Waka N. A. Nekrasova "Wa Zaune To a Rasha": images, faye hali, a takaice dai retelling. Don rayuwa da kyau a Rasha?

A farkon 1866, an buga fitowar mujallar ta Sovremennik a St. Petersburg, kuma an buɗe shi da layin da aka sani kusan kowa a yau:

"A wace shekara - kidaya,

A wace ƙasa - zato ... "

Wa] annan kalmomin da ake tsammani sun ha] a da mai karatu a cikin tarihin ban mamaki na duniya, kuma yana tare da su cewa, ɗan littafin nan na "Wanda Ya Zama Rayuwa a Rasha" ya fara a mujallar. Yawancin lokaci, mutane da yawa sun koyi cewa gaba za su kasance tsuntsu-chiffchaff mai ban mamaki wanda ya san yadda za a yi magana da mutane, da samobranka da takalma da sauran abubuwa masu yawa wadanda suke tunaninsu a yau. Wannan shi ne yadda labarin "wanda yake zaune a Rasha" ya fara ne a cikin hutu, wanda ya gaya mana game da abubuwan da suka faru na maza bakwai waɗanda suka yanke shawarar yin gardama wanda ke da farin ciki da jin dadin rayuwa a ƙasarsu.

Bayani na asali

Maimakon "Ga Wanda a cikin Rasha Yayi Rayuwa" shi ne tushen halittar NA Nekrasov, kuma ya dade yana ƙarfafa tunanin da zai haifar da wannan aikin, fiye da shekaru goma sha huɗu an sanya shi a rubuce. Duk da cewa bai taba gudanar da wannan waka ba, yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci na zamantakewa.

Wannan aikin ya hada da wasu surori huɗu, waɗanda suka haɗa kai da mãkirci da kuma labarin yadda magoya suka yi jayayya akan farin ciki a Rasha. Bugu da} ari, sun yi ƙoƙarin fara la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka da suka bambanta da sauran manyan mutane, amma a ƙarshe sun ƙi ƙulla da wasu nau'o'in mutane, saboda a gaskiya sun (kamar marubuta) yayi kokarin samun farin ciki na mutane.

An tsara ma'anar waƙar ta hanyar tafiya, wanda ya ba da damar marubucin ya yi amfani da hotuna daban-daban a cikin aiwatar da kwatanta yanayi daban-daban. Tuni a cikin maganganun da marubuta ya nuna mana wata matsala mai ban mamaki game da hakikanin gaskiyar Rasha, yana bayyana shi a cikin sunayensu na gari: Gorelov, Dyryavin, Razotov, Neelova da sauransu.

Farawa

Tuni bayanin ya nuna hoto na ainihin dan kasar Rasha, ainihin halin wannan aikin an wakilta a nan - ɗan ƙasa mai zaman kansa wanda ya bayyana daidai kamar yadda ya kamata: a takalma, takalma takalma da armeniac, fama da yunwa kullum kuma yana shan wahala.

Bayan da mujallar Sovremennik ta wallafa wani ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda yake zaune a Rasha, ya ɗauki shekaru uku, sa'an nan kuma aka sake wallafa wannan maƙarƙashiya, amma duk wani ɓangare na ƙarƙashin mulkin da aka tsayar da shi, wanda ya gaskata cewa an ba da shi Ayyukan na da matukar farin ciki abun ciki. Musamman, babin da ya gabata, wanda aka san ta da sunayen da yawa kamar "Idin ga Duniya duka", an soki. Abin takaicin shine, marubucin kansa ya ga wani ɗan gajeren lokaci na "Wanda yake da kyau ya zauna a Rasha", kuma bai iya samun littafin dukan sauran surori ba, domin ba tare da wata ɓarna da raguwa ba, an buga wannan waƙar bayan karshen Oktoba Oktoba.

Wannan waƙar a cikin aikin Nekrasov an ba shi wuri mai kyau, kuma yana wakiltar matsayi na akidar da ke da mahimmanci, sakamakon ƙarshe na tunanin marubucin game da makomar mutane, farin ciki, da hanyar da take kaiwa gare shi. Dukan waɗannan tunani ne ainihin mawallafi a cikin rayuwarsa, kuma ana nunawa a cikin abubuwa daban-daban. Orina, Uwargidan soja, Railroad, Frost, Red Nose duk waɗannan muhimman ayyukan ne wanda marubucin ya zo waƙar waka wanda ke zaune a Rasha. Maƙwabci da ƙwararrun su ne ainihin halayen wannan halitta, wadanda aka bayyana matsalolin su a mafi yawan bayanai.

Tsarin rubutu

Shekaru da dama mawaki ya ba da aiki a wannan waka, yana kira shi "yaro mafiya yaro". A ƙarshe, ya yi ƙoƙarin yin ainihin "littafi na jama'a", yana kira "Wanda a Rasha ya kamata ya rayu da kyau". Dole ne mace ko mashayan wannan lokaci ya kamata ya ga ainihin rayuwarsa, kuma zuriya zasu fahimci yadda a wancan lokacin mutane da yawa sun ji kansu.

Nekrasov kansa ya ce a cikin labarin ya yi niyya ya bayyana cikakken sani game da mutane, da kuma duk abinda ya ji daga bakin mutane. Ta haka ne, ya halicci ainihin alamar rayuwa mai baƙunci, yana kiran shi "Wane ne a cikin Rasha ya kamata ya rayu da kyau". Matryona Timofeevna ta nuna kanta ainihin mace na ainihi na kasar Rasha, yana bayyana ainihin dabi'ar hali da ka'idojin rayuwa.

An katse aikin Giant Nekrasov ta hanyar mutuwar marubucin, wanda sakamakonsa ya kai mana ba tare da ƙare ba. Duk da haka, duk da haka, yana riƙe da fasaha mai kyau da akidar tauhidi.

Taimakon Taimakawa

A cikin aikinsa, Nekrasov ya iya sake farfado da nau'in al'adar mutane. Idan ya zo ga ayyukan kirki na gaskiya, wanda zai kasance yana nuna babban nauyin rayuwar mutane, da mahimmancin akidar da suke yin tasiri da kuma yin la'akari da muhimman al'amurra na lokaci, to, zamu iya tunawa "Wane ne a cikin Rasha ya kamata ya zauna lafiya". Matryona Timofeevna da sauran haruffa da aka yanke a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kuma an bambanta su ta hanyar mahimmanci, mai ganewa. Marubucin ya iya amfani da al'adun gargajiya ta al'ada, da kuma kusanci da harshen sa na yau da kullum don yin magana a yau yau da kullum da kuma waƙar lyric.

Nekrasov waka ma yana da wasu siffofin da suke da halayyar m da labarun almara. Maimakon gwargwadon gwargwadon rahoto, akwai yanayi na kowa da kowa a gaba, kuma an nuna halin rayuwa na bambancin zamantakewa daban-daban. Babban ra'ayi game da abubuwa na ainihi an bayyana a cikin waka a kai tsaye a cikin ci gaba da batun, ya nuna mana cewa duk Rus da abubuwan da aka nuna suna nuna su ne na ainihin mutanen ƙasar, kuma an gabatar da su ga mai karatu, kamar dai a cikin nasu hangen nesa.

Abubuwan ciki

A "Ga Wanda a Rasha zuwa Live Well" matsalar da rayuwar mutane ke nunawa gaba daya. Abubuwan da suka faru a wannan aikin sun bayyana a farkon shekaru bayan da aka sake gyarawa a shekara ta 1861 tare da sake samun 'yanci na gaba. Ma'aikata da mutanen da kansu suna da kyakkyawan gwarzo, kuma shi ne tare da shi cewa marubucin ya danganta fatan sa game da makomar lumana, kodayake ya fahimci yadda za a iya nuna rashin amincewa da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙasar saboda ƙetarewar jama'a don aiwatar da duk wani babban mataki na juyin juya hali.

A "Ga Wanda a Rasha zuwa Live Well" matsala ta masaukin baki an bayyana shi a cikin hoton mutumin manzo Saveliy, wanda kamanninsa ya kasance kamar "Rummar Rasha da Sergaing Bogatyr," yana nuna rashin amincewa da ƙarfin mutane. A cikin Ajiyayye, ana nuna alamun kyawawan mashahuran wariyar mutane. Nekrasov ya haɗu da wannan hoton tare da maƙasudin zane na wannan waƙa - wannan ne neman hanyar samun farin ciki na mutane, wanda ya bayyana "Wane ne a cikin Rasha ya kamata ya zauna lafiya". Tattaunawar waƙar ya sa mu kula da Matryona Timofeevna, wanda yayi magana game da 'yan matafiya na Savely: "Har ila yau, sa'a." Abin farin ciki na ainihin halin ya ta'allaka ne a cikin 'yanci da fahimtar muhimmancin gwagwarmayar mutane, saboda kawai a wannan hanya mutum zai iya cimma wani "kyauta" rai.

Wasu Hotuna

Wadannan abubuwa ne wadanda suke yin la'akari da sauran waƙa da ake kira "Wanene a Rasha ya kamata ya rayu". Tattaunawa akan waƙa yana ba ka damar ganin hotunan hotuna da yawa na masarauta, ciki har da tsofaffi Vlas, wanda ya gani da yawa a rayuwarsa, da Yakima Nagoya, wanda yake zama masarauta. A daidai wannan lokaci, ya kamata a lura cewa Yakim Naga ba shi da misali da aka yanka da kuma dan fata mai duhu wanda ya fito daga kauyen masarautar. Yayinda yake da masaniya game da mutuncinsa, ya yi ƙoƙari don kare mutuncin mutane ta hanyar furta jawabai masu ban tsoro a kare dukan mutane.

Karanta "Wa Zaune To a Rasha" ta babi, za ka lura cewa quite muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waka da aka bai wa Hoton Ermila Kirin, wanda yake shi ne ba mai sãkẽwa ba da tsarki "mutane ta husũma", suka yanke shawarar su zo da tsaro na m manoma da kuma ƙarshe samu a kurkuku.

Matryona Timofeevna

Beautiful mace image Matrona Timofeevna bayyana a cikin "Wa Zaune To a Rasha" ta babi, inda mawãƙi ne kokarin bayyana halayyar fasali na Rasha baƙauye. Da yake magana game da mace mai tsanani, Nekrasov ya rubuta yawancin waƙoƙi mai ban sha'awa, amma tare da irin wannan ƙauna da dumi, wanda ya bayyana a cikin littafin Matryushka, bai taba rubutawa ba.

Ƙananan haruffa

Tare da wasu nau'in halayen mutane a cikin wannan aikin, wanda ya nuna ƙauna kuma ya shiga kansu, Nekrasov yayi ƙoƙari ya tsara wasu nau'i na ƙauyuka waɗanda suke aiki a cikin kamanni da kuma kamannin ma'aikatan gidan gida - sakonni, bawa masu biyayya, mashayan mashaya da masu sa ido. A lokaci guda, ya kamata a lura cewa mawalla yayi kokarin bayyana wadannan hotunan a cikin wasu sautunan sauti, kuma mafi mahimmanci rashin amincewa da farfajiyar ya bayyana, ƙarin bangaskiya ya bayyana a cikin 'yanci, kuma mafi mahimmanci marubucin ya yi la'akari da rashin kunya, bautar da baƙunci.

Wannan ita ce hanyar "Wanda ke zaune a Rasha" ya bayyana batun batun "misalin bawa" na Yakubu, wanda ya fahimci yadda kaskantar da matsayinsa yake. Bayan haka, ya yanke shawara ya nemi galaba da rashin tausayi, amma a lokaci guda mummunar mummunar mummunar tunani a kan fansa - ya yanke shawarar kashe kansa a gaban mai kula da shi.

Har ila yau, Ipat ya wakilci a nan, wanda aka wakilta a cikin waƙa a matsayin "lackey damuwa," da kuma mai ba da labari mai suna Egorka Shutov, wanda ya karbi take "rahõto daga kansa", yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a "Wanda ke zaune a Rasha." Bayan mutuwarsa, maigidan ya bar wani gurin da ya umarta a saki mutane 8,000, amma an gwada tsohuwar Gleb da alkawurran magajin kuma ya yanke shawarar hallaka wannan takardun.

Abubuwan da aka oye

Nuna nuna bambanci, karuwanci, jahilci da kuma yawancin ragowar yankunan Rasha na wannan lokacin, Nekrasov yayi kokari don ya jaddada yadda za a iya samun yanayi na wucin gadi na bangarori daban-daban na rayuwa mai zaman kansa, wanda tarihi ya kasance a tarihin lokaci. Duniya, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan aikin, ya zama wuri na bambancin zamantakewa da kuma yawan rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice na rayuwa.

Alal misali, a cikin "wanda ke zaune a Rasha" mai suna Obolt-Obolduyev, wanda ya sadu da wanderers kuma ya gabatar da shi a matsayin "zagaye, puzatenky, blush da gashin baki", ya nuna yaduwar gaske da rashin kuzari ga mutanen da ba a yin amfani da su don yin tunani a kan rayuwarsu. Tunawa a bayan maskcin mutumin kirki, wanda yake nuna alheri da jin dadi da gaske, maigidan ya cika da fushi da girman kai, kuma kawai yana kula da ƙin ƙiyayya da ƙyama ga mutanen ƙasar.

Har ila yau, hotunan "wa anda za su rayu da kyau a Rasha" suna tunawa da Prince Prince Duke, mai mulkin mallaka, wanda ya karbi sunayen sunayen mutanen daga Afterdead. Wani halayyar "hanci da ƙuƙwalwa kamar hawk", wani abu mai kama da kullun da kuma mai maye gurbinsa - dukkan waɗannan abubuwa kawai ne kawai na bayyanar mummunar siffar mai wakiltar muhalli na masu mallakar gidaje, cike da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwararraki da kuma serfs. Irin waɗannan hotuna suna yin wannan aikin mai ban sha'awa da kuma na musamman, a kwatanta da sauran.

Ana ganin abun da ke cikin "Wanda ke zaune a cikin Rasha" ya hada da warware matsalar tsakanin talakawa talakawa da suke ƙoƙari su yanke shawara ko wanene daga cikin mutanen da ke cikin sama suna farin ciki: tsar, ministan, firist, mai ciniki, magatakarda ko maigidan. Duk da haka, yayin da ake bunkasa ayyukan wannan waka, Nekrasov ya fara fara motsawa, wanda aka kafa ta farko, kuma mutanen da suka fara fara duba ba kawai ga wakilan kundin tsarin mulki ba. Yin nazarin abun ciki "Wanda ke zaune a Rasha", wanda zai iya kula da gaskiyar cewa mutane masu rikitarwa suna fara nema a tsakanin talakawa, ƙoƙarin neman mutumin da ke zaune cikin farin ciki, kuma daga baya suka ce kai tsaye suna ƙoƙarin samun farin ciki mai farin ciki, mafi kyawun ƙauyuka - wani marar lahani, maras kyau gubernia da kauyen ƙauye.

Bayyana ainihin matsaloli

Da farko wannan labari a cikin wani nau'i na nau'i mai tsaka-tsakin kwayar halitta, marubucin, a tsawon lokaci, yana ƙara zurfafawa cikin ma'anar tambaya na farin ciki, saboda haka aka ba shi sauti mai kyau. Yawancin haka, ainihin manufar marubucin a cikin "Wanda ke zaune a cikin Rasha" 'yan ƙasa na waɗannan lokuta zasu iya gani a "Idin ga dukan duniya", amma a wancan lokacin an dakatar da shi ta hanyar yin rajista. Labarin Grisha Dobrosklonov, wanda ya fara a wannan bangare, shine ya zama babban abu wajen bunkasa batun farin ciki da ci gaba da gwagwarmaya. A cikin wannan babi, marubucin ya riga ya kai tsaye game da hanyar da hanyar da zata iya haifar da kyakkyawan tsari ga mutane. Ga Grisha, farin ciki yana cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmaya don makomar farin ciki na mutanensa, kuma yana son "kowane dan kasar a cikin Rasha mai tsarki ya zauna da farin ciki da yardar rai." Wannan shine yadda Nekrasov ya bayyana a cikin "wanene a cikin Rasha yana rayuwa mai kyau" matsalar farin ciki, wanda ya dauki ɗaya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a rayuwarsa.

Hoton Grisha ya kammala wasu "kare hakkin mutane", wanda marubucin ya nuna a cikin shayari. Nekrasov ya yi ƙoƙari ya jaddada a cikin wannan halin da yake kusantar da shi daidai da mutane, da yiwuwar sadarwa tare da maƙwabtaka, domin ya shiga cikakkiyar fahimta tare da su kuma ya iya samun goyon baya. Saboda haka, Grisha yana kama da mawallafin mafarki ne mai warkarwa, wanda ya yanke shawarar daukar nauyin mahalarta "waƙoƙin yabo" ga mutanensa.

Ayyukan "Ga Wanda a Rayayyar Rayuwa a Rasha" shine mafi kyawun tsarin salon al'adu daga dukan jinsin Nekrasov. Magana da yawa da waƙa-waƙa da wannan waƙa ya sa ya yiwu ya ba shi daɗin ƙwarewa na ƙasa kuma yana da dangantaka mai kyau da imani da Nekrasov cewa mutanen Rasha za su iya samun kyakkyawar makomar gaba. Babban mawallafin wannan waka shi ne neman farin ciki, kuma yana komawa zuwa waƙoƙi na mutane dabam-dabam, labaru da sauran labarun zamantakewa, inda aka ambaci abubuwa da dama game da gaskiyar cewa yan kasar suna neman ƙasa mai farin ciki, dukiya, gaskiya, dukiya da yawa. Wannan labarin ya nuna mafarki mafi kyau ga mutane, da ci gaba da ƙoƙari don cimma farin ciki, da kuma tsohuwar mafarki na dukan mutane don cimma daidaitattun zamantakewa.

A wannan waka Nekrasov yayi ƙoƙari yayi amfani da dukkanin nau'in nau'in halitta-poetic da aka samo shi a Rasha, ciki har da epics, legends, fax, da karin magana, jumla, faxin da kuma waƙoƙi daban-daban. Don haka, ta yin amfani da labarun mutane, ya sami wadataccen kayan arziki domin ya yi hukunci game da yanayin da ake ciki na rayuwa da al'adun kasar.

Hanyoyin waƙar suna cike da wadataccen sauti na motsa jiki, da maɓalli da dama da dama, ciki har da murmushi mai ban dariya tare da labari mai dadi a cikin maganganu, wanda kuma a cikin al'amuran da aka fara canzawa da yawa ta hanyar polyphony na masu kyawun gaskiya, satirical ba'a a cikin "Afterdaddy", wasu motsa jiki da kuma zurfin motsa jiki Drama a "Manomi", kazalika da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali da rikice-rikice a cikin sura "Fiki ga dukan duniya."

Tare da wannan aikin, Nekrasov ya iya nuna yadda yake jin dadi kuma yadda yake ƙaunar kyakkyawa na yanayin Rasha a cikin latitudes na arewa. Yin amfani da wuri mai faɗi a nan an samo don ƙirƙirar sautin motsin rai, kuma ya sa dabi'ar ruhun mutumin ya kasance da cikakkiyar fahimta a cikin "Ga Wanda a Rasha Yana Rayuwa".

Duk wannan yana nufin cewa wannan waka ne da aka ba a wuri na musamman a Rasha shayari, saboda shi cikakken nuna m gaskiya zane-zane na jama'a rai, gabatar da shi a wani Aura na fabulousness kuma poetic kyau na gargajiya da kuma satire da kukansu garwaya da jaruntakar neman sauyi gwagwarmaya. Duk wannan N. A. Nekrasov kokarin bayyana kamar yadda zai yiwu tare da m karfi, sakewa da m aiki, da aka sani zuwa da yawa a cikin rana.

Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa "Don rayuwa da kyau a Rasha" bada shawarar karanta ga kowane mutum, domin wannan littafin za su taimake su amsa tambayoyi da bayyana ga mutane da yawa a yau.