Ta'addanci - shi ne ... Sanadin, cututtuka, iri da kuma definition na ta'addanci. Hanyoyin da wajen magance da kuma hana ta'addanci

ta'addanci matsalar ta shafi kasashe da dama. The sabon abu na nuna wariya da tashin hankali yana mai tsawo da kuma ban tausayi tarihi. A mulkin mallaka da na kasashe da dama bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da gauraye da kamfanoni a wadda wani mutum ya launin fata, kabila, addini ko kabila ƙayyade masa shari'a status. Amma ko da a yau, daga cikin abubuwan da suke na musamman damuwa, - da akai girma da laifukan da suka shafi nuna wariyar launin fata tashin hankali, addini da kabilanci rashin ha} uri. Da yaki da ta'addanci da muhimmanci sosai. Saboda kyamar baki da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata da 'yan kasashen waje sau da yawa saya sikelin al'amarin rayuwa, da kuma wani jerin kashe-kashen da kuma lokuta da muzguna ne mai babbar damuwa kara hallakaswa ta'adi a cikin al'umma. Magance ta'addanci - daya daga cikin manyan ayyuka na kowane jihar. Wannan shi ne wani lamuni na ta tsaro.

A ra'ayi na "ta'addanci"

Wannan ra'ayi ne a hankali alaka da tsakaitãwa. Ta'addanci - shi ne mai sadaukar da akida da siyasa da matsananci mukamai a da ra'ayoyi da zabi na hanya don cimma wasu manufofinsu. Da kalmar da aka fassara a matsayin "m", "m", "m", "matsananci". Ta'addanci - shi ne domin cewa ya sãɓa wa data kasance al'ummomi, Tsarin da kuma cibiyoyin, kokarin ta da su da kwanciyar hankali, don kawar domin cimma burin su. Wannan ne yake aikata yafi by karfi wajen. Ta'addanci - shi ne ba kawai ka rabu da kullum yarda da dokoki, norms, dokokin, amma kuma korau zaman sabon abu.

Halaye na ta'addanci

Lokaci daya sadaukar da matsananci ra'ayi da kuma ayyuka zai yiwu a wani fanni na rayuwar al'umma da. Kowane laifi - shi ne ma matsananci antisocial hali, m nau'i na zamantakewa rikici, za a hayin na kullum, amma ba mu kira dukan laifi ta'addanci. Saboda wadannan Concepts ne daban-daban. A karkashin tsauraran ra'ayoyi kamata a fahimci fayyace sabon abu. Wasu masu bincike ayyana ta'addanci a matsayin wani abin da aka makala, addini a gare matsananci matakan da ra'ayoyi (yawanci a cikin manufofin). Sun lura cewa, ta'addanci bayyana kanta a daban-daban duniyoyin na mutum aiki: siyasa, Inter-kabilanci da kuma Inter-kabilanci dangantakar rayuwar addini, da muhalli Sphere, art, music, adabi, da dai sauransu

Wane ne tsauraran?

Wannan mas'ala ta "tsauraran" ne sau da yawa hade da wani mutum wanda yana amfani da tashin hankali da kuma kare a 'yan adawa ga kullum yarda norms na al'umma. Wani lokaci su kira mutanen da suke kokarin gabatar da nufin a kan al'umma ta hanyar karfi, amma ba kamar yadda wata gwamnati ko wani kundin tsarin rinjaye. Akwai wani ra'ayi da ta'addanci - shi ne ba da sauki, kuma ba ko da yaushe halin yanzu, wanda aka gano tare da m factor. Alal misali, English Explorer a cikin aikinsa Notes cewa manufofin da lumana gwagwarmaya (satyagraha) na Mahatma Gandhi a Indiya ne wani misali da wani sabon nau'in ta'addanci. Saboda haka, ta'addanci za a iya gani a matsayin hanyar m 'yan adawa ga ba kawai da shari'a dokoki amma kuma al'umma norms - kafa dokoki na gudanarwa.

matasa ta'addanci

Matasa ta'addanci a Rasha - wata gwada sabon sabon abu, da bambanci ga UK, inda kuma ya bayyana a cikin 50-60-ies na XX karni. Yana da kayyade kasa elaboration na topic a cikin doka wallafe-wallafe. A ra'ayinmu, akwai wani yawan warware matsalar al'amurran da suka shafi bincike da kuma rigakafin tsauraran laifuffukan da aka aikata ta matasa a kungiyar. Ta'addanci a cikin matasa yanayi ne kullum samun lokacinta. Wannan, misali, ƙungiyoyi kamar skinheads antifa.

Crime da tsattsauran ra'ayi

Laifi ta'addanci - shi ne ba bisa doka ba, harkar hatsari yi wani mutum ko kungiya da mutane, da nufin cimma burinta (raga), ta dogara ne a kan wani matsananci akida, siyasa da sauran ra'ayoyi. Bayan wannan fahimtar, da sanarwa ne quite m cewa kusan kowane laifi, da kuma na bayyana ta'addanci. Crime hade da bayyanuwar ta siffofin daban-daban, ba za a dauke da cikakken ba tare da nazarin zamantakewa ta'addanci a matsayin wani mummunan factor da kuma alakarta da ginshikai na jihar iko da jama'a.

Launin fata-kasa ta'addanci

Kamar yadda a fili take daga nazarin zamantakewa gaskiya, daya daga cikin mafi kowa iri ne kasa ta'addanci. Yawanci, wannan na bayyana matsanancin ra'ayi a yankin da kuma game da juna co-wanzuwar kabilun daban-daban da kuma jinsi. Daya daga cikin aka gyara daga cikin abu na wadannan hare-haren ne kawai kabilanci a duk su bambancin, maimakon da al'umma, kamar yadda yake sau da yawa lura a cikin jaridar, ilimi da sauran kafofin. Ta'addanci ne da aka sani zuwa ga mutãne, tun zamanin da, tun lokacin da iko a kan sauran mutane suka fara kawo moriya sosai kuma, sabili da haka, ya zama wani batun da bukatun mutane. Suka kokarin cimma da ake so manufa ta kowane hanya. A daidai wannan lokaci ba su gauraya da kyawawan dabi'u da shinge, kowa dokoki, hadisai da kuma bukatun sauran mutane. Manufar ne ko da yaushe kuma a dukan lokatai kuɓutar da wajen, da kuma mutumin da ya aspired zuwa Heights na da iko, ba ya daina tun kafin amfani da mafi m da dabbanci matakan, ciki har da halaka, bude tashin hankali, ta'addanci.

tarihi bayanai

Ta'addanci wanzu tun fitowan da wani tsari al'umma. A daban-daban lokaci, ya bayyana a daban-daban siffofin. A musamman, a zamanin tsohuwar Girka ta'addanci da aka wakilta a cikin nau'i na rashin ha} uri ga sauran mutane. Alal misali, a cikin ayyukan shahara Greek masana falsafa Aristotle da Plato lura da amfani da sunan "Barbara" (barbarus) ko "dabbanci" tare da girmamawa ga makwabtaka al'ummai. A wannan hanya da suka daraja su. Da Romawa suka yi amfani da wannan sunan ga dukan al'ummai, ko ba-Greek asalin nerimskogo, amma a karshen Roman Empire, da kalmar "jahili" fara yin amfani da a cikin mahallin da daban-daban Jamus kabilu. A wannan Trend aka lura a zamanin d China, lokacin da kasar Sin ta da makwabta da aka gani a matsayin daji da kuma m kabilu daga kasashen waje. A karshen da aka kira "abinci" ( "dwarfs" da "kare") ko "wadannan abubuwa" ( "hudu dabbanci").

Masana a fannin ilimin halayyar zaman jama'a da kuma fikihu la'akari da cewa dalilan da ta'addanci suna kafe a mutum Psychology. Yana samo asali a lokacin samuwar statehood. Duk da haka, da zamani ta'addanci a Rasha ne saboda da yawa zamantakewa, da shari'a, siyasa, addini, administrative, tattalin arziki da kuma sauran matakai faruwa a wani yanki musamman a lokacin karshe karni. A bincike na adabi a kan batun nuna cewa ta'addanci a kowane jiha yana da daban-daban na zamantakewa da kuma criminological halaye. Bugu da kari, ta'addanci, kazalika da kowane zaman sabon abu, halin da tarihi canzawa.

A gaskiya, duk da ganawarsu, kuma tawayen da shi ne mai arziki a duka gida da kuma tarihin duniya, sun, daga ra'ayi na nan data kasance dokoki da kuma tsarin zamantakewa, ba cewa wasu, kamar yadda rarrabe iri laifi kungiyoyin, wanda ya nemi a cimma siyasa a raga. Amma a lokaci guda akwai lokatan lokutta na kungiyar spontaneously m, sakamakon arbitrariness na rushewa da kuma tashin hankali a kan mutum, kazalika da wanzuwar tarayya, tare da m abun ciki. Ra'ayi cewa a cikin twenties karni na karshe shirya laifi (a kalla a cikin zamani ma'anarta) bai riƙi wurin, iya wuya a daukarsa a matsayin daidai. Lalle ne, tarihi nazarin nuna gaban branched tsarin laifi kungiyoyin, kamar a pre-Revolutionary da kuma yakin basasa Odessa, wanda ya furta cewa, ayyukan wadannan laifi tsattsauran ra'ayi da halin da dukan mu'ujizan da ikon (tare da Gwamnan da kuma Faransa zama). Ta'addanci da aikata laifuka - alaka mamaki. Kawai laifi neman abin duniya ko mulki, kuma masu tsattsauran ra'ayi kare su siyasa, addini ko launin fata imani, wanda kuma ba ya ware da bege ga abu.

Crime a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin progenitor na tsauraran ƙungiyoyi a Rasha

A lokacin twenties karni na karshe, a lokacin da aiwatar da jagoranci na Tarayyar Soviet, da ake kira New Tattalin Policy (NEP) shirya laifi kungiyoyin sarrafa yafi a cikin tattalin arziki Sphere. Rufe da ayyukan suna da za'ayi a karkashin sunan na karya-hadin kuma sauran irin wannan tattalin arziki Tsarin. Talakawa laifi kawai mayar da tasiri bayan matsananci matakan dauka da hukumomi don waccan mujalla da muka ƙarshe na sace-sace da kashe-kashen.

Naƙasa na tattalin arziki da sake fasalin a cikin marigayi 20 ta kuma a lokacin 30-ies karni na karshe a karkashin talakawa sabunta dominance na tsari laifi. Wannan lokaci ne halin da ya faru na da laifi al'umma "barayi a dokar", da kuma a kimiyya da kuma aikin jarida bayyana daban-daban da zaton game da samuwar - by wata halitta da ya faru ga m halittar jihar tsaro gabobin a tsare domin tabbatar da wani counterbalance yiwu ƙungiyoyi fursunonin siyasa da kuma kula da . A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma a cikin post-yaki shekaru akwai wani biyu karuwa na shirya laifi a cikin nau'i na fashi da rashin tsaro. A kimiyya karatu, wanda ya nuna cewa tsari laifi ba wani sabon abu ga al'umma, bisa ga bayyanar a cikin 50s ... Don magance gangs hannu soja raka'a, musamman anti-ƙungiya raka'a aka kafa a cikin harkokin wanda samu nasarar har cikin tsakiyar '50s, a lokacin da matakin na fashi da rashin tsaro a sakamakon austerity matakan soma da hukumomi ya rage muhimmanci, da kuma raka'a an shafe ta.

Ba da da ewa akwai theses game da nau'i nau'i na laifi a karkashin gurguzanci da kuma kawar da masu sana'a laifi da kuma fashi da rashin tsaro a Tarayyar Soviet. Recent postulates rinjaye a criminology Soviet sau, a zahiri boye a real hankali latentizatsiyu shirya laifi a karkashin talakawa shugabanci, kan bango na zargin da iri na tattalin arziki dangantakar da tsari laifi ko tattalin arziki, a matsayin shi ne lokaci mai tsawo ya kira masana kimiyya, "da tattalin arziki da harsunan 'yan barandan" fuskantarwa.

Matasa ƙungiyoyi a Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet

A cikin shekaru 60 da karni na ashirin da. a Amurka, wani sabon matasa motsi wanda aka haɗa dangi da m kungiyoyin. Ta'addanci a cikin matasa yanayi shi fãra daga wannan lokaci. Membobi na sabon yunkuri zama da aka sani hippies ko "flower yara." A marigayi 70 ta - farkon 80 ta a irin wannan abu ya faru a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. Hippies a Amurka tabbatar da quite mai yiwuwa karfi a cikin gwagwarmaya da reactionaries da kuma Conservatives. Ba kamar American "flower yara" wanda zanga-zanga, suka yi yaƙi da yaki da ya faru a Vietnam, da Soviet hippies yaƙi da haramta shi kwaminisanci tsarin. Ya bambanta da ikon tsarin na Soviet matasa halitta su. Tun da tsakiyar 70s hippie motsi a Amurka ne a ƙi.

Matasa motsi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, a gaskiya, ya zama m dukkan m matasa trends, ciki har da tsauraran.

post-Soviet zamanin

A gaba kalaman na tsauraran shirya laifi a can ya kasance a cikin ƙasa na tsohon Tarayyar Soviet riga a cikin marigayi karni na ashirin. a sakamakon wasu zamantakewa upheavals da kuma zamantakewa canje. Wannan ƙwarai da gudummawar da dalilai kamar samun nufin wani babban yawan fursunonin, da halakar da haihuwa da 'yan sanda tsarin, kananan size da kuma low sana'a iyawa da sabon, karkatar da tattalin arziki Sphere, ragewar darajar kuɗi na da kyau-kafa zamantakewa, disorientation al'umma. Racketeering da kuma fashi da rashin tsaro share al'umma. A daidai wannan lokaci da muke fara fito fili daban-daban matasa ƙungiyoyi: da anarchists, karfe, rappers, da dai sauransu A kasa Tarayya batutuwa biyu furanni kallo addini da siyasa ta'addanci. The yaki a Chechnya da aka fi aggravated halin da ake ciki. Addini da siyasa ta'addanci sun zama yawa Islama yan ta'adda kungiyoyin. Kamar yadda a dauki wannan al'umma ya fara bayyana daban-daban kasa da tsauraran ƙungiyoyi Slavic lallashewa: skinheads, NBP, nationalists, da dai sauransu Don duk wannan, a cikin Bugu da kari garwaye gangster da kuma kurkuku romance. Bayan wani lokaci a cikin al'umma fara samun lokacinta da yaki da ta'addanci farkisanci. Akwai motsi "Antifa". Har ila yau, akwai wani canji na fan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa kulake a cikin "matsananci" kungiyoyin. Akidar da kuma ka'idojin da motsi da aka dauka a cikin UK (kazalika da magoya kusan duk kwallon kafa kulob a duniya). Tun tsakiyar 90 ta fadada ɗan fashi zamantakewa Tsarin fara dauka a kan wani tsoro hali. Shirya laifi kungiyoyin sun shiga wani lokaci na saurin ci gaban. Good fasaha kayan aiki da kuma makamai, da kafa dangantakar kasa da kasa ayyuka da kuma OPG yi da 'yan sanda a zahiri ba m da su. A Sanadin ta'addanci da kuma fashi da rashin tsaro 90s suna hade da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, siyasa da kuma soja juyi. Irin manyan sikelin-bayyanuwar ta'addanci da kuma fashi da rashin tsaro a cikin sararin kasa, ya tilastawa jihar na'ura dauki wasu mataki.

biyu dubbai shekaru

A XXI karni. halin da ake ciki an canza tare da farkon rikicin na akidu. A tsohon siffofin akida da siyasa rasa ta muhimmanci. Da farko, yana nufin su sake fasalin kudin, ci gaba da kuma mika mulki ga sabon tsari. Hukumomin kasa shawo ƙungiya tashin hankali da kuma fara daukar matakan don rigakafin ta'addanci, musamman Musulunci ƙungiyoyi. A cikin sabon shekaru goma gabagaɗi, tako skinheads, da abokan adawar - "Antifa" nationalists. The motsi na "ultras" ya sami ma fi girma lokacinta. Magance ta'addanci a kan ɓangare na jihar ne ya fi damuwa da Musulunci 'yan ta'adda kungiyoyi da shirya laifi. Wannan shi ne m, tun da suka wakilci mafi girma hadari. Saboda haka, rigakafin ta'addanci kadan shafa Slavic matasa ƙungiyoyi. A lokaci guda, da rikicin siyasa akida take kaiwa ga samuwar na zanga-zangar da ƙungiyoyi. Yana shirin da dama 'yan adawa Tsarin, wato, da' yan tsirarun aiki, da manufar wanda ya jawo hankalin jama'a da hankali ga wasu ra'ayoyin da matsalolin zamantakewa. A nan, da jagorancinsa taka leda da zanga-zanga, ba counter-akida. A mayar da martani ga wannan, akwai masu goyon bayan gwamnati da kungiyoyi. Akwai kuma wani mabukaci ta'addanci.

Global trends

A duniyar m zanga-zanga motsi da nufin canza adam sani. Saboda haka yanzu akwai uku main iri irin ƙungiyoyi: anti-globalists, neoanarhisty da kuma muhalli. Anti-globalists - aware motsi for National Liberation da kuma adana kabilanci musamman. Neoanarhisty ni'imar jure Karkasa jihar na'ura daga kasa zuwa sama, da kuma dominance na al'umma a jihar. Muhalli, a matsayin English Explorer siyasa akidu John Shvartsmantel, - wani yunkuri da nufin warware daya daga cikin matsalolin - rayuwa. Yana da nufin ilmantar da zargi na anthropocentrism, samu matakin qarshe na ci gaba a cikin masana'antu al'umma a cikin abin da wani mutum da aka tsara a matsayin m kasancewarsa a yanayi. Wadannan gwagwarmayoyi iya aiki a hanyoyi biyu: a matsayin superideologiya nan gaba ko kunkuntar-muhalli motsi. Da yaki da ta'addanci daukan lokaci mai tsawo da kuma kokarin daga duk duniya hukumomin leken asiri da kuma tilasta doka.

Iri tsauraran ƙungiyoyi

Rarrabe tsakanin tsauraran al'umma da kuma laifi ƙungiya encroaching a kan mutum da hakkoki na 'yan kasa, ya zama a kan wadannan filaye.

1) tsauraran motsi halitta don dalili na yin laifi, da kuma tasowa a shirin da / ko yanayi na su kisa.

Dalilin da laifi ƙungiya kanta abubuwa na tashin hankali da 'yan ƙasa, haddasa cutar da su kiwon lafiya, da tãshin hankali to ki cika jama'a aikinsu ko don yi wasu m ayyukan.

2) tsauraran al'umma halitta yi kananan ko matsakaici laifuka.

Hada da ayyukan miyagu da alaka da laifukan duk severities.

3) A tsauraran ƙungiyoyi halitta da wani ra'ayi zuwa shirya su aikata laifi na wani tsattsauran hali a kan tushen nuna wariyar launin fata, siyasa, addini, ko na kasa ƙiyayya.

A gaban wadannan motifs ake bukata, da tsarin fasali na wani tsauraran al'umma. Zalla laifi jam'iyya za a iya kafa domin dalilai daban-daban, wanda ba m.

sakamakon

Saboda haka, Summing up, za mu iya kammala da cewa, zamani ta'addanci - daya daga cikin mafi hallakaswa mamaki. Ana rinjayar ba kawai ma'ana da ãdalci, amma kuma a general ga hanyar tunani da kuma rayuwa. Domin da yawa da ake bukata da sake fasalin da za'ayi a yau a kusan kowane sako na jihar, wani nauyi barazana da ta'addanci tsaye a cikin hanyar samun nasara. Saboda haka, wani bincike a wannan yanki ne ba cewa wasu, kamar yadda kawai wani ƙoƙari domin tantance halin da ake ciki da kuma fahimtar wannan sabon abu, da kuma a daya hannun - ci gaban da tasiri matakan neutralize mafi m manifestations na korau kwarara. Hana ta'addanci na duk aa (ciki har da goyon bayan gwamnati) ne key ga nasarar da cigaban da wani al'umma. Duk wani motsi da wannan irin fara zanga-zangar. A lokacin da a wata al'umma ƙwarai qara taro na zanga-zangar da za ~ e, da yanayi ne dumama sama da shi. Ana zargin tsauraran kungiyoyin - wannan shi ne na gaba mataki. A gaskiya ma, wani bawul aiki a cikin al'umma. Wannan shi ne, a cikin wannan hanya da tashin hankali ne sake saiti. Duk da haka, akwai wani bakin kofa, wanda aka bi da wani zaman jama'a fashewa. Da yaki da ta'addanci dole ne ka dogara kawai akan karfi. Sun ayan ba kawai ta wucin gadi sakamako.