Telegraphs: iri, zane da kuma hotuna

Tangarahu taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban zamani al'umma. Jinkirin da unreliable watsa bayanai hampered da ci gaba da kuma mutane suna neman hanyoyin da za a hanzarta shi. Tare da sabuwar dabara na wutar lantarki sanya yiwu halittar na'urorin, nan take yada m data a tsawon nisa.

A alfijir na tarihi

Tangarahu a cikin daban-daban incarnations - mafi tsufa siffofin sadarwa. Ko a zamanin da akwai bukatar aika da bayanai a nesa. Alal misali, a Afirka, domin watsa daga daban-daban saƙonni amfani da tom-toms ganguna a Turai - da wuta, kuma daga baya - semaphore sadarwa. A farko semaphore gidan waya aka farko da ake kira "tahigraf" - "skoropisets", amma sai maye gurbin shi da wani karin dace nadi kira "gidan waya" - "dalnopisets".

A farko na'urar

Tare da gano sabon abu na "da wutar lantarki" da kuma musamman ma bayan da na ƙwarai nazarin da Danish masanin kimiyya Hans Kristiana Ersteda (wanda ya kafa ka'idar electromagnetism) da kuma Italiyanci kimiyyar Alessandro Volta - mahaliccin da farko electrochemical cell da farko baturi (shi aka sa'an nan da ake kira "voltaic tari") - akwai mai yawa ideas samar electromagnetic gidan waya .

Kokarin tsirar lantarki na'urorin aika da wasu sakonni zuwa ga makoma nesa, dauka daga ƙarshen 18th karni. A 1774, wani sauki gidan waya da aka gina a Switzerland (Geneva), masanin kimiyya da kuma kirkiro Lesage. Ya shiga cikin biyu radiyo 24-gungu ware wayoyi. Lokacin da ake ji a bugun jini da taimakon wani lantarki inji a kan daya daga cikin na farko da bata lokaci na'urar na biyu ball karkata Buzinova m electroscope. Sa'an nan da fasahar ya inganta bincike Lomon (1787), ya maye gurbin da waya 24 zuwa daya. Duk da haka, wannan tsarin da wuya a kira gidan waya.

Tangarahu ci gaba da inganta. Alal misali, a Faransa likita Andre Marie Ampère halitta mai-watsarwa na'ura kunshi Magnetic needles 25, dakatar daga axles, da kuma 50 da wayoyi. Duk da haka, ƙato na'urorin sanya irin wannan na'urar ne kusan unusable.

Schilling na'ura

A Rasha (Soviet) littafi ya furta cewa, da farko gidan waya, ya bambanta daga da magabata yadda ya dace, sauki da kuma AMINCI, da aka tsara a Rasha Pavlom Lvovichem Shillingom a 1832. Hakika, wasu kasashe sun yi husũma wannan da'awar, "inganta" ya kalla talented masana kimiyya.

Aikace-aikace Shilling (da yawa daga gare su, da rashin alheri, ba a buga) a telegraphy dauke da yawa ban sha'awa ayyukan lantarki telegraphs. Baron Schilling na'ura aka sanye take da makullin wanda sauya lantarki halin yanzu a cikin wayoyi a haɗa da watsarwa da kuma samun apparatuses.

Duniya na farko sakon waya, wanda ya ƙunshi 10 kalmomi, aka wuce 21 ga watan Oktoba, 1832 da gidan waya, shigar a kan Pavla Lvovicha Shillinga Apartment. The kirkiro ya kuma ci gaba cabling da aikin hade da gidan waya a cikin kasa daga cikin Gulf of Finland tsakanin Peterhof da Kronstadt.

tuki gidan waya

Mai karɓa na'ura kunshi coils, kowanne daga abin da ya hada da wani a haɗa waya da kuma Magnetic needles dakatar sama da coils a kan filaments. A wadannan yarns ƙarfafa a ranar daya MUG, fentin a daya gefen baki, da sauran fari. Latsa key da watsawa nada na Magnetic allura deflected da kuma mayar da su cikin dace matsayin da'irar. Hade shirye-shirye da'irori telegrapher liyafar a kan wani musamman haruffa (code) m da daukar kwayar cutar alama.

Da farko, takwas wayoyi da aka bukata, sa'an nan an rage adadin su zuwa biyu ga sadarwa. Don aiki da irin wannan gidan waya na PL Schilling ɓullo da wani musamman code. All m? Ir na telegraphy a yankin na used watsa coding ka'idojin.

wasu aukuwa

Kusan lokaci guda telegraphs kama constructions amfani da shigar da igiyoyin ci gaba da Jamusawa masana kimiyya da kuma Weber Ghaus. Tuni a 1833, suna da wani gidan waya layi a Jami'ar Göttingen (Lower Saxony) tsakanin astronamicheskoy da Magnetic observatories.

An sani cewa na'urar Schilling aiki a matsayin wani samfur ga Burtaniya tangarahu Winston Cook. Cook ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga ayyukan Rasha kirkiro na Heidelberg University (Jamus). Tare da abokin Winston suka inganta na'ura da kuma jadadda mallaka. The na'urar jin dadin girma samu nasara a Turai.

A kananan juyin juya halin a 1838 sanya Shteyngeyl. Ba wai kawai cewa, ya shafe na farko gidan waya layin dogon nesa (5 km), don haka ko da gangan sanya gano cewa daya kawai waya (kashi na biyu na aikin ƙasa) za a iya amfani da siginar watsa.

Morse gidan waya

Duk da haka, da duk wadannan na'urori tare da dials da Magnetic allura da wani m aibi - su ba za a iya stabilized: m watsa bayanai, wani kuskure ya auku da kuma rubutu ba gurbata. Gama aiki a kan samar da wani sauki ne kuma abin dogara kewaye gidan waya wayoyi da biyu nasara da American artist da kuma kirkiro Sama'ila Morse. Ya ya ci gaba da kuma amfani da wani gidan waya code a cikin abin da kowane harafi na haruffa da aka sanya wasu haduwa da dige da dashes.

Morse gidan waya gina sosai kawai. Domin a kewaye da kuma shiga tsakanin zumunta na yanzu ta amfani da key (jan kafar). Ya ƙunshi wani liba sanya daga karfe, da axis of wanda Magana da layin madugu. Daya karshen wani spring-hannu liba aka guga man zuwa karfe leji, ya aike da su da mai karɓar kuma zuwa ga ƙasa (kasa da aka yi amfani da). Lokacin da telegrapher presses da sauran karshen hannu, da game da wasu tsinkaya da alaka da baturi na USB. A wannan lokaci, na yanzu rushes ta hanyar zuwa wani mai karɓar located in wani daban-daban wuri.

A karɓa a tashar a kan wani musamman drum rauni kunkuntar tsiri na takarda motsa ci gaba clockwork. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar shigowa yanzu electromagnet janyo hankalin sandan ƙarfe, wanda ya keta cikin takarda, sa'an nan su kafa wani jerin haruffa.

Academician firtsi Jacoby

Rasha masanin kimiyya, Academician B. S. Yakobi tsakanin 1839 zuwa 1850 halitta da dama iri telegraphs: rubuce-rubuce, turnouts-lokaci synchronous ayyuka da kuma duniya na farko teleprinter. The latest firtsi wani sabon milestone a ci gaba na sadarwa tsarin. Yarda, shi ne sauƙin karanta nan da nan ya aiko da wani sakon waya fiye da suke ciyarwa a kan lokaci ta kwafi.

A yada kai tsaye-bugu na'ura Jacobi kunshi wani kira na sauri tare da kibiya da lamba na drum. A cikin matsanancin da'irar kira na sauri ajiye haruffa da lambobi. The samun na'urar yana da wani kira na sauri tare da kibiya, da kuma a Bugu da kari, don inganta da kuma bugu electromagnets da dabaran iri. A wani hali dabaran kwarzana da duk haruffa da lambobi. A farko-up a cikin shakka daga cikin watsa na'urar da na yanzu hatsaisai zuwanshi daga cikin line, bugu na'ura samun electromagnet aka jawo guga man takarda yanar gizo zuwa samfurin dabaran da aka buga a kan takardar samu ãyã.

inji Hughes

American kirkiro David Edward Hughes amince a telegraphy hanya zuwa synchronous aiki, gina a 1855 teleprinter da misali dabaran m juyawa. A watsawa na wannan na'urar ne keyboard-type piano, da 28 baki da fari keys, wanda aka yi azãbar haruffa da lambobi.

A 1865, Hughes inji aka shigar ga kungiyar na gidan waya sabis tsakanin St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow, sa'an nan bazu ko'ina Rasha. Wadannan na'urori da aka yi amfani da ko'ina har sai da 30-ies na XX karni.

Bodo na'ura

Hughes inji iya ba samar da babban gudun wayoyi da kuma tasiri amfani da link. Saboda haka, don maye gurbin wadannan na'urorin zo mahara gidan waya na'urorin, tsara a 1874 da Bafaranshen Georges Emilem Bodo.

Bodo The na'urar damar lokaci daya baza dama gidan waya sadarwarka a kan wannan layin da dama telegrams a duka kwatance. The inji qunshi wani rabawa, kuma da dama watsarwa da kuma samun na'urorin. watsawa faifan kunshi biyar makullin. Don inganta yadda ya dace da amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa na Lines amfani a cikin na'ura Bodo irin watsawa na'ura a cikinsa da daukar kwayar cutar bayanai da aka shigar wanda ke aiki telegrapher da hannu.

manufa na aiki

A watsarwa na'urar (keyboard) inji daya tashar ne ta atomatik alaka ta cikin layin short lokaci zuwa Game da masu karba. The domin na su dangane da sauya sheka daidaito lokacin da ashana bayar rabawa. gidan waya taki na aikin kamata zo daidai da aikin rabawa. Goge bawuloli watsa da kuma liyafar dole juya synchronously kuma a lokaci. Dangane da yawan watsin da kuma samun na'urorin haɗa ta rabawa, wasan kwaikwayon gidan waya Bodo jeri 2500-5000 kalmomi a kowace awa.

A farko raka'a aka shigar a Bodo "Petersburg - Moscow" gidan waya a 1904. A nan gaba, wadannan na'urorin da ake amfani da ko'ina a cikin gidan waya cibiyar sadarwa na Tarayyar Soviet da kuma amfani da har 50s.

Inching na'urar

Inching gidan waya da alama wani sabon mataki a cikin ci gaban da gidan waya da fasaha. The na'urar ne kananan, kuma shi ne mafi sauki ta yi aiki. Yana bugun tafireta style keyboard aka yi amfani da farko. Wadannan abũbuwan amfãni sun kai ga cewa ta hanyar karshen 50s Bodo inji aka gaba daya tura daga cikin waya maki.

Great taimako ga ci gaban m fara tsayawa na'urorin da A. F. Shorin kuma L. I. Treml, wanda aka ɓullo da a karkashin gida masana'antu a 1929 ya fara nuna wani sabon gidan waya tsarin. Tun da 1935, atomatik watsawa (watsawa) da kuma wani mai karɓar kewaye (reperforator) ya fara samar da na'urar model ST-35, a shekarar 1960 ta ga su an ci gaba.

tsarinsa

Tun da na'urar PT-35 amfani ga gidan waya sadarwa na'urorin tare da Bodo, da musamman code №1, wanda ya sãɓã, daga cikin saba duniya code for fara tsayawa motocin (№2) code da aka ɓullo da ga gare su.

Bayan decommissioning Bodo na'urorin daina bukatar amfani a cikin kasar ne wadanda ba misali fara tsayawa code, kuma duk da CT-35 yanzu shakatawa da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga kasa da kasa da code №2. A na'urorin kansu, kamar yadda wani sabunta hanyoyin, da kuma wani sabon zane, samu da sunan ST-2m kuma Sta-2m (tare da kari kafin kalma aiki).

Rolling inji

Bugu da ari, aukuwa a cikin tarayyar Soviet da aka pitted da shi, don ƙirƙirar wani inganci sosai yi gidan waya. Its peculiarity ne cewa rubutu da aka buga line ta layi a kan m takardar takardar, kamar dot-matrix firintar. High yi da ikon canja wurin yawa bayanai suna da muhimmanci, ba kawai ga talakawa mutane, amma ga wuraren management da kuma hukumomin gwamnati.

• Zagaye Waya T-63 inji sanye take da uku rajista: Latin, Rasha da kuma dijital. Da taimakon ƙulli tef iya ta atomatik sami da kuma aika da bayanai. Bugun faruwa a kan takarda yi 210 mm.
• Sarrafa kansa yi lantarki gidan waya PTA-80 ba ka damar kafa yadda za a hannu ko ta atomatik aika da karɓar mail.
• Inji RTM-51 da kuma PTA-50-2 ana amfani da saƙon rikodin tawada 13-mm tef da wani misali yi takarda nisa (215 mm). The inji kwafi da minti har zuwa 430 characters.

Littafi

Telegraphs, photos na wanda za a iya samu a shafukan da littattafai da kuma gidan kayan gargajiya nune-nunen, taka muhimmiyar rawa a accelerating ci gaba. Duk da m cin gaban tarho da ãyõyinMu, waɗannan na'urorin ba su tafi ba a cikin gushewa, kuma ya samo asali a cikin zamani fax inji kuma mafi nagartaccen lantarki gidan waya.

Hukumance, na karshe gidan waya waya, aiki a India jihar Goa, aka rufe Yuli 14, 2014. Duk da babban bukatar (5000 telegrams kullum), da sabis da aka marasa amfani baki ɗaya. A Amurka, na karshe gidan waya kamfanin Western Union ya daina gudanar da wani kai tsaye ayyuka a 2006, ya mayar da hankali a kan remittances. A halin yanzu, wannan zamanin na Telegraphs ya ba kan, da kuma mayar da su cikin lantarki yanayi. Jamhuriyar tangarahu Rasha, ko rage muhimmanci ma'aikatan, ya ci gaba da cika da wajibai, tun da shi ne ba a kowane kauye a cikin sararin yanki shi ne zai yiwu a gudanar da wani tarho layi da kuma internet.

A cikin latest lokaci gidan waya tashoshi ɗauke da mita wayoyi, shirya yawanci da na USB da kuma rediyo gudun ba da sanda links. Babban amfani da mita telegraphy shi ne cewa shi damar da wani misali tarho tashar don tsara daga 17 zuwa 44 gidan waya tashoshi. Bugu da kari, mita wayoyi sa a gudanar da wani kusan duk wani sadarwar nesa. A sadarwa na cibiyar sadarwa hada da mita tashoshi wayoyi, sauki tabbatarwa, kuma yana da sassauci da damar samar da circuitous shugabanci gazawar da zuciyar line shugabanci. Frequency wayoyi da aka haka m, tattali da kuma m, wanda shi ne a halin yanzu gidan waya tashoshi DC ana amfani da kasa da kuma kasa.