma sun zama masu aikin karfafawa da ma'aikata.

Grand Opening

Jirgin farko na gwajin ya wuce kan hanyoyi na Moscow Metro 05.02.1935. Ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, an bude babban jirgin karkashin kasa na Moscow. A cikin shekarun nan, ya wakilci hanya a kilomita 11.2, inda akwai tashoshi goma sha uku. Abinda ke motsawa na jirgin karkashin kasa ya ƙunshi jiragen ruwa guda goma sha biyu. Ya kasance motoci 48 na irin "A".

Mataki na farko shine hanyar daga Sokolniki zuwa tashar Kultury Park, wanda ke da reshe zuwa Smolenskaya. Kafin yakin da Jamusanci fascist ya gudanar da bude wasu layi biyu - Arbat da Zamoskvoretskaya.

Ƙananan jirgin karkashin kasa a yau

Nawa ƙananan hanyoyi ne aka gina? Ayyukan ya ci gaba duk lokacin da yake zama. Kuma tashoshin zamani suna riƙe da ra'ayi na tarihin gidan kayan gargajiya na ciki. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake daukar jirgin karkashin kasa ta Moscow mafi kyau a duniya.

Me ya sa aka gina ma'adinan? Wannan bayanin ya bayyana cewa babban birnin yana fuskantar matsaloli masu yawa a cikin ƙasa. Wannan a hanyoyi da yawa yana tasiri tasirin jirgin karkashin kasa, wanda shine zabin nasara-nasara har ma a cikin mafi tsayi mafi tsayi.

Aiwatar da ayyukan gina

Wanne kamfanoni suna gina metro a yau? An gina gine-gine na tasoshin karkashin kasa na ma'aikata na Moscow, wanda shine magajin kungiyar da aka kirkiro don wadannan dalilai a shekarar 1931. Tsarin kamfani ya hada da gine-gine ashirin da sassa, kuma goma sha biyar suna da cikakkun bayanai.

Wane ne ya gina masara a Moscow a yau? Ba kamar 'yan shekarun nan na karni na arshe ba, ma'aikatan kungiyar sun kunshi masu kwararren likita. Wannan shi ne mutane 8.5 da suka hada da ginin masana'antu, shigarwa da matakan da suka dace, da hanyoyi da kuma aiwatar da ayyuka.

Matakan ci gaba da jirgin karkashin kasa na Moscow

Gwamnatin Moscow ta dauki shirin musamman na ci gaban Moscow Metro. Ya rufe lokacin daga 2012 zuwa 2020. Kuma a karkashin wadannan manyan ayyuka an shirya shi don ba da kyautar 1.24 trillion rubles daga birnin kasafin kudin. Kasancewa ta musamman a cikin waɗannan al'amurra za a yi ta masu zuba jarurruka. Suna sanya rubles 42.

A ina suke gina mota a Moscow a yau? Bisa ga tsare-tsaren don 2016, ana aiki ne don kafa Kalininsk-Solntsevo line. Wannan shi ne yankin kudu maso yammacin metro, wanda shine mafi girma a cikin cigaba da tsarin tsarin jirgin karkashin kasa.

Wace tashar jirgin karkashin kasa an gina a wannan layi? Waɗannan su ne Minsk da Lomonosov Prospekt, Ramenok da Michurinsky Prospect, da Solntsevo, Govorovo da Ochakovo. Wadannan tashoshi za su yi amfani da su na mazaunan yankin Ramensky. Ina aka shirya shirin gina jirgin karkashin kasa na gaba? Kalinin-Solntsevskaya line zai bude zuwa Novomoskovskaya Rasskazovka, Peredelkina da Solntseva.

Daga cikin ayyukan da aka shirya don 2016, akwai kuma kwamishinonin tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyar da ke cikin sashi na uku. Wannan zai ba ka damar haɗi wasu yankunan babban birnin zuwa cikin cibiyar sadarwa ɗaya. Wace tashar jirgin karkashin kasa an gina su a matsayin ɓangare na wannan aikin? Wannan "Khodynka filin" da "Lower Maslivka", "Petrovsky Park", "Shepelikha" da "Khoroshevskaya". Gudanar da waɗannan tashoshi a aiki zai bada izinin kimanin kashi huɗu don taimakawa tsakiyar ɓangaren jirgin karkashin kasa na Moscow.

A ina suke gina ƙwayar metro duk da haka? Bisa ga tsarin tsarin metrostroevtsev ana sa ran mika layin Lublin-Dmitrov. Zai kasance tsawon tsawon kilomita biyar, wanda zai ba da damar buɗe sababbin tashoshi uku - "Upper Lihobory", "Okruzhnaya" da "Seligerskaya". Kowannensu yana da fitarwa guda biyu. Kuma Okruzhnaya kuma an sanye shi da sauyawa zuwa wasu tashoshin.

Babu shakka, inda aka gina jirgin karkashin ƙasa, halin da ake ciki tare da zirga-zirga yana inganta sosai. Nan da nan zuwa ga makiyarsu a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci za su iya kasancewa mazaunan mazauna yankunan karkara kamar Khovrino da Levoberezhny. A halin da ake ciki ya inganta commissioning "Hovrino" tashar.

Bugu da ƙari, sabon aikin, gyaran gyare-gyare mahimmanci suna gudana. Don haka, a 2016, an shirya wani sabon faster wanda za a shigar a ofishin Frunzenskaya. Wannan shi ne saboda rashin ƙarfi na kayan aiki na yanzu.

Gidan tashar metro na Vykhino

Wannan tashar tana daya daga cikin tsofaffi a babban birnin. Kasancewa mai mahimmanci na layin na Tagansko-Krasnopresnenskaya, yana tafiya da fasinjojin tun 1966. Ba kamar yawancin tashoshin ba, Vykhino yana sama. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin abubuwa na farko na jirgin karkashin kasa ta Moscow.

Tashar "Vykhino" (tsohon "Zhdanov") wuri ne mai tada yawa. A lokacin sa'o'i, mutane da yawa fasinjoji ba za su iya shiga motar da ta kusanci dandamali ba. Abin da ya sa jagorancin jirgin karkashin kasa ya yanke shawara don farawa a wannan reshe na ƙididdiga masu yawa. Duk da haka, wannan ma bai iya kawar da matsalar ba. Yau tashar tasiri ce ta matsakaici. Yana haɗin sassa na Moscow da cibiyarta. Yana ta hanyar "Vykhino" cewa mutane daga sababbin wuraren zama, wanda aka gina su a gefen hanya zuwa sauri, isa ga makiyarsu. Kwanan wata tashar tana daukan kimanin mutane dubu biyar. Cika wannan hanya ne kawai rikodin! Wannan sha'anin harkokin yana ba da alama kan rayuwar dukan yankunan da ke kusa. Kodayake gaskiyar motoci da motoci sun fara budewa, ana amfani da mutane don yin amfani da sufuri, wanda shine matsala.

Wannan shine dalilin da yasa gwamnatin Moscow ta ba da hankali ga jagorancin jama'a. Hukumomin birnin sun yanke shawarar inganta yankin a kusa da tashar. A yau, yawancin mazauna yankin da baƙi na babban birnin suna tambayar tambaya: abin da aka gina akan Vykhino kusa da tashar metro? Wannan zai zama babban ƙirar musanya, wanda shine babban tsari. A karkashin rufin daya, zai hada hanyoyin zuwa dukkan hanyoyin sadarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayar, wadda za ta mallaki ƙasa fiye da ashirin da kadada, ba za ta samo asali ne kawai ba, har ma da wasu kaya masu yawa, har ma da kasuwanni. Shugabancin babban birnin kasar ya yi imanin cewa irin wannan cibiyar ba kawai zai taimaka yanayin yanayin sufuri a wannan yanki ba, amma zai haifar da yanayin rayuwa mai kyau ga jama'a.