Tsarin jari-hujja a Rasha. Development capitalism a Rasha. Mene ne tsarin jari hujja: da definition tarihi

Yanayi na zargin jari a Rasha (da tsarin tattalin arziki, da kafuwar wanda yake zaman kansa dukiya da kuma 'yancin da sha'anin) kafa kawai a cikin biyu da rabi na XIX karni. Kamar yadda a wasu kasashe, ya bayyana fita daga babu inda. Bayyanar cututtuka na haihuwa gaba ɗaya sabon tsarin za a iya gano a mayar da Petrine zamanin, lokacin da, misali, a cikin Urals Demidov mahakar, a Bugu da kari ga serfs toiled da kuma farar hula, ma'aikata.

Duk da haka, babu jari hujja ba zai yiwu ba a Rasha muddin sararin da talauci suka ci gaba kasa, kana, bautar da manoma a can. Da kwato 'yan kyauyen daga bawa matsayi dangane da gonaki da kuma zama babban alama farkon sabuwar huldar cinikaiya.

A karshen feudalism

Rasha serfdom da aka soke da Sarkin sarakuna Alexander II a 1861. Tsohon manoma ne a aji na mulkin gargajiya al'umma. A miƙa mulki ga tsarin jari hujja a kauyen iya kawai faru bayan rabuwa na yankunan karkara mazauna a kan bourgeoisie (kulaks) da kuma proletariat (kwodago). Wannan tsari ya halitta, shi ya faru a duk ƙasashe. Amma jari a Rasha da kuma duk alaka ta fitowan matakai da yawa rarrabe fasali. A kauyen sun tsare yankunan karkara.

Bisa ga manifesto na Alexander II na, da manoma, da aka ayyana da bin doka free kuma samun hakkin ya mallaki dukiya, zama crafts da cinikayya, ma'amaloli, da sauransu. D. Duk da haka, da miƙa mulki ga sabon al'umma ba zai faru na dare. Saboda haka, wadannan da garambawul na 1861 ya fara bayyana a cikin kauyuka na al'umma, wanda shi ne dalilin da aiki na zamantakewa ƙasar ikon mallakar. Jefa kyale daidai bangare a kan mutum mãkirci na arable ƙasar da uku-filin tsarin a wanda daya sãshensa aka riga-da hunturu, na biyu - spring, da kuma na uku hagu fallow.

stratification na manoma,

Community farke manoma da kuma birki na jari hujja a Rasha, ko da yake ta iya ba daina shi. Sashe na daga cikin kauyukan matalauta. Wannan Layer zama daya-doki manoma (for cikakken tattalin arzikin da ake bukata biyu dawakai). Wadannan yankunan karkara proletarians zama saboda albashi a gefe. A al'umma bai bari je na manoma a cikin birnin, kuma bai ba su damar sayar da mãkirci, wanda su ma ƙa'ida mallakar. Free de jure matsayi ba ya dace da matsayin a zahiri shine.

A 1860-ies., Lokacin da Rasha shiga hanyar jari hujja ci gaba, da al'umma ya jinkirta wannan juyin halitta saboda da sadaukar da gargajiya noma. Manoma a cikin tawagar ba da ya dauki himma da kuma dauki kasada domin nasu harkokin kasuwanci da ruhu da kuma wani so don inganta aikin noma. Yarda kudi ya yarda da kuma shi ne mai muhimmanci ga ra'ayin mazan jiya kyauyen. Wannan sa'an nan Rasha manoma sun sosai daban-daban daga kasashen yamma, ya dade da zama manomi-kasuwa tare da kansa sayar da tallace-tallace. Domestic kauyen en sun mayar suka collectivists, saboda wanda na su ne don haka da sauki yada juyin juya halin Musulunci ideas na gurguzanci.

agrarian capitalism

Tun 1861 a kasuwar ayyuka sun fara sake gina gidaje da filaye, tattalin arzikin. Kamar yadda shi ne yanayin da manoma, fara wani tsari na hankali rabuwa a cikin wannan yanayi. Ko da yawa inert kuma m gonaki da nasu kwarewa a fahimci abin da jari-hujja. Dalilin a kan tarihin da kalmar dole ba ne, ya hada da Ambaton hayar aiki. Duk da haka, a yi, da irin wannan sanyi yana mai yaba burin, maimakon ainihin halin da ake ciki. A farko, bayan yin gyare-gyare na tattalin arzikin gonaki suka kiyaye su auri na manoma, wanda ya dauki musanya musu aiki hayarsa ƙasar.

Tsarin jari-hujja a Rasha hankali dauki tushen. Sabon 'yanci manoma, masu jerin gwanon ya yi aiki ga tsohon Masters, aiki da dabbobinsu da aiwatarwa. Saboda haka, gonaki ba arzikin masu arziki a cikin cikakken ma'anarta, domin ba su zuba jari a samar da ãdalci. A sa'an nan hakar ma'adinai za a iya dauke da wani ci gaba na mutu kashe na mulkin gargajiya tsakaninsu.

Inganta harkokin noma, na jari hujja a Rasha kunshi a miƙa mulki daga tsaoho to ya fi dacewa halitta kayayyaki samar. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan tsari, yana yiwuwa ya lura da tsohon mulkin gargajiya halaye. Farmers sayar kawai sabon hardening na ta kayayyakin, ragowar cinyewa kanka. Jari hujja kayayyaki zaci in ba haka ba. Duk da kayayyakin da za a sayar, yayin da kansa abinci baƙauye iyali a wannan yanayin, ya sayi a kudi na nasu ribar. Duk da haka, tuni a farkon shekaru goma na ci gaba da tsarin jari-hujja a Rasha ya karfafa bukatar kiwo samfurori da kuma sabo ne da kayan lambu a cikin birane. Around su fara samar da sabon gidaje masu zaman kansu noma da kuma dabbobi husbandry.

juyin juya halin masana'antu

An muhimmanci sakamakon, wanda ya sa a cikin zargin jari a Rasha, ya rufe ƙasa juyin juya halin masana'antu. Yana ƙara rura wutar da hankali rabuwa da baƙauye al'umma. Suka ci gaba craftwork da handicraft samar.

Domin halayyar nau'i na feudalism masana'antu ya craft. Zama sabon tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da yanayi na taro, ya zama a gida masana'antu. A lokaci guda sun bayyana sake sayarwa, wanda alaka mabukaci kaya da kuma masana'antun. Wadannan saye yayi amfani da sana'a da kuma rayu a kudi na ciniki ribar. Su hankali kafa wani Layer na masana'antu da 'yan kasuwa.

. A cikin 1860s, a lokacin da Rasha shiga hanyar jari hujja ci gaba da kuma fara mataki na farko na jari hujja dangantakar - hadin gwiwa. A lokaci guda ya fara aiwatar da wuya miƙa mulki ga fitina aiki a filayen da manyan masana'antu, wadda kafin na dogon lokaci amfani kawai cheap da kuma ance gaskiyar al'amurra bonded aiki. Zamani wuya disinterest masu. Industrialists biya ma'aikata low albashi. Poor aiki yanayin markedly radicalized proletariat.

Hadin gwiwa da-stock kamfanonin

Total jari a Rasha a cikin karni na 19th ya samu dama taguwar ruwa na m dawo da masana'antu. Daya daga cikin su ya zo a cikin 1890s. A cikin shekaru goma na sauka a hankali kyautata na tattalin arziki kungiyar na samar da ci gaba na fasaha ya haddasa wani gagarumin ci gaban da kasuwa. Industrial jari hujja ya shiga wani sabon zamani na ci gaba, wanda ya zama personification na da yawa hadin gwiwa-stock kamfanoni. Lambar ci gaban tattalin arziki a cikin marigayi XIX karni, magana don kansu. A 1890-ies. Industrial fitarwa ninki biyu.

Duk wani jari hujja ne a rikicin, a lokacin da shi degenerates cikin kenkenewa jari hujja da m hukumomi cewa mallaki wasu tattalin arziki Sphere. A fadar Rasha shi ne ba da cikakken faru, ciki har da saboda da bambancin waje zuba jari. Musamman mai yawa na kasashen waje kudi ta gudana a cikin kai, metallurgy, man fetur da kuma ci masana'antu. Shi ne a cikin marigayi XIX karni, 'yan kasashen waje switched zuwa shiryar da zuba jari, alhãli kuwa a baya fĩfĩta rance. Irin wannan gudunmawar saboda mafi riba da kuma bege na kasuwa don yin kudi.

Export da kuma shigo da

Rasha, bai zama an ci-gaba jari hujja kasar, basu da lokaci kafin juyin juya halin da ya fara taro fitarwa na ãdalci. The m tattalin arziki, a maimakon haka, bisa ga yarda yarda da jiko na more tasowa, Just a wannan lokaci a kasashen Turai tara "babban birnin kasar ragi" wanda aka neman nasu amfani a alamar kasuwanni waje.

Yanayi na fitarwa na Rasha babban birnin kasar ne kawai ba a can. Ya tsoma baki tare da m saurã daga feudalism, babbar mulkin mallaka makiyayarta, mun gwada m samar ci gaba. Idan babban birnin kasar da kuma aka dauka, shi ne mafi yawa a gabashin kasashen. Wannan ya yi a samar da ko a cikin nau'i na basussuka. Muhimmanci kudi sun zauna a Manchuria da kuma China (game da 750 miliyan rubles). A m yankin domin su kasance kai. Game da miliyan 600 rubles da aka kashe a kasar Sin Eastern Railway.

A farkon XX karni da Rasha masana'antu samar ya riga na biyar mafi girma a duk duniya. A wannan yanayin, da m tattalin arzikin shi ne na farko cikin sharuddan girma yi. A farkon capitalism a Rasha ya kan, kasar yanzu sauri kamawa up tare da mafi m fafatawa a gasa. Empire shagaltar da wani abu matsayi cikin sharuddan samar da natsuwa. Its manyan kamfanonin ne a wurin aiki ga fiye da rabin dukkan proletariat.

halayyar siffofin

Key siffofin na jari hujja a Rasha za a iya bayyana a 'yan sakin. Daular mulkinsu ne a kasar na matasa kasuwar. Masana'an fara nan daga baya, fiye da sauran kasashen Turai. A sakamakon haka, wani gagarumin rabo daga masana'antu da kamfanonin da aka gina kwanan nan. Wadannan abubuwa suna sanye take da latest fasahar. Amma, wadannan kamfanonin ciki manyan jama'a da kamfanoni. A cikin West, halin da ake ciki shi ne daidai m. Turai kamfanoni suka karami, kuma su kayan aiki - kasa da cikakke.

Tare da gagarumin waje zuba jari da farko lokaci na jari hujja a Rasha aka halin da rabo daga gida maimakon shigo da kayayyakin. Harkokin waje na kaya shigo da ba riba, amma sa na kudi da aka dauke garabasa. Saboda haka, a cikin 1890s. yan kasar na wasu kasashe a Rasha mallakar game da wani uku na share babban birnin kasar.

A tsanani impetus ga ci gaban zaman kansa masana'antu kunna gina Great Siberian Railway daga Turai Rasha zuwa tekun Pacific. wannan aikin ya kasance jama'a, amma raw kayan saya daga kasuwanci a gare shi. Trans-Siberian Railway a cikin shekaru gaba zai samar da dama umarni na kera na ci, karfe, da kuma locomotives. A cikin misali na babbar hanya za a iya gano yadda samuwar tsarin jari-hujja a Rasha Ya halitta a kasuwar ga wani m iri-iri na masana'antu.

ciki kasuwar

Tare da ci gaban da samarwa da kuma ci gaban da kasuwar ya faru. Babban abubuwa na Rasha karfe fitarwa sukari da kuma man fetur (Rasha samar game da rabin duniya mai samar). Massively shigo da inji. Rage da rabo daga shigo da auduga (gida tattalin arzikin ya fara mayar da hankali a kan ta tsakiyar Asiya raw kayan).

Ragewan da ciki kasa kasuwar ya faru a cikin wani yanayi inda mafi muhimmanci abu ne ma'aikata. A sabon rarraba kudin shiga juya a cikin ni'imar masana'antu da birane, duk da haka, shi infringes a kan bukatun na kauye. Saboda haka, bi da aikin gona da yankunan nawa a cikin bunƙasa tattalin arziki a kwatanta da masana'antu yankin. A irin wannan abin kwaikwaya ya hali na mutane da yawa matasa jari hujja kasashen.

Development kasuwannin cikin gida da gudummawar da duk wannan Railways. A 1861-1885 gg. 24 kilomita dubu na Railways aka gina, lissafin kudi don game da wani uku na tsawon na hanyõyi a kan Hauwa'u na yakin duniya na farko. Jamhuriyar kai cibiya ya Moscow. Wannan shi ya haɗu duk yankuna na sararin kasa. Hakika, irin wannan matsayi ba zai iya taimaka bugun sama da ci gaban tattalin arziki na biyu birni na Rasha Empire. Railway Inganta facilitates sadarwa cibiyar da kuma karkata. Akwai sabon Inter-harkokin ciniki ya yankin dangantaka.

Yana da muhimmanci cewa a lokacin da biyu da rabi na XIX karni, da samar da abinci zauna a kamar wannan matakin, yayin da masana'antu ne yadu ci gaba da kara samar da kundin. Wani m Trend ya rashin tsari a cikin kudin tafiye-tafiye a cikin dogo kai. Su gyara da ya faru a 1889. Tsara tariffs zo daga gwamnati. A sabon hanya muhimmanci taimakawa ci gaban da jari hujja tattalin arzikin da ciki kasuwar.

saba wa juna

A 1880-ies. Na fara da nunawa kenkenewa jari a Rasha. Da farko harbe bayyana a cikin jirgin masana'antu. A 1882 ya bayyana "Union dogo factory," kuma a cikin 1884 -. "Union of masana'antun na dogo fasteners" da "gada ginin masana'antu Union"

Kafa masana'antu bourgeoisie. A da darajõji ne babban fatake, tsohon haraji manoma, kadarori masu sufurin. Da yawa daga cikinsu samu kayan ihisani daga gwamnati. The jari hujja sha'anin ne rayayye kasance da hannu fatake. Akwai wani Yahudawa bourgeoisie. Saboda Kodadde, wasu outlying lardin kudancin da kuma yammacin yankin na Turai Rasha da aka cika cunkus m babban birnin kasar.

A 1860, gwamnatin ta kafa jihar Bank. Ya zama matasa kafuwar bashi tsarin, ba tare da wanda ba shi ya tarihi na jari hujja a Rasha. Yana kara kuzari da jari na kudi ga 'yan kasuwa. Duk da haka, akwai yanayi da sun tsanani hampered da karuwa da babban birnin kasar. A 1860-ies. Rasha samu wani "auduga yunwa", rikicen tattalin arziki ya faru a 1873 da kuma 1882. Amma ko da wadannan sauye-sauye ba a daina jari.

Taimaka da ci gaban tsarin jari-hujja da kuma masana'antu a kasar, jihar da aka daure su dauki tafarkin mercantilism da kuma kariyar. Engels idan aka kwatanta da Rasha ƙarshen XIX karni, tare da Faransa na Louis XIV, inda kariya daga cikin bukatun da m kera kuma Ya halitta dukan yanayi na ci gaban da ƙera.

samuwar proletariat

Duk wani alamu na jari hujja a Rasha bã ya da wani ma'anar idan kasar ba samar da wani cikakken fledged aiki aji. A impetus ga da samuwar shi ne juyin juya halin masana'antu na 1850-1880-ies. A proletariat - wani aji na balagagge jari hujja al'umma. Its asalinsa mafi muhimmanci aukuwa a cikin rayuwar zamantakewa na Rasha Empire. A haihuwa na aiki talakawa canza dukan zamantakewa da siyasa ajanda da sararin kasa.

Rasha miƙa mulki daga feudalism to jari, ya kuma inganta bayyanar da proletariat saurinsu kuma m tafiyar matakai. A ƙayyadaddu na zama, da kuma sauran musamman siffofin da cewa sun taso saboda da saurã daga tsohon kiyayewa jama'a, caste tsarin, landlordism da ra'ayin mazan jiya da manufofin na tsarist gwamnati.

A lokacin daga 1865 zuwa 1980, girma na proletariat a factory ga tattalin arziki, amounted zuwa 65%, a hako ma'adinai - 107%, a cikin jirgin - wani m 686%. A ƙarshen XIX karni, akwai game da miliyan 10 ma'aikata. Ba tare da wani bincike na cikin samuwar wani sabon aji ne yiwu a iya fahimtar abin da jari-hujja. Tabbatar da dalilin da labarai ya bamu bushe halitta, amma ga dunkule kalmomi da kuma lambobin sun makomar miliyoyin mutane, gaba daya ya canza hanya ransa. Labor hijirarsa na babban talakawa ya kai ga wani gagarumin karuwa a birane yawan jama'a.

Ma'aikata wanzu a Rasha kafin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Sun kasance serfs wanda ya yi aiki a cikin manufactories, cikin shahararrun daga abin da suke da Ural Enterprises. Duk da haka, babban tushen ci gaban da aka sabon proletariat warware manoma. A tsari na mayar aji ya sau da yawa m. A ma'aikata yi matalauta suka kori manoma dawakai. A mafi m karbo daga kauye aka lura a cikin tsakiyar larduna: Yaroslavl, Moscow, Vladimir, Tver. Kadan sau da yawa, wannan tsari ya shafa kudancin steppe yankuna. Har ila yau, a kananan sabawa a Belarus da kuma Lithuania, ko da yake shi ne akwai cewa agrarian yawaitar mutane. Wani paradox ne cewa masana'antu cibiyoyin nemi mutane daga unguwannin bayan gari, ba daga nan kusa larduna. Mutane da yawa fasali na samuwar da proletariat a kasar ya nuna a cikin ayyukansu, Vladimir Lenin. "A Gabancin jari hujja a Rasha", ya sadaukar da batun, ya samu shiga buga a 1899.

Low Hakkin proletarians ne musamman halayyar da kananan sikelin-masana'antu. A wannan wuri ne gano mafi m amfani da ma'aikatan. Ma'aikata kokarin canza waɗannan wuya yanayi da taimakon m maimatawar horaswa. Farmers tsunduma a kananan masana'antu, zama m barancen. Daga cikin wadannan tsaka tattalin arziki siffofin ayyuka sun kowa.

zamani tsarin jari hujja

Rasha mataki na tsarin jari-hujja, alaka da sarauta zamanin, a yau za a iya gani a matsayin wani abu m da rashin iyaka ware daga na zamani kasar. A dalilin shi ne Oktoba juyin juya halin na 1917. Zo ga ikon, da Bolsheviks fara gina gurguzanci da kwaminisanci. Tsarin jari hujja, tare da masu zaman kansu dukiya da kuma free sha'anin kasance a baya.

A Tarurrukan na tattalin arzikin kasuwanci ya zama zai yiwu ne kawai bayan da Tarayyar Soviet auka. Mi a shirin kaiwa ga wani jari hujja samarwa ya kaifi, da babban personification ya zama m sake fasalin na 1990s. Sai waɗanda suka gina tattalin arziki da tushe daga cikin na zamani Rasha Federation.

an sanar a marigayi 1991. A cikin miƙa mulki ga kasuwar. A watan Disamba aka gudanar farashin da walwalar, entailed hyperinflation. Sai ya fara baucan kamfanonin, dole domin canja wuri na jihar dukiya a cikin zaman kansa hannuwanku. A Janairu 1992, ya bayar da umarni a kan free cinikayya, bude sabuwar dama ga kasuwanci. Ba da da ewa Soviet ruble aka soke, da kuma Rasha na kasa kudin samu wani tsoho, auka daga cikin shakka da denomination. Za ta cikin hadari daga 1990s., The kasar ta gina wani sabon tsarin jari-hujja. Shi ne a rai yanayi na zamani Rasha al'umma.