Subcomandante Marcos: biography da kuma hoto

Subcomandante Marcos - siyasa da kuma Mexico neman sauyi, wanda shi ne shugaban da Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN), wani m kungiyar wanda ya tayar da Mexican gwamnati a Chiapas, a Janairu 1994.

biography

A image, wanda boyewa da shugaban na EZLN, ya kasance batun da yawa hasashe, kamar yadda a lokacin da ya m bugawa kafin kasa da duniya da kafofin watsa labaru, ya ko da yaushe ya ɓoye fuskarsa karkashin Balaklava. Duk da wannan, a watan Fabrairu 1995, Subcomandante Marcos daukan kashe mask: Mexican gwamnati ya gano shi a matsayin Rafael Sebastian Gilena Visente. A cewar kafofin, da shugaban kasar Mexico, Ernesto Zedillo, Guillen aka haife Yuli 10, 1957 a Tampico (Tamaulipas), wani babban iyali ke tsunduma a harkokin ciniki na furniture. Ya fara karatu a garinsu, Guillen ci gaba da shi a Guadalajara kuma Monterrey, sa'an nan ya shiga a National cin gashin kanta University of Mexico, inda ya samu digiri a falsafa da kuma wallafe-wallafe. A wannan kafofin bayar da shawarar cewa a shekaru 24 ya yanke shawarar barin aiki koyarwa ilmi, tafiya zuwa Chiapas, kuma ya kasance mai husũma na hakkokin yan asalin mutanen jihar.

Wannan al'amari ne wata ila ya zama tsakiya zuwa Zapatista tawaye, a matsayin motsi yake ƙoƙarin ya kwana da tushen Sanadin da tara a kan mutane da yawa ƙarni na ci baya na 'yan asalin mutane zuwa bukaci su zamantakewa da ci gaban. Gaskiyar cewa Subcomandante Marcos (photo da aka nuna a cikin labarin) da aka gano a matsayin mutum wanda ba ya kamãta da kõwa daga cikin gida da al'adu, da kuma ba ko da wani mazaunin jihar Chiapas, Zedillo ya da hujja da gwamnatin a cikin wani ƙoƙari raunana motsi. Bisa ga Mexican jagoranci, da pseudonym ga boye nufi da akidojin na bar tsakiyar aji-Mexican Indiyawan amfani da raunana kasa zartarwa.

Rawar da kafofin watsa labarai

Duk abin da ya, daya daga cikin kafofin da shahararsa na Zapatista motsi ya da wani rabo, wanda aka yi amfani da Subcomandante Marcos na kasa da kasa ra'ayin jama'a. Ya karanta Littafin waqoqi, wasa da kuma sanar da m siyasa saƙonni hannu da clandestine neman sauyi kwamitocin 'yan asalin al'umma, wanda shugaban ya. A wani taron manema saki da aka buga a kan hanyar sadarwa (ba tare da wani shakka ba, wani key da shahararsa na juyin juya halin wajen kasar), bukatar da aka sanya don hira da Mexico a cikin kamfanin dake da wata jamhuriyar tare da amincewa da 'yancin' yan asalin al'ummomi kwamitoci su shiga a birni management, tabbatar da rashin su da adalci da ãdalci, kuma bada goyan baya da kuma tabbatar da dama da za su gudanar da ibada da kuma al'adu. Bugu da kari, da Mexican jihar sun zama wani tabbacin cewa a garuruwa na 'Yan asalin Peoples za a gudanar da Indiyawan kansu, da kuma cewa' yan asalin mutane da zai yi da dama ga kansu don warware wasu ƙungiyoyin, laifi, aiki da kasuwanci da rigingimu a cikin irin wannan hanyar da kasa dokokin daukan la'akari da hadisai da kuma al'adu.

Zapatista tawaye

Subcomandante Marcos jagorancin Zapatista National Liberation Army a ranar farko ta Janairu 1994 ya dauki shida garuruwa a Chiapas, ciki har da San Cristobal de las Casas. Bayan kwana goma sha biyu na kabilanci da kuma da yawa mutum jikkata da kuma raunin da ya faru, sai ya fara tattaunawar da gwamnati. Tun daga nan Marcos (Rafael Sebastian Guillen Vicente) halarci tattaunawa, ya kuma kasance mafi emblematic adadi na Zapatista motsi.

A watan Fabrairu 1996, wakilai na gwamnati da kuma guerrillas hannu da San Andres yarjejeniya a kan hakkin 'yan asalin al'umma, amma a' yan watannin baya EZLN zargi shugaban kasar Zedillo a warwarewarsu kwangila da kuma karya da tattaunawa tsakanin jam'iyyun. The yarjejeniya ya kafa daga wani m ikon yinsa, daga kai-da dalilin da dubun miliyoyin Mexican Indians, ya tabbatar da amincewa da wanzuwar jihar garuruwan 'yan asalin, sai jikunansu su na iko, kwastan da kuma hadisai, amma shugaban kasar Zedillo samarwa a daban-daban edition na rubutu sun ƙaryata da' yan tawayen, da kuma a cikin Janairu 1997, da EZLN janye daga shawarwarin neman tsari.

farfado da tattaunawa

Bayan da canji na iko a cikin kasa, bisa ga sakamakon zaben da a watan Yuli 2000, sabon shugaban Visente Foks nada tsohon Sanata Luis Alvarez kwamishinan zaman lafiya a Chiapas. Alvarez kafa kwamitin Concord da zaman lafiya (Cocopa), shi ne alhakin da daftarin dokar ci gaba, takaita da yarjejeniyar kai, wanda ya bukatar yarda da Zapatistas.

A sabon zabe Shugaban Kasar Mexico Fox miƙa wa ci gaba da tattaunawa tare da guerrillas, kuma Marcos ya yarda da tayin, ko yarda je tarayya babban birnin kasar. Kashegari bayan rantsar da shugaban EZLN a maƙil taron manema labarai, 'yan jarida ya ce' yan tawayen na bukatar mayar tattaunawa da ta janye sojojin daga yankin, da aiwatar da San Andres yarjejeniyar da a saki fursunonin siyasa.

Haduwa da matsayi na gwamnati da kuma 'yan tawaye a taimake kaye a Chiapas PRI jam'iyyar da kuma kafa wani sabon hukuncin hadaka. Pablo Salazar Gwamna ofishin ya dauki on 8 Disamba 2000, kuma ya yi alkawarin inganta sulhu na hadaddun zaman jama'a, siyasa, aikin gona da kuma bambance-bambancen addini. Gwamnan ya yi alkawarin fara shari'a hanyoyin domin a saki fursunonin da Zapatistas, wanda shi ne daya daga cikin manyan Marcos yanayi na sabunta tattaunawa.

Zapatista Maris

A farkon zamanin shugabancinsa, Fox da umarnin a saki na 40 fursunoni Zapatista kuma partially janye dakarunta daga 'yan tawaye da gwamnati. Ya kuma aika zuwa Congress wani lissafin a kan hakkin 'yan asalin al'umma, kamar yadda suka amince a 1996. Marcos karɓa wa waɗannan matakan da sanarwa na Maris zuwa babban birnin domin sanarwar bukatunsu a Congress. Yana kai a kananan sallama da rikici, wanda ya zo kome a cikin 'yan watanni. EZLN tambayi don tafiya a kan Mexico City, tare da wakilan kasa da kasa kwamitin Red Cross, amma gwamnati ne karkashin matsin lamba daga kasuwanci al'umma da kuma soja ya An katange wannan yiwuwar. Fox zargi guerrillas ne cewa ba su ba da wani m mayar da martani ga aiki Kanmu da kuma soke janye dakarun da a saki fursunonin, da kuma Marcos aka zarge shi da shugaban kasar da cewa ya sani kawai, an bayyanar da cewa sha'awar warware rikici ba tare da shan real yanke shawara domin zaman lafiya.

Fabrairu 24, 2001 Zapatista Maris fara a kan wani sabon zagaye na adawa. 15 kwanaki bayan da farkon da ya wuce fiye da 3000 km a matalautan yankunan kasar, karkashin jagorancin Subcomandante ayarin isa a yankin na El Zocalo a Mexico City. Jagoran 'yan tawayen ya sanar da bane ya zama a cikin babban birnin kasar har sai da amincewar majalisar dokokin kasar da wani daftarin doka a kan bayar da cin gashin zuwa da miliyoyin Indiyawa. Maris 12 EZLN wakilan da su farkon taron tare da Cocopa Hukumar wadda ta gabãta na haɗuwa da ƙungiyõyinsu a gabãninsu kuma mambobi ne na Mexico Congress da kuma majalisar dattijai. Marcos gwamnatin samarwa don tsara wani taro tsakanin wakilan na 10 'yan tawaye da kuma 10 sanatocin, amma Subcomandante sãɓã wa jũna, kuma ya bukaci cewa tawagar ya bayyana a gaban taron na majalisar dokokin kasar da bẽnãye. A babu wata yarjejeniya, da kuma, duk da tabbacin doka sanarwa, Marcos bisa ga abke, ya sanar da yanke shawarar barin babban birnin da kuma komawa zuwa ga duwãtsu na Chiapas.

A matsa lamba da tasirinta, da kuma shugaban kasar Visente Foks yanke shawarar yarda da guerrillas da haka hana dawo da Zapatistas, wanda zai haifar da wani sabon stalemate a cikin shirin zaman lafiya. The shugaban kasa sanarwar sakin duk kurkuku guerrillas janye sojojinta daga cikin uku sansanin soja a cikin yankin ya balle ya kuma yi alkawarin yin kokarin 'yan tawayen kungiyar wakilan da aka samu a majalisar dokokin.

A lokacin tarihi taron da aka gudanar a 22 ga watan Maris, 2001, majalisar amince (218 kuri'un, 210 da, 7 abstentions) hallara EZLN tawagar. 28 Maris 23 maharan wakili dauki na farko da darajõji a Mexico majalisar dokokin kasar da kuma magana daga rostrum na "kwamandan" Esta, memba na jagorancin harkokin siyasa na EZLN. Bayan jawabin nasa a cikin tsaro na 'yancin' yan asalin mutane, aka sanar da cewa Miss Marsh sanya. A shirin zaman lafiya a koma da farko lamba tsakanin guerrillas da kuma gwamnati. Subcomandante Marcos da Zapatistas, a fili gamsu, Maris 30 koma zuwa Chiapas.

A gwagwarmayar ci gaba da

Duk da kafofin watsa labarai ci, 'yan asalin shugabannin bukatar kuwa ba ta karɓe sa ran goyon baya. A watan Afrilu, majalisar dattijai da majalisar wakilan soma wani daftarin aiki, wanda ya samar da ga cikin gabatarwar canje-canje a cikin tsarin mulkin ya tabbatar da 'yancin' yan asalin mutane, amma wani kyautatuwa da asali aikin ma iyakance San andresskie yarjejeniya da sa wani mummunan dauki. 'Yan asalin kungiyoyin, a karshen, ƙaryata dokar a kan hakkin da al'adu na' yan asalin mutane, ba samar da sunadaran da su aiwatar da wadannan hakkoki. Har ila yau, Zapatistas sun bayyana outright adawa da rubutu, ya yarda da su da bẽne, kamar yadda ba ya ƙyale "babu kai, babu gaske cin gashin." Subcomandante Marcos ya sanar da cewa EZLN ba zai ci gaba da tattaunawa tare da gwamnatin, dakatar a shekara ta 1996, kuma zai ci gaba da yaki.

'Yan asalin mutane, ilimi kungiyoyin da leftist jam'iyyar na Democratic Revolution, yi fiye da 300 lawsuits kan dokar shige da Congress, amma a watan Satumba 2002 da suka kasance sunã ƙaryata da Kotun Koli.

sauran kamfen

A watan Agusta na shekarar 2005, a cikin ta farko jama'a sanarwa tun da spring of 2001 Marcos a Chiapas ayyana ta nufi ba, don tallafa wa wani daga cikin 'yan takarar shugaban kasa a 2006 da kuma sharply soki su, musamman tsohon Mexico City Magajin Manuel Lopez Obrador. Subcomandante kuma ce cewa mai zuwa hadewa na Zapatista motsi a cikin Mexican tsarin siyasa da zai faru ta hanyar kafa wani m hagu gaban. A rana ta farko na 2006, Marcos fara babur yawon shakatawa a kusa da kasar a cikin goyon bayan abin da ake kira "yakin neman sauran" don ƙirƙirar wani motsi da cewa unites kasar 'yan asalin mutane da kuma juriya kungiyoyin ga canji bayan tseren. Bayan zaben, ya lokaci-lokaci ya bayyana tare da na gaba sanarwa.

Comandante ba a hukumance ya tabbatar ko musanta cewa ya Guillen.

Subcomandante Marcos: kerawa

The shugaban na Zapatistas ya rubuta fiye da 200 makala da labaru da kuma ta wallafa 21 littattafai, a cikin abin da ya kayyade siyasa da ra'ayoyinsu na falsafa. Works aka buga a karkashin sunan Subcomandante Marcos - "The Other juyin juya halin" (2008), «¡Ya Basta! Shekaru goma na Zapatista tawayen "(2004)," Batutuwa da takuba :. Tatsũniyõyi ne na Zapatista juyin juya halin "(2001), da dai sauransu A cikinsu marubucin fi son yin magana da kuma ba kai tsaye a cikin nau'i na tatsuniyoyi.

Regular aiki, wanda aka wallafa Subcomandante Marcos - "The Fourth World War fara" (2001). Marubucin ya zo al'amurran da suka shafi na neo-liberalism kuma duniya baki daya. A uku duniya yaki, ya tsammani da Cold War tsakanin jari-hujja da gurguzanci, kuma wadannan da shi - tsakanin manyan cibiyoyinsu.

Subcomandante Marcos, wanda littattafai da aka rubuta a wani kamã da jũna, m da romantic hanyar, don haka na iya yi kokarin motsa daga azãba mai halin da ake ciki ya bayyana. A cikin wani hali, kowane daga cikin ayyukansa korarsu wani takamaiman haƙiƙa, wanda ya tabbatar da sunan littafin "Our kalma - mu makami" (2002), a tarin articles, kasidu, jawabai da kuma haruffa.

Subcomandante Marcos: quotes

Daya daga cikin sunayen sarauta na makala a shekara ta 1992 ne kamar haka:

"Wannan babi gaya yadda da m gwamnati ya damu game da talauci na 'yan asalin mutanen Chiapas, kuma shi ya gina hotels, gidajen yarin, bariki da kuma wani soja filin jirgin sama. Yana kuma gaya yadda da dabba ciyarwa a kan mutane ta jini, kazalika da sauran hatsarori da kuma mummunan al'amura ... A dintsi na kamfanoni, daya daga wanda ke da Mexican Jihar Chiapas sanya dukan dukiyar a musayar barin su m, kuma m sawu. "

An sharhin, an ɗauko daga littafin "The Fourth World War fara":

"By ƙarshen Cold War, capitalism halitta soja tsoro - da neutron bam, a makamin da ke halaka rayuwa yayin da barin m gini. A lokacin huxu yakin duniya, duk da haka, ya gano wani sabon mu'ujiza makami - kudi bam. A bambanci, kika aika a Hiroshima da kuma Nagasaki, shi ba kawai halaka birnin, aika mutuwa, tsoro da kuma wahala wadanda suka rayu a cikin su, amma kuma ya jũya manufarta a wani ɓangare na da wuyar warwarewa tattalin arzikin duniya. "