Severomuisk rami tarihi yi, description, photo

Severomuisk rami aka located a Jamhuriyar Buryatia. Tunzura a cikin aiki da ya faru a 2003. Shĩ ne mafi tsawo Railway hanya da aka aza ta hanyar da kankara a Rasha. Length ne 15 343 mita. The sunan rami da aka mai suna bayan da kunya, ta hanyar abin da karauka wuce. Bisa ga digiri na wahala da gine da rami ayyukan dauki mafi wuya a duniya. Construction da aka za'ayi ashirin da shida shekaru, ya ya kamata ya fara ne a lokacin da dukan yankin ya da wani m m sarari. Yanayin damina sun tauri, da talakawan zafin jiki a yankin na Arewa-Muya kunya dabam a yankin na -50 digiri Celsius. Mun ya kawo a ba kawai fasahar, ya wajaba to da gina gidaje kadarori da kayayyakin more rayuwa don tabbatar da al'ada rayuwa na ma'aikata.

m faci

Severomuisk rami shi ne na karshe nufi da cewa alaka da Baikal-Amur Mainline tare. A ra'ayin na yi na Railway tare da Amur River samo asali a Tsarist Russia, amma yawan albarkatun da aikin da ake bukata domin aikin, har ma a wani m kimanta, sun kasance a lokacin prohibitive. A ra'ayin sun rataye a cikin iska, ta samu real siffar ne kawai a 1938, lokacin da kwanciya daga cikin jirgin. A farko ma'aikata sun fursunoni. Construction da aka za'ayi yayyanke, da babba sikelin da kuma motsi na talakawa to BAM fara a 70s na karshe karni. Kwanciya da reluwe tafi agaji daga ko'ina cikin tarayyar Soviet.

A mafi wuya stretch na lura da bayyana Severomuysky Range. A Baikal ne daya daga cikin mafi kyau, amma matsananci wurare. Sun samuwar kunshi dutse-schist kankara a kan sãsanninta, suna located da glaciers, tsororuwar da kunya kai 2561 mita. A kan kankara kusan babu ciyayi, tectonic canjawa bayan da girgizar asa da ba a bincika da ƙarshen, da girgizar kasa aiki ya unpredictable. Murhu ya zama wani kalubale ga injiniyoyin da magina.

Akwai sun kasance yawa ayyukan da cewa bayar da mafita ga nassi na shafin. Daga cikin sosai wauta a busa up da kunya da kuma ta haka share hanya ga mafi decadent - ba up da kuma gina, domin ba shi yiwuwa. Bayan jinkirin da kuma tarurruka, an yanke shawarar in je ta cikin kunya. Shiri ga nassi ya fara a shekarar 1975, babban aikin faru a cikin 90s da kawai a gaba karni, aka sa a cikin aiki Severomuisk rami. Gamawa Kwanan wata, ko kuma wajen, da kammala aikin gina - Maris 30, 2001, da kuma na farko jirgin fara motsa 5 Disamba 2003.

Ci gaban da aikin

Janar zanen na aikin ya kasance na "Lenmetrogiprotrans". Bisa ga aikin, yi da aka za'ayi a hanyoyi biyu: yammacin da kuma gabashin biyu drifters teams sun sadu da juna. Aiki da aka za'ayi da kungiyoyin biyu. JSC "Bamtonnelstroy" kamfanin tsunduma a cikin shiri na karkashin kasa wurare, JSC "Nizhneangarsktransstroy" gina sama-ƙasa Tsarin. A lokacin amincewa da aikin, ba wanda ya san abin da matsaloli da kuma surprises da fuska. A aiki, da ainihin shirin da aka gyara sau biyu da aikin tsaya saboda avalanches da landslides.

Rami nassi juya mummunar, bisa ga daban-daban kafofin daga 30 zuwa 57, an kashe mutane a lokacin yi da gaggawa. A cikin girmamawa, da wani abin tunawa a ƙofar da rami. Total yi lokaci aka gwada 'yan dozin motoci daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ci gaba da aiwatar da wani musamman fasahar ga ƙasa (Abubakar) a bangarori na tectonic laifuffukan da sinadaran wajen. Wannan sabon firtsi taimake sa a kan sinker nasarar rami a wani hadadden kuma unpredictable yanayi karya dutse kankara.

Don tabbatar da maras tsayawa aiki, biyu ma'aikatan na kauye aka gina domin magina: Rami ƙofar a yamma, kuma a kan gabas Severomuisk. Don kwanan wata, yanzu mazauna ya Severomuisk inda ma'aikata rayuwa layukan dogo samar da rami da sabis.

Features

A farkon ayyukan ma'aunan kasa yanayin kunya da aka ba su sani ba, don haka da m aiki gudanar da lokaci guda tare da yi. Don rage kasada, a layi daya da babban reshe gini m gallery aka fara. Its ci gaban da aka gaba na babban rami 'yan ɗari mita, kuma shi ya ba da bayanai game da halin da irin. A magudana reshe ɓullo da a nesa na mita 30 daga babban gini, da girman shi ya ishe da nassi na jiragen kasa a karkashin kasa. Saboda bincike rami a farko tashar karya ta wurare, wanda facilitates aikin da iska.

Gina gine-gine da aka gudanar a wani seismically aiki zone inda girgizar ƙasa isa 9-10 a cikin Richter sikelin, da ma'aunan kasa yanayin da nassi ya nuna hudu tectonic Laifi. Kawai sa, wannan wuri kankara karya, cike da duwatsu, yashi da kuma ruwa, da nisa jeri daga 5 zuwa 900 mita. Bayan ci gaba da karya mai shigowa ruwa a wani adadin na daruruwan cubic mita a kowace awa. Sashe na daga cikin rami ya wuce ta permafrost zone, domin gina wadannan shafukan da hannu ruwan zafi. Mamaki ya gaban rediyoaktif gas Rodonaya wanda aka ja daga daga ciki na rami rufi a lokacin da maida hankali ne sau uku fi yadda halatta iyaka, sakamakon daukan hotuna na ma'aikata. Mu biya domin shi mai kyau premium cewa sinker mai lakabin "mutuwa kudi."

Severomuisk Buriatia rami, bisa ga aikin, da nufin rawar soja bincike rijiyoyin kowane 0.5 kilomita, amma ya yanke shawarar rage kudin da aiki, su fadi na sukar a increments na 1 kilometer. Wannan hanya na saving juya dama bala'i da cewa da'awar adam rayuwa, aikin stoppages saboda landslides, ambaliya, da kuma sauran abubuwa.

yi

Severomuisk Railway rami tsira biyu dogon Tashoshi yi. A farko ya faru a shekarar 1979, lokacin da shaft nitsewa cikin yashi mai motsawa ci karo da dutse monolith. Tare da wannan sabon abu ba, ba kafin kuma bayan cewa gornorazrabotchiki fuskanta. Ruwa a karkashin babban matsin da kuma kutsa cikin dutse, dauke da duwatsu, yashi, laka gudana, ta share kome a cikin hanyar: mutuwa, da dama, ma'aikata wanke dvadtsatitrehtonnuyu Loader. Bukatar sabuntawa aiki da kuma kiyayewa daga sarari dutse karaya.

Don kawar da dalili na auka a cikin sabani zuba kankare, bushewa dade shekaru biyu. A wannan lokaci, an gano goma sha uku da dubu ton na dutse rushe, gudanar da ƙarin bincike aiki. A sakamakon bincike da aka samu karkashin ruwa a cikin tafkin gundumar na da nassi daga cikin rami. Don warware matsalar wuce haddi ruwa gudana ake bukata wani m bayani da a irin wannan sabon abu a duniya, kuma babu wanda ya taba fuskantar.

farfado da aikin

Ƙarfafa Laifi wurare da aka za'ayi amfani da sinadaran grouting, ciki rufi na rami kwashe baƙin ƙarfe tubing, karfe Tsarin. A saman wannan da aka zuba ƙarin cladding Layer na kankare cewa ya inganta waterproofing kuma ba ya karu da goyon baya ga baka na rami. Saboda haka, m zone kayayyaki sun samu dama yadudduka "bututu" gina da kuma motsi da kansa daga juna. The girgizar kasa zone shi qara matakin tsaro da kuma ginin zaman lafiyar.

A sabuwar fara nitsewa a 1981, wannan ya karya ta kankare toshe. A lokacin da kara nassi na duk gano laifuffukan cika da kankare ta fadi na sukar tsaye shafts. Don aiki a kan aikin yin kira zuwa kasashen waje kwararru daga ko'ina cikin duniya - ba daya m. Lokacin da yi aka yi amfani da mafi m fasaha na lokaci daga Japan, Amurka, Jamus. Ma'aikata kasashen waje da kamfanoni, su saba da yanayin da ake ciki, ba kawai daya yanki na shawara - daina kuma fara da sauran wurare. Don tabbatar da ci gaba da aiki da ake buƙata kayan aiki delivery, juji da kuma kau da dutse da ake bukata a siding, kamar yadda ya bayyana cewa yi za a jinkirta illa ma sha Allahu.

kewaye bututu

Kafin Severomuisk fara gina rami, akwai riga wani hanya da cewa bypasses da kunya. Yi ya nuna cewa shi ne, ba sosai dace da amfani a matsananci yanayin fara, don haka aka yanke shawarar gina wani sabon kewaye hanya a 1984. Don kwanan wata, shi ne wani kasa musamman tsarin fiye da rami. Mutane da yawa yawon bude ido garken kunya neman damar fitar a hanya. Suna jarabce na wasan kwaikwayo ra'ayoyi da gaske Heights, wanda gadoji da in je.

Babbar Hanya iskõki serpentine wuce ta mutum da aka yi gadoji da kuma viaducts. Daya daga cikinsu, da ake kira "Iblis Bridge", aza ta hanyar Itykit kogin yana da wani m bi da bi, kuma, bisa ga shaida, kadan girgiza a lokacin da nassi daga cikin wa lodi abun da ke ciki. A tsawon hanya ne 64 km, ta hanyar fasinja kuskure biyu madauki-dimbin yawa rami, shigar ciki da dutse. Magistral da ake amfani a layi daya da aiki na rami, kyale wasu motsi na sufurin kaya jiragen kasa. Shirya mafi rayayye jiragen kasa wucewa a taron na wata karuwa da Railway zirga-zirga a kan Baikal-Amur Mainline.

Iyakar gudu ba wucewa 20 km / h, da gangare a wasu wurare ne 40% zuwa ci gaba da m sassan yi amfani da ƙarin locomotive. A halin yanzu a kewaye hanya amfani ga aikin jiragen kasa tabbatarwa da kuma gyara. A yi, a 1989, da hanya aka yi amfani da fasinja kai da kuma gini har sai da aka gina Severomuisk rami. Photo na gada da shimfidar dauka daga windows motoci, wadannan a kan kewaye hanya, m kyakkyawa da ba m extremality yi.

Gold zare

Gudu Railway sadarwa cikakken sa ran duk BAM. Severomuisk rami ta 1999, kusan an gano. Tsakanin teams a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa nitsewa ga juna, akwai kawai 160 mita. Nan da nan ya rushe dutsen da kuma yi aiki a kan shafin ya zuwa kusan fara daga karce, wanda ya dauki watanni da dama.

Ganawa drifters teams, da ake kira zinariya sboyka faru Maris 30, 2001. Murhu jagoranci biyu brigades rami magina karkashin shugabanci na V. Kazeeva Gatsenko kuma m keys na rami da aka mika wa ministan sufuri. Connection tsakanin sassa biyu na rami ya faru a zurfin 300 mita, da deflection gatura na biyu hannayen riga sanya na 69 mm a kwance jirgin sama da kuma a tsaye hadin gwiwa kuskure ya 36 mm. Da shi shi ne mafi kyau ranar duk wanda ya gina da BAM. Severomuisk rami da aka sa a cikin aiki ne kawai a 2003, an mai suna da "zinariya zare" na BAM, wanda kammala wani babban gini.

ban sha'awa facts

Shekaru ashirin da uku na yi ya juya a cikin nasarori, binciken, sababbin hanyoyin fasaha. Wani lokaci yana da jũna da cewa aikin da aka taba gane, amma, duk da dukan matsaloli, da Baikal-Amur Mainline kawo tattalin arziki da siyasa amfanin fadin kasar, da karshe dangane batu ya zama na musamman Severomuisk rami. Hotuna Tsarin mamaki tare da ikon, grandiosity da evokes a ji na girman kai.

Facts na yi:

• A total tsawon na rami Severomuisk - fiye da 15 kilomita, tare da fitarwa na ciki tsawon na 45 kilomita.
• A lokacin shiri, akwai fiye da miliyan biyu da ton na gona.
• Amfani fiye da dubu 700 da cubic mita kankare.
• Yana shigar fiye da 70 dubu ton na karfe.
• A rami rufi shigar fiye da 55-dubu Cast-baƙin ƙarfe tubing.
• A lokuta daban-daban a cikin shiri na rami aka aiki 6 teams da duka ma'aikatan na 8,000 mutane.
• Construction na rami kudin a baitulmalin Haikali game da biliyan 9 rubles.
• Severomuisk rami a BAM a sinking ne 67 square mita.
• A samar da matakai amfani da fiye da 850 ti raka'a.
• Sheathing na rami kunshi biyu, kuma a wurare da laifuffukan uku m Tsarin, wanda tabbatar da kare lafiya a seismically aiki zone.
• Tabbatarwar sabis rayuwa na shekaru 100, masana tabbata cewa na farko da manyan overhaul ake bukata ba a baya fiye da shekaru 50 bayan jefa.
• APCS Severomuisk rami damar real-lokaci tracking na jihar na microclimate cikin tsarin, da matakin na radiation, da motsi na jiragen kasa da kuma sauran abubuwan aiki.

Domin da yawa yankunan aikin injiniya, sunadarai, ma'adinai da kuma yi staging yankin domin ƙirƙirãwa ya zama Severomuisk rami. The hanyoyin da aka yi yunkurin shigar azzakari cikin farji daga duk aka sani a lokacin, aka kuma ƙirƙira wani sabon gaba daya m, wanda ya zama wani ci-gaba bidi'a na Rasha kimiyya. Babban matsalar a cikin aiki na rami ne da samuwar kankara, wannan tsari faruwa kusan shekara zagaye da kuma harba saukar da kafa kankara da hannu.

darajar

Running maras tsayawa yunkuri na Baikal-Amur Mainline bayar Severomuisk rami. Tarihi na ginin kunshi ashirin da shida shekaru da biyu lokaci a cikin rayuwarku ta jiha. Da bude daga cikin rami rage lokaci jiragen kasa wucewa sau shida. Yanzu yana daukan kawai minti 25, da kuma a wata roundabout hanyar jirgin kasa ya tafi da awa 2.5. Operation na kai tsaye da kuma lafiya hanya yarda ka ki wani biyu locomotive gogayya, wanda da za a yi amfani da a matsafai na kan hanya. The tsaro matakin ya karu ma: by-hawa hanya iskõki tsakanin tsaunuka, inda shi ne kullum ba hatsarin avalanches.

Cargo zirga-zirga a kan Baikal-Amur Mainline ya karu da 35%, da girma kudi da aka shirya don kara a cikin shekaru masu zuwa da wani talakawan of 30% a kowace shekara. Yana gudanar da sauke da Trans-Siberian Railway, to shaƙa da ya kwarara daga zirga-zirga. Bugu da kari ga tattalin arziki, da Rasha lashe biyu mafita zuwa tekun Pacific, da layin dogo kayayyakin more rayuwa ya kumbura abin dogara da kuma kudin-tasiri shugabanci na tafiya. A ranar, da rami wuce 14-16 kaya jiragen kasa a kowace rana.

kula da tsarin

Inji mai kwakwalwa Severomuisk rami - wani sabon kalma a cikin sa ido da kuma gudanar da micro-sauyin yanayi a cikin ginin. Ya kunshi biyu matakan da iko, kowanne daga abin da ya yi aikin kayyade aiki ne don sarrafa, tracking, adanar bayanai a kan duk fasaha da na'urorin wurare. Har ila yau, wani mai sarrafa kansa tsari kula da tsarin (inji mai kwakwalwa) tsiraru da tabbatar da aiki da rami sadarwa.

Real-lokaci tracking na iska yanayin iko aka yi magudanun ruwa na ruwan karkashin kasa, na sa ido da matsayi na dukkan yi tsarin. Guda biyu tare da na atomatik tracking tsarin da sauyin matsara tsaye gantry ƙofar. Su ne kawai bude ga nassi na jirgin kasa, tabbatattun ci gaba da yanayi ciki da rami daga hypothermia, amma a yanayin saukan unforeseen yanayi, da locomotive iya buga su ba tare da barazana da lalacewar da dukan tsarin.

Construction na Arewa-rami taimaka wajen sa wasu binciken kimiyya, ci gaba da aiwatar da musamman fasahar, musamman a duniya akwai. Experience tsiwirwirinsu a lokacin tuki, shi ne immeasurable. A yi da aka tsara don daya-hanyar zirga-zirga, da gina wani irin rami dauke ma m nan gaba.