Tarihi da kuma al'adu da kuma tsarin periodization Rasha wallafe-wallafe. A periodization na Rasha adabi na 19-20 ƙarni: tebur

Rasha adabi ne mai girma kadara na dukan Rasha mutane. Ba tare da shi, da suka fara a cikin karni na 19th, shi ne a gane duniya al'ada. Tarihi da kuma al'adu da kuma tsarin periodization na Rasha adabi da nasu dabaru da takamaiman halaye. Da farko fiye da shekara dubu da suka wuce, shi ya ci gaba da halittu farfadowa da sabon abu a cikin lokaci da rana. Wannan ya zama batun da wannan labarin bayanin. Za mu amsa wannan tambaya na abin da yake cikin periodization na Rasha adabi (RL).

janar bayanai

A farkon sosai da labarin da muka takaita da gabatar da periodization na Rasha wallafe-wallafe. A tebur ne m kuma a fili nuna babban matakai na ta ci gaba, ya nuna ci gaban da al'adu aiwatar a Rasha. Next, la'akari da bayanai daki-daki.

A periodization na Rasha adabi ne kamar haka:

Period cikin substeps	wallafe-wallafen styles	Bright kasida da marubuta
Doliteraturny lokaci
Har 11th karni BC. e.	Legends, epics	marubucin rasa
Period na coci-addinin wallafe-wallafe
11-17 karni	Da sabuwar dabara da rubuce-rubuce A canonical rubuce-rubucen School Historical records. "The Lay Gangamin "	Sufaye Kyrylo da Methodius Sufaye da Antony Feodosy (Pecherska Laurel) m Nestor
haskakarka lokaci
18th karni	A ci gaba da wakoki da kuma ka'idar shayari Samuwar wasan kwaikwayo Rasha Civic aikin jarida	Lomonosov Trediakovskii, Cantemir Fonvizin Radishchev
Ka roƙi. Karni na 19th - 90th. 19th karni. Golden Age na Rasha adabi
Trehstilevoe wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu (har zuwa 20-ies. Karni na 19)	sentimentalism classicism romanticism	Karamzin Derzhavin Ryleev
Pushkin mataki (20-30-ies. Karni na 19) Bayan rasuwar Pushkin, Lermontov da kuma litattafan Gogol ci gaba	New style - Rasha hakikanci	Rasha harshen da aka saba da kari na da shayari The labari "Eugene Onegin", "Belkin" "Hero of Our Lokaci", "Matattu Rayukan"
A lokacin na Rasha litattafansu na 40s. karni na 19th	Gabancin data kasance styles Yana zama wata babbar Rasha hakikanci	Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Chekhov, Tiutchev, su ɗauko, Ostrovsky, Turgenev, Nekrasov, Saltykov-Shchedrin
Wallafe-wallafe na karni na 20th (90s na karni na 19th - 90 shekaru na karni na 20th)
Azurfa shekaru (90 shekaru na karni na 19th - 1921)	fantsama shayari	Gumilev, Akhmatova, Tsvetaeva, Esenin
Period na biyu Rasha adabi: Soviet da kuma emigre. 1921 (wallafe-wallafen mujallar, ya zama propartiynymi) - 1953 (Stalin ta mutuwa)	Tilasta bada matsayi na jam'iyyar gurguzu hakikanci style a wallafe-wallafen	A farko labari na gurguzu hakikanci - "Uwar" Gorky
Short tsawon narke, share ta stagnation	Kokarin kasida da marubuta daban-daban don ƙirƙirar styles na gurguzu hakikanci Ajiye mamayar gurguzu hakikanci	Poets Yevtushenko, Ahmadullina, Kirsimeti, Hawan Yesu zuwa sama, Galich Writers: Pasternak, Rybakov, Solzhenitsyn Astafjevs, SHukshin
New Rasha Wallafe-wallafe
90 shekaru na karni na 20th - a yau	Ci gaba da irin wannan styles: romanticism (a cikin nau'i na fantasy, mai ban sha'awa, tsoro), da labarun almara (blogging, aikin jarida, ta zamani, jami'in tsaro), postmodern (mafi zamani litattafan)	Pelevin, Ulitskaja, Akunin, Lukyanenko, wasu

A manufar wannan labarin - taƙaitaccen bayanin da matakai na huhu da ciwon daji, aka nuna a tebur.

Rasha adabi na tsufa

• Doliteraturny mataki, shi ne halin da rashi na rubuta da harshen da kuma samuwar wani baka almara (epics da Legends, daukar kwayar cutar baki daga tsara zuwa tsara). Yana kawo karshen lokaci na sabuwar dabara na rubuce-rubuce a cikin Tsohon Rasha ɓangare na tallafi na Kristanci (10th karni BC. E.).
• Tsohon Rasha adabi (11-17 karni). Babban nau'o'i sun tarihin, kazalika da addini da kuma tsarki texts.

Read more game da tsoho wallafe-wallafe. alfijir kerawa

Halittar Old Rasha adabi (DRL) a matsayin al'adu sabon abu taimake biyu events: da sabuwar dabara na rubuce-rubuce da kuma fassarar Kirista addini matani (DRL asali yana da tsananin canonical hali). A wasu kalmomin, periodization Rasha adabi yana da jeren lokacin da farawa.

Writing aka kafa drevnegecheskimi sufaye - 'yan'uwa Cyril da Methodius, a request na Moravian (yankin da yanzu Jamhuriyar Czech) Prince Rostislav da kuma albarkar da na bakwai karni Paparoma Adrian II a karshen IX karni. Kusan a lokaci guda wani sabon harshe an fassara Zabura, Linjila. Ta hanyar sadarwar gidajen lama a karshen cikin IX karni rubuce-rubuce ta shiga cikin yankin na zamanin d Rasha, inda na farko marubuta zama sufaye: Nestor, Hilarion, Polycarp, da Saminu, Cyril Turovsky, Avvakum da sauransu. Periodization na zamanin d Rasha adabi za a iya raba biyar, saukarwa:

1. A lokacin da halittar makaranta na canonical Orthodox DRL a Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra sufaye Anthony kuma Theodosius. Rubuta m Nestor a XII karni "Tale of bygone Years".
2. The sufi (birnin Vladimir-Zaleski, Suzdal, Smolensk da sauransu.) Shin sabon DRL cibiyoyin. Abu mai muhimmanci da ci gaban da wallafe-wallafen tsari.
3. Periodization na zamanin d Rasha adabi ƙunshi lokacin da wani tashin hankali iri na jama'a: mataki na Tatar-Mongol karkiya. A farkon rabin karni ne "Life of Alexander Nevsky", "Tale na Bone na Rasha ƙasar." A cikin mataki na biyu, kawo karshen yakin Kulikovo a 1380, tarihin saya jaruntakar laudatory hali.
4. DRL lokaci na ƙi, wanda yana har zuwa karshen na XVI karni. Readership iyaka gidajen da ba yawa m nobility zato ba tsammani, wannan horar da sufaye.
5. A karshe mataki na DRL kammala mika mulki daga adabi zuwa canonical adabi marubucin. Ya harakteizuet fitowan da sabon nau'o'i: tarihi, autobiographical labari, shayari. A batu na DRL ya hankali zama m fanni na mutum aiki, mafi ri sirri manufa. A zamanin da sake fasalin na Bitrus I, da kuma rinjayar da wallafe-wallafen tsari.

Wace irin m wallafe-wallafen ayyukansu halin da XRD a mataki periodization na Rasha adabi? Tebur a kasa nuna wadannan qagaggun systemically.

Wallafe-wallafe da Rasha Empire

A tabbatacce tasiri na jihar a kan wallafe-wallafen aiwatar nuna tarihin Rasha Empire. Ba za ka iya bayar da hujjar cewa marubuta daga can biyayya. Duk da haka, akwai wani} ungiyoyin jama'a, a} asar. Akwai wani kima da ra'ayin. Lokacin da masana kafa statehood saki a cikin tarihi na adabi:

• Period Rasha haske. Yana da wani tushen muhimmanci mataki, ta jerin baƙaƙe rufe da 18th karni. A adabi, babban alkuki zauna litattafansu, kwanciya kafuwar domin ta kara ci gaba.
• Sverhproduktivny musamman "zinariya mataki", wanda zai taimakawa periodization na Rasha adabi a cikin karni na 19th. Ta karshe a cika murya ayyana kanta, rayayye influencing duniya wallafe-wallafe. The ayyukan Pushkin, Lermontov, litattafan Gogol, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Chekhov ya zama fi so litattafansu da kuma kasashen waje masu karatu.

XVIII karni a periodization na Rasha adabi

Stage Rasha haske ta jerin baƙaƙe dangantaka da Turai haskakarka, sautin tambaye ta Faransa.

Da farko Rasha Sarkin sarakuna Bitrus I da Catherine II systemically aiwatar da Turai wadanda mutane wallafe-wallafe. Future marubuta fara samun karatu a jami'a. Umurnin Bitrus na bude Academic University da Academy of Arts, umurnin Catherine II - Moscow Jami'ar Jihar.

The masanin kimiyya, mawãƙi kuma marubuci Lomonosov, mawãƙi Vasily Trediakovskii, masanin ilimin harsuna da kuma marubuci Dmitry Kantemir fara farkon Rasha malamai. Rasha silabotonicheskaya versification tsarin da aka ɓullo. A karni daga baya, shi ayyana kanta a ƙawa da baiwa da Pushkin, kuma Lermontov. Duk da haka, za mu ambaci su daga baya, lokacin da za mu tattauna da periodization na Rasha adabi na karni na 19th.

A cikin rabi na biyu na XVIII karni. Rasha wallafe-wallafen yayi na aiwatar ƙaddara da farko marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, Denis Fonvizin (yana da wuya a rashin sanin cikakken farashi rinjayar da "Nedorosl" a kan samuwar da tsada) da kuma na farko marubuci - abokan adawar na gwamnati, wanda za a iya kira da lamiri na mutane ta - Alexander Radishchev.

Ko iya shiga Catherine II bai gane cewa baiwa na marubuci kuma masanin falsafa, ya nuna ta yadda za a tip da zafi maki na Rasha Empire, abin da ya kamata a sauya. Ta sa'an nan amsa kamar yadda manyan apologist for serfdom, ya kira Alexander II domin ideas a "Journey daga St. Petersburg zuwa Moscow", "pohlesche 'yan tawayen Pugachev".

Abin baƙin ciki, shugabanni sau da yawa ba su ji muryar Cassandra, kara a cikin ayyukan da litattafansu!

Rasha haske ya aza mai kyau kafuwar ga m Take-kashe halitta. Girman kai ga mahaifarsa, karya da Napoleon, da nasara na Turai, za ta kuma bunkasa nan gaba ilimi cimma gaci.

Fage da haihuwa na Rasha da labarun almara na XIX karni.

A periodization na Rasha adabi na karni na 19th nuna tsari na zama wani sabon classic na duniya wallafe-wallafe. Yadda wuya ne rubuta a taƙaice game da wallafe-wallafen na wannan karni!

A farko biyu shekarun da suka gabata na zinariya karni Rasha adabi ne da hulda da kuma gasar daban-daban styles.

A style of sentimentality aiki tarihi da kuma marubuci Nikolai Karamzin. Classicist mawãƙi Gavriil Derzhavin halitta a majestic Ode (misali, "Felitsa" - a cikin girmamawa Catherine II), ya zama titular na sarki ayyukansu.

Classicism da progosudastvennaya matsayin halayyar da mawãƙi Vasiliya Zhukovskogo, marubucin na farko Rasha take kasar ( "Rasha da salla").

Kashe Decembrists da mawãƙi Kondraty Ryleev rubuta a cikin style of yakin romanticism.

A mataki na biyu, wanda shi ne mai kyau periodization na Rasha adabi na karni na 19th, za a iya kira Pushkin. Lalle ne, tudno overestimate da taimako ga kasar Rasha da harshen da kuma Rasha shayari Daddy mayen Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina. KalmõminSa game da kanka, ƙirƙirar "banmamaki, abin tunawa", tabbatar da cewa annabci.

Creative baiwa kasance m. A mawãƙi fara rubuta a cikin Romantic style (da waka "Gypsies", "The Fountain na Bakhchisarai"). Sa'an nan, bayan da tarzomar Decembrists, a cikin aikinsa mafi iko ya zama na fili tarihi Hanyar da kasa muhimmi classicism (bala'i "Boris Godunov" waka "Poltava").

Sa'an nan Alexander zo daga cikin aikinsa zuwa dukan sabon salon - Rasha da labarun almara. Littafinsa a ayar "Eugene Onegin" da kuma tarin litattafan "Belkin" full gaskiya game da zamantakewa yanayin mutane, rayuwa AMINCI.

The uku mataki na zinariya na Rasha adabi na karni na 19th

Pushkin ya da tartsatsi cewa, lit harshen wuta. Yana kama da sarkar dauki. A nan gaba, Rasha da labarun almara na Pushkin an tasowa domin biyu litattafansu: Lermontov da kuma litattafan Gogol, amma kowanne a yadda hanya. Lermontov delves cikin hali na protagonist, wani mutum shan azaba da saba wa juna, rikice-rikice da waje duniya da kuma ba da gano da amfani da da rai da karfi. Litattafan Gogol ne "kamu", kokarin gabatar da wani duniya hoto na Rasha rayuwa.

A sakamakon haka, tuni a cikin na uku mataki, shi ne abin mamaki duniya unprecedented kerawa periodization na Rasha adabi na karni na 19th. Table of Rasha litattafansu, wanda ya yi aiki a lokaci daga 1840 zuwa 1990, ya ƙunshi duniya kalakala.

Fyodor Tyutchev Afanasiy su ɗauko Ivan Goncharov Alexander Ostrovsky Ivan Turgenev Fyodor Dostoevsky Leo Tolstoy Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin Nikolai Nekrasov Anton Chekhov

1803-1873 1820-1892 1812-1891 1823-1886 1818-1883 1821-1881 1828-1910 1826-1889 1821-1877 1860-1904

Duk wadannan manyan malaman na Rasha adabi lura da yadda m m al'adunmu sun samu daga waɗanda suke a gabãninsu. Kuma sun kasance iya amfani da shi daidai. Yarda da cewa shi ne yi wa ado da m sunayen ba su manta da kuma a yanzu duniya ta litattafansu, periodization na Rasha adabi na karni na 19th. Wannan tebur, mu lura mu artificially iyakance saman goma mafi m mutane suka yi halitta dukan m kwatance.

XX karni. periodization na adabi

Azurfa Age na Rasha adabi da aka kira wani gajeren lokaci: daga 1892 zuwa 1921 An bambanta da wani karfi dawo shayari, Daddy yanzu ƙungiyar taurari na artists. Hukunci da kanka: Alexander Blok, Anna Akhmatova, Marina Tsvetaeva, Nikolay Gumilev, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Sergey Esenin. Wannan ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa gare shi? Revolutionary utopian romanticism, wanda ya kasance majinyaci tare da m Elite na Rasha al'umma?

Soviet lokaci na Rasha adabi ne halin adawa fito bayan da 1921 m canonically "sobiyet" gurguzu hakikanci da mutum artists wanda kasai ayyukansu su tafi bayan. Ko ta yaya, an yi imani da cewa periodization na Rasha adabi na XX karni, ya furta ne kawai na tsari ƙi duniya shibta akida clichés.

Shi ne kaico cewa wallafe-wallafen sukar wanda ya ce wa wannan ra'ayi, nuna gaskiyar ne kawai a baki da fari. Saboda haka ya kasance da gaske?

Abotar na adabi da kuma totalitarianism

Na'am, a dukan taro na Soviet adabi ya decadent. Eh, a cikin wannan aiki da muka zauna a naúrar. Duk da haka, da adabi ne har yanzu ba a hada a cikin rikicin. Zombiruyut rinjayar gurguzu bai bi Boris Pasternak, ba su tafi yaƙi da ya kwarara da kuma rubuta da harshen "steaming lamiri," da gaskiya da ya tsara, ya zama wani jẽfaffe a mahaifarsa. Saboda haka ya yi da mutuwa Mikhail Bulgakov, a lokacin da a duk da kome da shi ba a buga ta nufin Stalin, rubuta "Maigida, kuma Margarita" a kan tebur.

Kuma wani lokacin da alƙalami da marubucin inexplicably da powerfully jagoranci soyayya da ya ƙasar haihuwarmu, kada ku bari ta yi ƙarya, ko Crouch. Saboda haka wata rana ya faru da kwaminisanci Mihailom Sholohovym, a lokacin da yake rubuta "shuru gudana cikin Don". Duk da hare-haren da "karfi shawarwari", ya bai canza karkashin Soviet misali image Gregory Melehova. Sau da yawa rubuta da Strugatsky 'yan'uwa a cikin tebur, waɗanda ayyukansu ma yana da wani sananne gurguzu hakikanci kome.

Duk da haka, ya kamata a gane cewa periodization na Rasha adabi, dangane da harkokin siyasa nuna da alkawari daga mutãnenta tafsirin shubuha characterizes wannan lokaci.

New Rasha Wallafe-wallafe

New Rasha adabi da aka haife shi a shekarar 1991, bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. Mun tambaye ta, to a fara fallasa ayyukan ƙwarai, daga cikinsu ne "Gulag tarin tsiburai" Aleksandra Solzhenitsyna da zama a warware a gida ayyukan mãsu hijira: Vladimir Nabokov, Ivan Shmelev, Andrei Bely, Konstantin Balmont.

Sa'an nan, a cikin tsawon perestroika, wani sabon kalaman na marubuta da aka kaddamar a Rasha adabi: Victor Pelevin, Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Boris Akunin, Sergei Lukyanenko. Wadannan mawallafa irin characterizes compositional fasaha na litattafansu, wani musamman m hangen nesa daga cikin matsalolin da na yau, masterful yi na mãkirci, wani m labari.

Babu shakka, a jihar na ci gaba da shi ne ko da yaushe tarihi da kuma al'adu tsari, da kuma periodization na Rasha wallafe-wallafe. Wa ya sani, watakila a yanzu muna a farkon lokaci lokaci, a lokacin da Rasha adabi sake shiga cikin wani sabon quality. Abu daya ne wasu: sababbin dabaru mata, kazalika da sabon aukuwa, babu shakka, har yanzu ya zo.

XX karni - a rikicin na Rasha adabi

A periodization na Rasha adabi na karni na 20th shafi uku bulan:

1. Azurfa Age - wani ɗan gajeren lokaci a nuna na karni.
2. 20 th - tsakiyar 50s na 20th karni.
3. The biyu da rabi na 50s - 90s na 20th karni.

A Azurfa Age fara a cikin 90s na 19th karni. Creativity kasida wadda ta wadãta a cikin wannan lokaci, cike da foreboding na wani sauyi rikicin. Full of melancholy waqe da Alexander Blok, Nikolaya Gumileva, Mariny Tsvetaevoy, Anny Ahmatovoy. Jagora na m magana m kuma mai ladabi a matsayin kaka furanni, a hango gabatowa sanyi ...

Tun da 1917, tare da ci gaban da aji gwagwarmaya a cikin al'umma da kuma fara miƙa mulki ga na gaba mataki na Rasha adabi na karni na 20th. Kamar yadda wani tunani na wannan tsari ya kamata a gani kwarzana Lines Vladimira Mayakovskogo, wanda gloomily tsinkaya "last hour", "Bourget."

A 1921, lokaci na farko da ya ƙare. Rasha adabi ne zuwa kashi biyu sassa: marubuta da suke zaune a Soviet Rasha, kuma suka yi hijira abokan aiki. Da farko mun yi kokarin da haihuwa duniya "razed a kasa", na biyu - don adana da hadisin. rabuwa lokaci ya littafin na adabi mujallu propartiynyh "Fitar da juyin juya halin" da "Red Virgin gona."

A 1932, wadannan mujallu nishadi ko fara'a lura da kafa wani sabon salon na art na gurguzu da labarun almara. Emigre marubuta da farko tsage tafi manufar jam'iyyar aikin, da farko yi a cikin labari Gorky "Uwar".

Daga cikin Saboda haka, na biyu lokaci kasaftawa Voloshin, N. Kluev, V. Khodasevich Rubtsov, N. Z. Daga cikin marubuta - E. Zamyatin, Prishvin, Babel, A. Green.

The mutuwar I. V. Stalina (1953) kiwon a qualitatively sabon mataki a cikin wallafe-wallafe. Raunana jam'iyyar diktat. Writers suna fatan for m 'yanci. Maimakon haka, babban sakataren Khrushchev ya sanar da zalunci na Boris Pasternak, saboda littafinsa "Doctor Zhivago" ta Nobel. Hijira daga Soviet kasida, marubuta (kamar Iosif Brodsky). Works ne gaskiya masu karatu ta hanyar "samizdat".

Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru 60 da alama "narke" matasa kasida: wani tunanin Yevgeny Yevtushenko, lyrical Bella Akhmadulina, yiwuwa ga ire Andrei Voznesensky, pathetic jama'a-Robert Rozhdestvensky.

Har ila yau, akwai mai zurfi, unbiased litattafan da tsaransa, su ƙungiyoyi na rai, da shan wahala daga wannan marubuta Vasily Shukshin, Yuri Kazakov, Valentin Rasputin. Alexander Solzhenitsyn da Anatoly Rybakov rubutu almara litattafan game da mummunan lokaci na hali sadaukarwa. A dramaturgy daga cikin play bayyana, haskakãwa ciki duniya (kamar "Duck Hunt" da "babban dan" na marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, Aleksandra Vampilova).

ƙarshe

Rasha adabi ne da gaske iya kuta "jin kyau." Its m ne m zurfi. Daga hasken rana m syllable Pushkin, kuma Balmont da zurfin ilimi da pictorial misali na mu Virtual Pelevin karni. Lovers of m shayari kamar kerawa Akhmatova. Shi yana da hikima muhimmi a Tolstoy da Dostoyevsky filigree Psychology, to wanda Freud kansa ya tuɓe hat. Har ma a tsakanin marubuta na litattafan marubuta haɗu da waɗanda wanda style of m magana kama shayari. Yana Turgenev da kuma litattafan Gogol. Fans of dabara mutumci zai samu Ilf da Petrov. Wa dandana adrenaline daga underworld zai bude mãkirci litattafan Fridriha Neznanskogo. Fantasy masoya ba zai kunyata ta littattafai Vadim Panov.

A Rasha adabi, kowane mai karatu zai iya samun wani abu da zai taba ransa. Good littattafai, kamar abokai ko 'yan'uwanmu matafiya. Sun iya zuwa ta'aziyya, shawara, liyãfa, goyon baya.