Taimako ga ci gaban ilmin jikin mutum Leonardo Vinci. Haltta a cikin almara na Leonardo Vinci

Leonardo Vinci mutu a 1519. Shi ne kawai sittin da bakwai. Ya shahara shahara artist ya riga ya bazu ko'ina Turai. Duk da haka, akwai daya bangare na rayuwarsa da suka ba da aka sani zuwa ga jama'a. 'Yan mutãne sun san nawa sha'awar Leonardo Vinci ta haltta. Da bincike a cikin wannan shugabanci ne kusan babu wanda bai sani ba.

Ko da a cikin nan da nan kewaye da Leonardo Vinci ta haltta a lokacin bai hadu da ta dace amfani da hankali. Wannan hali ya ci gaba har zuwa karshen na goma sha tara - farkon ashirin ƙarni. A lokacin da wannan lokaci da aka bincika bude Leonardo Vinci ta haltta. Kawai bayan masana kimiyya gudanar da wani sosai bincike na kimiyya ayyukansu, sake nazari dubban shafukan da records na babban artist na Renaissance, ya bayyana cewa ya kimiyya aiki ne babu kasa mai muhimmanci fiye da art.

Unknown shafukan da rayuwar Leonardo Vinci

Anatomy, kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta, binciken kasa, o, m kuzarin kawo cikas, da dai sauransu - .. Duk wadannan sciences shagaltar a cikin rayuwarsa mai yawa sarari, samar da gwaggwabar riba watakila cewa kawai zanen. Wannan talented mahalicci da wani suna a matsayin wani archetypal mutumin da suke zaune a lokacin da Renaissance - da artist, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci a yi kimiyya.

Duk da haka, domin mafi yawan Leonardo Vinci ta Anatomy, kamar sauran kimiyya aiki, shi ya ba kasa muhimmanci fiye da zanen. A karshe shekaru goma ya ba ka fara rubuta sabon zane-zane. Daga 1508 zuwa 1513 da artist sun fi mayar da ya ba da kansa don kimiyya, kawai lokaci-lokaci ya dawo zuwa zane-zane, wanda ya fara a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.

Mai sauran sciences

Daga cikin dukkan kimiyya da bincike a wannan lokaci, musamman dauki Leonardo Vinci tiyata. Domin shekaru da dama, ya yi aiki a baje tare da gawawwaki, neatly fallasa su zuwa mafi daidai fahimtar mutum ta jiki da tsarin.

Yana da fice a iyawa da artist da ma'ana rubuce-rubuce style of Leonardo Vinci a vangaren tiyata ya iya ya halicci daya daga cikin mafi cikakken na bincike lokaci. Ya ko riga shirya wani aiki domin bazawa, amma ba su da lokacin da za a saka a cikin yi ta nufi. Idan littafinsa aka buga, da binciken na jiki tsarin mulki mutum zai taka nisa gaba, ya mai girma haka taimako ga ci gaban ilmin jikin mutum Leonardo Vinci. Abin baƙin ciki, bayan mutuwarsa, duk halitta da wannan mutum mai girma shigarwar da almara bar cikin sirri takardun sun dade shekaru hudu boye daga duniya.

versatility

Har yanzu, da yawa na talanti wannan mutum, da rashin iyaka talented, zama wani asiri mana. A cikin matashi shekaru ya rayu a Florence, aiki a matsayin almajiri na daya daga cikin shahararrun Italian artists - Andrea del Verrocchio. Leonardo patronized da Medici iyali. Next zuwa wurin aiki wani art bita - da Maestro Antonio del Pollaiolo, marubucin na engraving "The yaƙi tsirara." Pollaiuolo ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko painters na Renaissance, wanda ke tsunduma a cikin dissecting daki, a hankali nazarin mutum murdede tsarin. Chroniclers yi imani da cewa shi ne na farko yanar gizo da kuma karfe darussa ga matasa Leonardo Vinci.

Wani sabon tsarin kula da jiki tsarin da mutum

Tiyata da artists na Renaissance da aka gani a matsayin agaji domin samun daidai fahimtar jiki. Shi ya sa suka biya more hankali ga kawai murdede tsarin. Duk da haka, da suka da aka yi nazari, da bambanci ga Leonardo Vinci tiyata a takaice da na'urar ciki gabobin ne kusan ba su da sha'awar. An sani cewa Pollaiuolo da kaina samar autopsies. Duk da haka, ya, ma, ya fi damuwa da ilimin halittàr jiki da tsoka, amma saboda kirji, kwanyar da ciki suka ba ta shãfe.

Da farko ban sha'awa

Idan a farkon sosai daga kimiyya aiki, da kuma Leonardo Vinci yi da Pollaiolo, a cikin wadannan shekaru, ya hankali ya fara la'akari da jiki tsarin da mutum, ba kawai a matsayin kari ka fi so zanen ko sassaka.

A ɗaya, da dukan rai na, wannan babbar artist rufe kawai general ilmin jikin mutum. Da farko rubutum tarihi koma zuwa 1484-th, kuma na karshe - a 1515. Kila har yanzu a Florence, Leonardo kai ziyararsa ta farko zuwa cikin dissecting dakin, fara yi autopsies. Da farko ya yi a asibiti na Santa Maria Nova. Ga nazarin tsoka tsarin da hannu a adam da kuma wasu Florentine artists kamar Michelangelo.

Su main m jagora ya yi aiki kimiyya aikin Mondino de Lucchi, wanda ya rayu tun kafin Leonardo Vinci - "tiyata". Man bude hanya domin da yawa ba kawai na likitoci, pathologists, amma kuma artists, da kuma a cikin zafi canjin yanayin na Italiya, wannan tsari da aka za'ayi a cikin 'yan kwanaki.

An yi imani da cewa ranar farko wajibi ne don bude ciki, sa'an nan - kirji, a kan uku - da zuciya, da kuma na huɗu - da reshe. A binciken da ya fara tare da shugaban yanke fatar kan mutum, kara bude daga cikin kwanyar da aka yi, bayan da kwakwalwa da aka yi nazari, sa'an nan - tushe daga cikin kwanyar. A wannan lokaci na rayuwa da Leonardo samar farko da ilimin Halittar Jiki Schematic zane na giciye sassan na kafafu. Sane da wuya daga cikin autopsy, Leonardo ya yi ĩmãni ya lura a matsayin dalilin karatu jikin mutum tsarin.

Rikodi da "mahaukaci" baiwa

Tun da kusan dukan ayyukan da Leonardo - a diary, sa'an nan rikodi su kasance peculiar. Suna wakiltar wani irin tattaunawa da cewa marubucin gudanar da wani kirkirarren mutum da kuma inda ya kare ra'ayi, sakamakon raw facie hali. Bugu da kari, shi na samar da shiriya rubuce-rubucen da Leonardo da kansa, kazalika da muhawara cewa za a iya nasaba kai tsaye da falsafa.

Yana sha'awar a cikin zuciya, musculoskeletal tsarin, kwarangwal kuma tsokoki. Leonardo ta farko gudanar daidai da mamaki sosai zana siffofi da kuma, mafi muhimmanci, da rabo daga abin da aka gyara daga cikin kwarangwal tsarin da mutum. All kafin wannan kwarangwal image, kamar yadda mai mulkin, shi ne matukar, Schematic ko sosai m.

Kawai a kan tushen da nasu kwarewa

Leonardo ya ba da sosai high darajar kwarewa, saboda kusan duk dalibai a nasu. Ya aka karanta wani littafi, sa'an nan bari ka'idarsa a cikin yi. Wannan m mahaliccin yi imani da cewa duk abin da ya kamata a halitta "a kan tushen da kwarewa." A duk fannoni, wanda suna dauke da Leonardo Vinci - masanin kimiyya, haltta yana da muhimmancin gaske. A wannan yanayin kusan ko'ina a cikin rubuce-rubucen gano search guda amsar. Leonardo, wanda ya yi imani da cewa gaskiya za a iya samu, shiryar da mere dabaru ko kimiyya lura, babu wata tantama ba a gane "tabbas" theories. Saboda haka, tushen da bincike, ciki har da tsarin mutum da ilmi ba, ya sa irin wannan muhimman hakkokin kimiyya, kamar lissafi.

Kuskure da kuma kurakurai

Shahararren zanen da Leonardo Vinci, a cikin abin da mutum ilmin jikin mutum ne wanda aka nuna, bisa ga masana kimiyya, shi ne wuce yarda da m, amma tare da daya banda alaka da mace haihuwa tsarin. Amma wannan shi ne m, tun mata da aka autopsied gawawwaki sun matsala a lokacin da Renaissance.

Duk da cewa da Italian artist karatu haltta kawai domin kara inganta su da hotuna, wanda aka nuna gawarwakin mutane, da ya gudanar ya zana fiye da hankali ga wannan horo.

A baiwa a kome da kome, Leonardo kokarin fahimtar yadda "aiki" mutum inji. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, ya dubi mutanen da ke kewaye da shi, kamar yadda makaniki ganin mota. Gaskiyar ita ce, da suke nuna mutum halitta a cikin zanen, ko sassaka, da artist so ya zama mafi plausible, domin wannan shi ne abin da zai ba da damar da shi ya zama ba kawai sosai idon basira, amma a general - mahaliccin na musamman, abin tunawa.

Anatomy almara

Wannan Florentine artist ba kawai samar da wani shaci jikin mutum sassa ko tsoka kungiyoyin, amma kuma ya nuna su wa almara a sashe. A wannan yanayin, kowane image tare da bukatar fahimtar records. Kuma tabbata ga Leonardo otzerkalival su a matsayin mahaukaci da wannan hanya don kammala. Shi ne karshen, da kuma ƙara da wuya ga binciken, yin wuya ga masana kimiyya da aiki, painstakingly nazarin kimiyya gãdon Vinci. Yau, bayan da hudu ƙarni, dukan bayanin da kuma almara hankali digitized da kuma gabatar a cikin jama'a. Kallon su, da shi za a iya ce cewa nasarorin da Leonardo Vinci ta haltta ne babban, tun da shi ne ya ya iya sosai bincika jikin mutum a cikin lokaci.

A wannan yanayin, wani jiki, fãce kawai idanu, artist da kuma masanin kimiyya ya kebe yawa na almara da kuma bayanin kula da yadda zuciya. Duk da haka, ya hana galenovskoe ra'ayin cewa daga wannan jiki samo asali jijiyoyinmu. Bugu da kari, da Leonardo Vinci an abokin gaba da ka'idar biyu ventricles, quite gaskiya imani da cewa bawuloli ya kasu kashi kashi kashi zuciya. Ba dole ne a ce cewa Jagora yana da ba 'yar alamar ra'ayin da jijiyoyi, a lokacin da gudanar da bincike.

Da muhimmancin da taimako na

Wannan Florentine baiwa ne dauke da kafa kimiyya kira Dynamic ilmin jikin mutum. Bayan Galen, domin goma sha uku ƙarni, kusan babu wani daga cikin sabon binciken a kan jikin mutum tsarin, ya ba, kuma saboda ayyukan da ya yi an dauke akidarsu. A farko kallo na ilimin Halittar Jiki Vinci a cikin yanayi kusa da ayyukan Avicenna, yayin da karshen - Vesalius.

By yin nasa shirye-shirye, Grand Jagora ya gabatar da duk-sababbin ga nazarin kayan ciki. Sũ ne waɗanda suka ƙirƙira gilashin koyi ga karatu zuciya bawuloli. The artist farko ya fara yin cuts kashi kwarangwal da kuma saukar, ta haka fassara ta rabbai. Taimako zuwa Leonardo Vinci a haltta ba za a iya overestimated. Shi ya kasance marubucin na farko images of jikin mutane a hanyoyi dabam-dabam. Zane ya kira dimonstrazioni.

nasarori

Leonardo ta farko a cikin tarihin ilmin jikin mutum kimiyya da shawarar cewa mutum sacrum ba hada uku da kuma na biyar vertebrae, ya ya iya daidai bayyana ta kwana na son na sacrum. Suna farko dauke da wadannan sifofin na jiki, kamar yadda gangaren masu lankwasa ko gefuna da suke da muhimmanci sosai ga ganewa ginshikai na numfashi da kuma pelvic karkata.

Wannan Leonardo ya iya daidai lissafi da cewa a cikin kafa, akwai ashirin da biyar dan lido, alhãli kuwa bai kasance ba ji tsoron shiga cikin wani adawa da ayyukan Avicenna da Galen, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa su ashirin da shida. The artist ya iya daidai zana na farko da hadin gwiwa saman. Bugu da kari, Leonardo ya iya bayyana a yawan sifofin na mutum kwarangwal, hade tare da mu kafa biyu locomotion: misali, wani QFontDatabase matsayi na femur dangane da a tsaye.

Ya ilimin Halittar Jiki rubuce-rubucen, wanda suke kalamai, mutane da yawa ƙarni sun kasance samuwa ga malamai. Kuma ko da yake a yau wasu daga cikinsu suna kimiyya tabbatarwa da kuma rushe wasu, kamar ya m ka'idar game da jini, duk da haka, duk da wasu kurakurai a cikin karatu, yana da wuya a overestimate da taimako na Leonardo Vinci a cikin ilmin jikin mutum a matsayin kimiyya.

Harmony na rayuwa

Godiya ga Leonardo Vinci ta haltta da magani a yau tako nisa gaba. Duk da haka, ya aikata da wani mummunan hali zuwa likitoci. Shi ne wani mutum da fice, da artist da kuma masanin kimiyya kamar yadda babu wanda ya gani da rashin iyawa na likitoci da kuma jãhilci daga waɗannan kwanaki.

Yau, ya almara ne dukiya na Birtaniya Royal Collection - Birtaniya sarauta tarin. Modern Anatomy, revolving kewaye da waɗannan sabon Dabarar dabaru irin Magnetic rawa Dabarar, ko kuma nazarin mutum tsarin a microscopic matakin, ba shakka, ya motsa da ƙarfi a gaba. Irin wannan altitudes ba samuwa to Leonardo, amma Florentine artists har yanzu gudanar don cimma abin da masana kimiyya da kawai 'yan shekarun da suka gabata baya.

Alal misali, ya almara, depicting xan tayin mutum, shi ne kusan gaba ɗaya a cikin layi tare da abin da a yau ya nuna duban dan tayi kama da kafada sanya Vinci, ya dubi kusan guda kamar yadda su zamani uku girma na gani.

Da yawa daga abin da aka yi da Leonardo, domin tabbatar da nuna jigon abubuwa kamar yadda aka tabbatar da mutane da yawa shekarun da suka gabata bayan ta gabatar da babban Florentine fenta na Renaissance.